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Lec 8&9

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3 views19 pages

Lec 8&9

Uploaded by

Umar Bazaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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208503 Signals and Systems

Lecture 8 & 9: Systems


System
• A system is a process for which cause-and-effect relations exist.
• The cause is the system input signal, the effect is the system output
signal, and the relations are expressed as equations (the system
model).

• The system may be denoted by the equation where


the notation indicates a transformation.
Modelling Systems
• is not a mathematical function into which we substitute x(t)
and directly calculate y(t). The explicit set of equations relating the
input x(t) and the output y(t) is called the mathematical model, or
simply, the model, of the system.
• Given the input x(t), this set of equations must be solved to obtain
y(t).
• For CT systems, the model is usually a set of differential equations.
• For DT systems, the model is usually a set of difference equations.
• Developing accurate models for physical systems can be one of the
most difficult and time-consuming tasks for engineers.
Interconnecting Systems
• Series Connection
• Parallel Connection
• Feedback Connection
Series Connection

System 1 System 2
Input Output
x(t) y(t)
Parallel Connection

System 1
Input Output
+

System 2
Feedback Connection
Input +
Output
+ System 1

System 2

• 2

• 1

• Positive feedback tends to lead to instability via exponential


growth or oscillation.
• Negative feedback loops in which just the right amount of
correction is applied in the most timely manner can be very
stable, accurate, and responsive.
Basic System Properties
• Memory
• Invertibility
• Causality
• Stability
• Time Invariance
• Linearity
1) Memory
• A system is said to be memoryless if its output for each value
of the independent variable at a given time is dependent in the
input at only the same time.
• A memoryless system is also called a static system
• A system with memory is also called a dynamic system
2) Invertibility
• A system is said to be invertible if distinct inputs result in distinct
outputs.
Inverse of a System
• The inverse of a system (denoted by T) is a second system
(denoted by ) that, when cascaded with the system T, yields the
identity system
• An identity system is defined to be that system for which the output
is equal to its input.
• The notation for an inverse transformation is then
3) Causality
• A system is causal if the output at any time is dependent on the
input only for t ≤ t0
• A causal system is also called a non-anticipatory system. All
physical systems are causal.
4) Stability(BIBO)
• A system is defined to be bounded-input–bounded-output (BIBO)
stable if the output remains bounded for any bounded input.
• By definition, a signal x(t) is bounded if there exists a number M such
that
• Hence, a system is bounded-input bounded-output stable if, for a
number R,
Example of an unstable system

• Consider the ideal voltage source v (t ) as the input and the circuit
current i t  across an inductor as the output, then the output is
described by the equation
1
i t   I 0   v(t )dt
L

• If the input is a unit step, the output is a ramp function, which is


unbounded. In this example, the input is bounded , however, the
output is unbounded and thus does not satisfy the condition for
BIBO stability
5) Time Invariance
• A system is said to be time invariant if a time shift in the input
signal results only in the same time shift in the output signal.
• For a time-invariant system for which the input produces the
output , input 0 produces 0 . That is,

0 0

• For DT systems

0 0
Testing Time Invariance
6) Linearity
•

• These two criteria are combined to yield the principle of superposition. A


system satisfies the principle of superposition if, with the inputs and outputs
as just defined,
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
• A system is linear if and only if it satisfies the principle of superposition.
• No physical system is linear under all operating conditions. However, a
physical system can be tested by to determine ranges of operation for
which the system is approximately linear.
Testing Linearity
• .
Problems
• 1.15-1.20
• 1.27,1.28,1.29,1.30

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