Chapter 1

Trigonometry

Section 1.4 Properties of

Trigonometric Functions

Course of Math110 Basic Science Department Engineering Track

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Section 1.4 Properties of Trigonometric Functions

1-4-1 Domain and Range of Trigonometric functions

1-4-2 Even and Odd Trigonometric functions
1-4-3 Periodicity of Trigonometric functions
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1.4.1 Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions

Some Observations about the Domain and Range of Trigonometric

Functions
• Since hypotenuse is bigger than the other sides on a right triangle then −1 ≤
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ..So, the range of cos 𝑥 and sin 𝑥
are both [−1,1] .
1 1
• Since sec 𝑥 = and csc 𝑥 = , these functions are not defined at the 𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
values that make cos 𝑥 and sin 𝑥 zero respectively. So, the domain of sec 𝑥 is
all real numbers except the zeros of cos 𝑥 and the domain of csc 𝑥 is all real
numbers except the zeros of sin 𝑥 .
1
• Since sec 𝑥 = and −1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1, for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ., we get sec 𝑥 ≤ −1 or
cos 𝑥
sec 𝑥 ≥ 1. So, the range of sec 𝑥 is −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞).
• Similarly, the range of csc 𝑥 is −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞).
sin 𝑥
• Since tan 𝑥 = , tan 𝑥 is undefined at the 𝑥 values that make cos 𝑥 zero.
cos 𝑥
Hence, the domain of tan 𝑥 is the same as that of sec 𝑥.
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DOMAIN RANGE
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ℝ [−1,1]
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ℝ [−1,1]
𝜋
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 {𝜃 ∈ ℝ: 𝜃 ≠ + 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ } (−∞, ∞)
2
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 {𝜃 ∈ ℝ: 𝜃 ≠ 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ } (−∞, ∞)
𝜋
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 {𝜃 ∈ ℝ: 𝜃 ≠ + 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ } −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞)
2
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 {𝜃 ∈ ℝ: 𝜃 ≠ 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ } −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞)

Example 1: Determining Domains of Trigonometric Functions

Determine the domain of the following functions.

𝜋
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 tan(𝑥 + 3 ) ,
Solution for a) : b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 + 5 csc 2𝑥 . Solution for b) :
• Check the domain of tan 𝜃 . • Check the domain of csc 𝜃.
𝜋
• tan 𝜃 is defined for 𝜃 ≠ + 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ. • csc 𝜃 is defined for 𝜃 ≠ 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
2
• Set 𝜃 = 𝑥 +
𝜋 𝜋
to get tan(𝑥 + ) which • For csc(2𝑥), we set 𝜃 = 2𝑥.
3 3 𝑘𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 • So 2𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ , which means 𝑥 ≠ ,
implies 𝑥 + ≠ + 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ , 2
3 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.
• So we conclude 𝑥 ≠ − + + 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.
3 2
𝝅
• Thus, the domain of 𝒈 is {𝒙 ∈ ℝ: 𝒙 ≠
• Thus, the domain of 𝒇 is {𝒙 ∈ ℝ: 𝒙 ≠ + 𝒌𝝅
, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}.
𝟔
𝟐
𝒌𝝅, 𝒌 ∈ ℤ}.
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Try & Check
Determine the domain of the following functions.
𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = 3 sec 2𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 5 cot (4𝑥 + )
3
Example 2: Finding the range of trigonometric functions.

Determine the range of the following functions.

𝑓 𝑥 = −3cos(2𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥 = 4 + 5 sin(2𝑥 − 𝜋)
Solution
for 𝑓(𝑥) : For 𝑔(𝑥) :
• Since the range of sin 𝜃 is [−1,1], we get
• Since the range of cos 𝜃 is [−1,1],
−1 ≤ sin 2𝑥 − 𝜋 ≤ 1.
we get −1 ≤ cos 2𝑥 ≤ 1.
• Multiplying both sides with 5 yields
• Multiplying both sides with −3 yields
−5 ≤ 5 sin 2𝑥 − 𝜋 ≤ 5 .
3 ≥ −3 cos 2𝑥 ≥ −3 .
• Adding 4 to each term yields
• So, the range of 𝒇 is −𝟑, 𝟑 .
−1 ≤ 4 + 5 sin 2𝑥 − 𝜋 ≤ 9 .
• So, the range of 𝒈 is −𝟏, 𝟗 .

Try & Check

Determine the range of the following functions.
𝑓 𝑥 = 3sec(2𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥 = 5 −2cos (4𝑥 + 𝜋)
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1-4-2 Even and Odd Trigonometric functions

Odd Trigonometric Functions

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 tan −𝑥 = −tan(𝑥)

𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 csc −𝑥 = −csc(𝑥)

𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 cot −𝑥 = −cot(𝑥)

Even Trigonometric Functions

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥

𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 sec −𝑥 = sec(𝑥)

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Example 3: Using properties of Trigonometric Functions.

Find the exact value of the following without calculator.

𝜋 𝜋
a) cos(− ) b) tan(− )
3 4
Solution
𝜋 𝜋 1
a) Since cosine function is even, we have cos(− ) = cos( ) =
3 3 2
𝜋 𝜋
b) Since tangent function is odd, we have tan − = − tan = −1 .
4 4

Example 4: Determining odd and even trigonometric functions.

Determine whether the following functions are odd or even.

a) 𝑓1 𝑥 = 2 − cos 𝑥 ,
b) 𝑓2 𝑥 = sin 3𝑥 ,
c) 𝑓3 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜋𝑥 cos(𝑥)
sec(𝑥)
d) 𝑓4 (𝑥) = 2
1+sin 𝑥
e) 𝑓5 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + cos(𝑥)
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b) We compare 𝑓2 −𝑥 with 𝑓2 (𝑥). Now

a) We compare𝑓1 −𝑥 with 𝑓1 (𝑥). Now
𝑓2 −𝑥 = sin 3 −𝑥 = sin −3𝑥
𝑓1 −𝑥 = 2 − cos −𝑥 = 2 − cos 𝑥
= 𝑓1 (𝑥). = − sin(3𝑥)
Thus, 𝑓1 is an even function. = −𝑓2 (𝑥).
Thus, 𝑓2 is an odd function.

c) We compare 𝑓3 −𝑥 with 𝑓3 (𝑥). We see that d) We compare 𝑓4 −𝑥 with 𝑓4 (𝑥). Now

𝑓3 −𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜋 −𝑥 cos −𝑥 sec −𝑥
𝑓4 −𝑥 =
= 2 tan −𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑥 1 + sin2 −𝑥
= − 2tan(𝜋𝑥) cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥
=
= −𝑓3 (𝑥). 1 + − sin 𝑥 2
Thus, 𝑓3 is an odd function. sec 𝑥
=
1 + sin2 𝑥
= 𝑓4 (𝑥)
Thus, 𝑓4 is an even function.

e) We compare 𝑓5 −𝑥 with 𝑓5 (𝑥). Now

𝑓5 −𝑥 = sin −𝑥 + cos −𝑥
= −sin 𝑥 + cos(𝑥)
We see
𝑓5 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓5 𝑥 and 𝑓5 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓5 𝑥 .
Thus, 𝑓5 is neither even nor odd.
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1-4-3 Periodicity of Trigonometric functions

A periodic function is said to have a period 𝒑 if the function repeats itself
after every 𝑝 units and does not repeat itself after any unit less than 𝑝 for all
𝑥 values.
If 𝑓 is periodic function with period 𝑝, then 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑝 for any integer
𝑘 and 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.

Periods of Trigonometric Functions

and their properties
Function Period Property
sin 𝑥 2𝜋 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑘𝜋 = sin 𝑥, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
cos 𝑥 2𝜋 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑘𝜋 = cos(𝑥), 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

csc 𝑥 2𝜋 csc 𝑥 + 2𝑘𝜋 = csc(𝑥), 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

sec 𝑥 2𝜋 sec 𝑥 + 2𝑘𝜋 = sec(𝑥), 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

tan 𝑥 𝜋 tan 𝑥 + 𝑘𝜋 = tan(𝑥) , 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

cot 𝑥 𝜋 cot 𝑥 + 𝑘𝜋 = cot(𝑥), 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
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Example 5: Using the periodicity of trigonometric functions

Evaluate each of the following using the periodicity of the functions.

7𝜋 31𝜋
a) cos(3𝜋) b) sin(− 4
) c) tan( )
4
Solution
a) Since the period of cosine is 2𝜋, we have cos 3𝜋 = cos 3𝜋 − 2𝜋 = cos 𝜋 = −1.
7𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 2
b) Since the period of sine is 2𝜋, we have sin(− ) = sin − + 2𝜋 = sin = .
4 4 4 2
c) Since the period of tangent function is 𝜋, we get
31𝜋 31𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
tan( ) = tan − 8𝜋 = tan − = − tan = −1.
4 4 4 4

Try & Check

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.

7𝜋 31𝜋
a) cos(4𝜋) b) tan(− 4
) c) sin( )
4
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Periods of Basic Transformations of trigonometric functions

The functions that are formed by applying the basic transformations

to trigonometric functions are also periodic. Below, 𝑎, 𝑐 are nonzero
real numbers and 𝑝 is a positive real number.

Function Period
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑝
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑝
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑝

𝑎𝑓(𝑥) 𝑝
𝑝
𝑓(𝑎𝑥)
|𝑎|

The relation between the periods of 𝒂𝒇(𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) and 𝒇(𝒙).

Let 𝑓 be a periodic function with period 𝑝 and 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 be real numbers
𝒑
with 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0. The period of 𝒂𝒇(𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) is .
|𝒃|
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Example 6: Finding the period of a trigonometric function
Find the period of each of the following functions.
𝑓1 𝑥 = cos 10𝑥
𝑓2 𝑥 = sin 2𝜋𝑥 − 5
2𝑥
Solution 𝑓3 𝑥 = −4 tan(− + 5)
3
• Let 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥. Then, 𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑓 10𝑥 .
We use the rule given in the chart, with 𝑏 = 10 and 𝑝 = 2𝜋 (the period of
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
cos 𝑥). Thus, the period of 𝑓1 is = .
|𝟏𝟎| 𝟓
• Let 𝑓 𝑥 = sin (𝑥). Then, 𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝜋𝑥 − 5 .
We use the rule given in the chart, with 𝑏 = 2𝜋 and 𝑝 = 2𝜋 (the period of sin 𝑥). Thus,
2𝜋
the period of 𝑓2 is = 𝟏.
|2𝜋|
2𝑥
• Let 𝑓 𝑥 = tan (𝑥). Then, 𝑓3 𝑥 = −4𝑓 − +5 .
3
2
We use the rule given in the chart, with 𝑏 = − and 𝑝 = 𝜋 (the period of tan 𝑥).
3
𝝅 𝟑 𝟑𝝅
Thus, the period of 𝑓2 is 𝟐 = 𝝅( ) = .
|− | 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑

Try & Check

Find the periods of 𝑓1 𝑥 = πcos 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑓2 𝑥 = 3 + 4tan(2𝜋𝑥)
 END OF LECTURE

Course of Math110 Basic Science Department Engineering Track 13