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Lec 4&5

The document discusses signal characteristics, including even and odd signals, periodic and aperiodic signals, and energy and power signals. It defines even and odd signals, explains periodicity and fundamental periods, and categorizes signals based on their energy and power. Key properties and examples are provided to illustrate the concepts.

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Umar Bazaf
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8 views17 pages

Lec 4&5

The document discusses signal characteristics, including even and odd signals, periodic and aperiodic signals, and energy and power signals. It defines even and odd signals, explains periodicity and fundamental periods, and categorizes signals based on their energy and power. Key properties and examples are provided to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

Umar Bazaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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208503 Signals and Systems

Lecture 4 & 5: Signal Characteristics


Article:1.2.2,1.2.3
Signal Characteristics
1. Even and odd signals
2. Periodic and aperiodic signals
3. Energy and Power signals
1. Even & Odd Signals: Even Signals
• By definition, a signal is even if
𝑥𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒(−𝑡)
𝑥𝑒[𝑛] = 𝑥𝑒[𝑛]

• An even function has symmetry with respect to the vertical axis; the
signal for 𝑡 < 0 is the mirror image of the signal for 𝑡 > 0
1. Even & Odd Signals: Odd Signals
• By definition, a function is odd if
𝑥𝑜 𝑡 = −𝑥𝑜 −𝑡
𝑥𝑜[𝑛] = 𝑥𝑜[−𝑛]

• An odd function has symmetry with respect to the origin.


Representing a signal in terms of xe(t) and xo(t)

• Any signal can be expressed as the sum of an even part and an


odd part; 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑜(𝑡)
1
• Hence 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡
2
1
• and 𝑥𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥 −𝑡
2
Decomposition of signal into even/odd
components
Properties of even and odd signals
Even and odd functions have the following properties:
• The sum of two even functions is even.
• The sum of two odd functions is odd.
• The sum of an even function and an odd function is neither even nor odd.
• The product of two even functions is even.
• The product of two odd functions is even.
• The product of an even function and an odd function is odd.
2. Periodic & Aperiodic Signals:Periodicity
• A signal is a periodic signal if it completes a pattern within a measurable
time frame, called a period and repeats that pattern over identical
subsequent periods.
• The completion of a full pattern is called a cycle. A period is defined as
the amount of time (expressed in seconds) required to complete one full
cycle.
• Mathematically x(t )  x(t  T ), T  0 or x(t )  x(t  nT )
where n is any integer. Hence, a periodic signal with period T is also
periodic with period nT.
Fundamental Period
• The minimum value of the period T>0 that satisfies the definition x(t)
= x(t + T) is called the fundamental period of the signal and is
denoted as T0.

1 2
f0  Hz 0  2f 0  rad/s
T0 T0
Sum of Periodic Signals
• The sum of continuous-time periodic signals is periodic if and only if the
ratios of the periods of the individual signals are ratios of integers.
• If a sum of N periodic signals is periodic, the fundamental period can be
found as follows
1. Convert each period ratio T01/T0i, 2≤i≤ n, to a ratio of integers, where T01
is the period of the first signal considered and T0i is the period of one of the
other N-1 signals. If one or more of these ratios is not rational, then the sum
of signals is not periodic.
2. Eliminate common factors from the numerator and denominator of each
ratio of integers. The fundamental period of the sum of signals is where is
the least common multiple of the denominators of the individual ratios of
integers.
3. The fundamental period of the sum of signals is T0=k0T01where k0 is the
least common multiple of the denominators of the individual ratios of
integers.
2. Periodic & Aperiodic Signals: CT Example
• Three periodic signals x1(t)=cos(3.5t), x2(t)=sin(2t) & x3(t)=2 cos (7/6t) are
summed to form v(t). Determine whether is periodic and find its
fundamental period.

• Another signal x4(t)= 3 sin (5πt) is added to v(t). Determine whether


the sum remains periodic.
2. Periodic & Aperiodic Signals: DT signals
• We will focus on DT sinusoids and exponentials
x[n]  cos[0 n]
x[n  N ]  cos[0 (n  N )]  cos[0 n  0 N ]

• N0must be equal to 2k where k is an integer


2k  N0
k
0  2
k N
• N must be rational for a signal to be periodic
• If rational, k represents the number of cycles of fundamental wave and
N is the time period.
• DT sinusoidal sequences with frequencies separated by an integer
multiple of 2π are identical.
2. Periodic & Aperiodic Signals: DT Example
𝜋𝑛
• 𝑥 𝑛 = cos[ ]
6

8𝜋𝑛
• 𝑥 𝑛 = cos[ 31 ]

• What is the time period when both of these signals are added

13
3. Energy and Power signals: Energy
Signals
• A signal can be categorized into energy signal or power signal
• An energy signal has a finite energy, 0 < E < ∞.
• In other words, energy signals have values only in the limited
time duration.
• A signal that decays exponentially has finite energy, so, it is
also an energy signal.
T 
E  limT   | x(t ) | dt   | x(t ) |2 dt
2

T 

N
E  lim N   | x[n] |2
3. Energy and Power signals: Power
Signals
• A Power signal has finite power , 0 < P < ∞.
• A power signal is not limited in time.
• It always exists from beginning to end and it never ends.
• For example, sine wave in infinite length is power signal.
• The power of an energy signal is 0, because of dividing finite energy by
infinite time (or length)

T
1
P  limT  
2
| x (t ) | dt
2T T
N 2
1
P  lim N   | x[n] |
2 N  1 n N
Energy and Power signals: Summary
• Energy is a measure of how much work can be done without any
consideration of how long it takes to accomplish the work.
• Power is the measure of how quickly the work is done so it is a time
dependent function
• If work is the transfer of energy, power is the rate at which energy is
being transferred from one object to another or converted from one form
into another.
• A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously.
• Also, a signal may be neither energy nor power signal.
• Generally periodic signals are power signals.
• Generally aperiodic signals are energy signals.
• Power of energy signal = 0
• Energy of power signal = ∞

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