COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES If you will be able to use these strategies well, you will be good in

handling conversations. You will avoid miscommunication. However,

Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start and you must also consider the situation. You must choose your words
maintain a conversation. Knowing and applying grammar appropriately wisely. What you say must depend on what the situation calls for.
is one of the most basic strategies to maintain a conversation. These are
Activity. What Strategy
the strategies that people use:
What type of strategy is used in each statement? Write your answer in
1. Nomination – employed when you try to open a topic with the your notebook.
people you are talking to. You may start off with news inquiries and ____________________1. Do you have anything to say?
news announcements as they promise extended talk. This could signal ____________________2. One of the essential lessons I gained from the
the beginning of a new topic in the conversation. discussion is the importance of listening well to others.
____________________3. Excuse me? I think we should talk one at a time.
2. Restriction – refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. ____________________4. Go on with your ideas. I will let you finish before I
You are given specific instruction that you must follow. These say something.
instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say. ____________________5. Have you heard the latest news?
3. Turn-taking – pertains to the process by which people decide who TYPES OF SPEECH
takes the conversation floor. There is a code of behavior behind
establishing and sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary 1. Types of Speech According to Purpose
idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
a. informative or expository speech
4. Topic Control – covers how procedural formality or informality • is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on
affects the development of topic in conversations. This is achieved new or relevant piece of information on a particular topic. e xample:
cooperatively. When a topic is initiated, it should be collectively lecture of a teacher.
developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You b. persuasive speech
can say “Yes,” “okay,” “go on,” or asking tag questions to be actively • is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree
involved without dominating. with the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic. example: speech of a
5. Topic shifting – involves moving from one topic to another. You lawyer
have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was c. entertainment speech
nurtured enough to generate adequate views. You may say, “by the • aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty
way,” “in addition to what you said,” “which reminds me of,” and the and humorous lines. example: speech of a comedian
like. 2. Types of Speech According to Delivery
a. manuscript speech
Repair – refers to how speakers address the problem in speaking, • is the word-for-word iteration of a written message using visual aids.
listening and comprehending that they may encounter in a example: news anchor with a teleprompter
conversation. For example, if everybody in the conversation seems to b. memorized speech
talk at the same time, give way and appreciate other’s initiative to set • is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has
the conversation back to its topic. committed to memory. example: actor’s dialogue
c. extemporaneous speech
Termination – refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating
• is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most of the time, the
spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. example: a
one who initiated the conversation takes responsibility to signal the
campaign speech before a voting public
concluding cues. You can do this by sharing what you learned or
d. impromptu speech
complete the discussion of the topic.
• is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation 3. Selecting the topic and narrowing it are also important. Your
and is for people knowledgeable about the subject. topic is your focal point. You need to make it more specific.
example: a doctor’s response to the question of a patient
Example:
Topic: Solid Waste Management
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING Narrowed topic: Benefits of Solid Waste Management
4. Data gathering is the part where you collect information from
sources about your topic. You can research in books or surf the internet.
Be sure to site your sources.

5. Selecting a writing pattern will help you to organize your ideas.

You can choose from the following:

Biographical – presents descriptions of life of a person

Categorical/Topical – presents related categories to support the topic
Causal – presents cause and effect relationships
Chronological – presents ideas in time order
Comparison-contrast – compares and contrast two or three ideas
Problem-solution – presents problem and solutions
The diagram shows that the writing process is not linear but recursive.
5. Making an outline or a hierarchical list of ideas can help you
You go through it until your speech becomes perfect. Let us discuss
arrange your thoughts to make it easy for you to write your speech in an
each in detail.
organized way. You can use a table format or a list format.
1. Audience analysis means looking into the profile of your target 7. Creating the body involves writing explanations, examples and
audience. You need to do this so that your speech will fit or match your details about the topic you have chosen. Be sure to focus on the main
audience. Profile includes idea.
a. demography – age range, male-female ration, educational 8. Your introduction must catch the attention of your audience and
background, nationality, economic status, and others. present the subject or topic of your speech.
B. situation – time, venue, occasion, size 9. The conclusion restates the main point of your speech. You can
C. psychology – values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and summarize, emphasize your point, and call for action. Your goal is to
racial ideologies and needs leave a memorable mark to your audience.
2. Determining the purpose is finding out whether you want to 10. Editing and revising is correcting your speech for mechanics such
inform, entertain, or persuade. Sounds familiar? Yes, they are the three as grammar, punctuation, spelling, organization and the like. When you
types of speech according to purpose. Your purpose can be general or edit, be sure to:
specific but it is better if you will be specific. Edit for focus – check if it focuses on the main topic
Example: Edit for clarity – make sure your words are clear and easy to
understand
General purpose: To inform
Edit for concision – keep it simple and easy
Specific purpose: To inform the students about the benefits of solid
waste management. Edit for continuity – ideas should flow smoothly
Edit for variety – shift in tone and style
 Edit for impact and beauty – make it memorable
11. Practice makes perfect. When you practice you look at the
time and how you deliver your speech. This helps you see
yourself and find out how you can improve.