ac84b3c9f258

3.
https://www2.cs.science.cmu.ac.th/courses/204320/lib/exe/
fetch.php?media
=ch09_erandeertorelationalmapping.pdf
Q.8. Explain components of ER with diagrams.
Q.9. List & explain different types of attributes in ER
diagram with examples.
Q.10. Explain relationship, relationship set and relationship
cardinality.
Q.11. Explain the concept of keys with examples.
Q.12. Explain following with examples
1.Weak Entity Set
2.Total and Partial Participation
3.Generalization/ Specialization
4.Ternary Relationship
5.Roles in ER diagram
Relational Algebra-operators, Relational Algebra Queries
Questions
Q 13. Explain following relational algebra operator with
example
1. select
2.project
3.union
4.set difference and Intersection
5.Cartesian product
6. rename
Q 14. Queries on relation algebra based on operator in Q13
this the question bank for my upcoming dbms unit test of
20 marks i am in second year of computer enginerring

Got it! Your DBMS unit test will focus on:

1. Introduction to DBMS (Characteristics, File system vs. DBMS, Architecture, DBA role)

2. ER & EER Models (Entities, Attributes, Keys, Relationships, Mapping to Relational Model)

3. Relational Algebra (Operators & Queries)

Do you need help with specific questions, explanations, or practice problems?

give answers for these so I could prepare for my test

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Here are the answers to your DBMS unit test questions:

1. Compare file system with database system

Feature File System Database System

Data Storage Stores data in separate files Stores data in tables within a database

Data Redundancy High (multiple copies of the same Low (data is normalized)
data)

Data Integrity Difficult to maintain Ensured through constraints

Data Security Less secure High security with authentication

Concurrency Difficult to manage Multiple users can access

simultaneously

Data Not possible Possible (logical and physical

Independence independence)

Query Processing Manual searching Uses SQL for efficient queries

2. Explain DBMS system architecture

DBMS architecture is divided into three levels:

1. Internal Level (Physical Level) - Defines physical storage of data.

2. Conceptual Level (Logical Level) - Represents logical structure (tables, relationships).

3. External Level (View Level) - Users interact with customized views of the database.

Types of DBMS Architectures:

1-Tier: Direct access to the database.

2-Tier: Client-Server model with application and database layers.

3-Tier: Adds a middle layer (Web Server, API) between client and database.

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3. Explain types of users of the database system. Explain the role of
DBA.
Types of Users:

1. End Users - Access data through applications.

2. Application Programmers - Write database applications.

3. Database Administrators (DBA) - Manage database security, tuning, and backups.

4. System Analysts - Design database structure and applications.

5. DBMS Designers - Develop DBMS software.

Role of DBA:

Install and configure DBMS.

Ensure database security and user access control.

Backup and recovery management.

Performance tuning and query optimization.

4. Explain EER features with examples.

The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model extends ER by adding:

1. Generalization - Combining multiple entities into a higher-level entity (e.g., Car and Bike
→ Vehicle).

2. Specialization - Breaking an entity into sub-entities (e.g., Employee → Manager,

Engineer).

3. Aggregation - Relationship between relationships (e.g., “Teaches” relationship between

Teacher and Course is linked to a "Department" entity).

5. Construct ER Diagram on specified case study and convert to

relational model.
(This depends on the case study given in the exam.)

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6. List steps required to map ER & EER model to relational model.
1. Convert Entities into Relations.

2. Convert Attributes into Columns.

3. Convert Primary Keys for each entity.

4. Convert Relationships into Foreign Keys.

5. Convert Weak Entities by adding a Foreign Key from the owner entity.

6. Convert Generalization/Specialization using Separate Tables or Single Table.

7. Convert Aggregation into a separate relation.

7. For given ER and EER model, map to relational model.

(This depends on the ER/EER diagram given in the exam.)

8. Explain components of ER with diagrams.

1. Entity: Represents real-world objects (e.g., Student, Teacher).

2. Attributes: Properties of an entity (e.g., Name, Age).

3. Keys: Unique identifiers (Primary Key, Foreign Key).

4. Relationships: Links between entities (e.g., Student enrolled in Course).

5. Cardinality: Specifies the number of instances in a relationship (1:1, 1:M, M:M).

9. List & explain different types of attributes in ER diagram with

examples.
1. Simple Attribute - Atomic values (e.g., Name, Age).

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2. Composite Attribute - Can be divided (e.g., Address → City, State).

3. Derived Attribute - Derived from other attributes (e.g., Age from DOB).

4. Multivalued Attribute - Can have multiple values (e.g., Phone Numbers).

5. Key Attribute - Unique identifier (e.g., Student_ID).

10. Explain relationship, relationship set, and relationship cardinality.

Relationship: Association between entities (e.g., Student enrolled in Course).

Relationship Set: Collection of similar relationships.

Cardinality: Defines the number of entity instances in a relationship.

1:1 (One Student has one ID Card).

1:M (One Teacher teaches many Students).

M:M (Many Students enroll in many Courses).

11. Explain the concept of keys with examples.

1. Primary Key - Unique identifier (e.g., Roll_Number in Student table).

2. Foreign Key - References another table’s primary key.

3. Candidate Key - All possible unique keys (e.g., Roll_Number and Aadhar_ID).

4. Super Key - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a row.

5. Composite Key - Combination of multiple attributes as a key.

12. Explain the following with examples

1. Weak Entity Set: Entities without a primary key, depend on a strong entity (e.g.,
OrderItem depends on Order).

2. Total & Partial Participation:

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 Total Participation: Every entity participates in a relationship (e.g., Every Employee
has a Department).

Partial Participation: Some entities participate (e.g., Not all Employees manage a
project).

3. Generalization/Specialization:

Generalization: Employee ← {Manager, Engineer}.

Specialization: Vehicle → {Car, Truck}.

4. Ternary Relationship: Relationship between three entities (e.g., Student borrows Book
from Library).

5. Roles in ER Diagram: Entities in a relationship have roles (e.g., in Teaches, Teacher is

Instructor, Student is Learner).

13. Explain relational algebra operators with examples.

Operator Symbol Example

Selection σ σ(Age > 20) (Student) → Selects students older than 20

Projection π π(Name, Age) (Student) → Retrieves only Name & Age

Union ∪ Student ∪ Alumni → Combines two tables

Set Difference - Student - Alumni → Students who are not alumni

Intersection ∩ Student ∩ Alumni → Students who are also alumni

Cartesian Product × Student × Course → Combines each Student with each Course

Rename ρ ρ(New_Student, Student) → Renames table

14. Queries on relational algebra based on operator in Q13

1. Get names of all students:

π(Name) (Student)

2. Find students older than 20:

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 σ(Age > 20) (Student)

3. Get students enrolled in both Math & Science:

π(Student_ID) (Math_Students ∩ Science_Students)

4. Find students in Math but not in Science:

π(Student_ID) (Math_Students - Science_Students)

This should cover all your questions for the test! Let me know if you need further
explanations or practice problems. 🚀

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