MCA

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY-104
UNIT- IV INTRODUCTION TO IOT

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such
as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which
enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the collection
and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and
automated systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics
embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst each
other or with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology
will offer advanced levels of services and practically change the way people lead their daily
lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart
homes are just a few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established.

IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers. And the ability to transfer
the data over a network requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other
objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to collect and exchange data over the
internet. These devices interact with each other and central systems without direct human
intervention.
The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to
as “connected devices” and “smart devices”), buildings, and other items embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to
collect and exchange data.

Application areas of IoT:

Smart Home: The smart home is one of the most popular applications of IoT. The cost of
owning a house is the biggest expense in a homeowner’s life. Smart homes are promised to save
the time, money and energy.

Smart cities: The smart city is another powerful application of IoT. It includes smart
surveillance, environment monitoring, automated transformation, urban security, smart traffic
management, water distribution, smart healthcare etc.

Wearables: Wearables are devices that have sensors and software installed which can collect
data about the user which can be later used to get the insights about the user. They must be
energy efficient and small sized.

Connected cars: A connected car is able to optimize its own operation, maintenance as well as
passenger’s comfort using sensors and internet connectivity.

Smart retail: Retailers can enhance the in-store experience of the customers using IoT. The
shopkeeper can also know which items are frequently bought together using IoT devices.
Smart healthcare: People can wear the IoT devices which will collect data about user's health.
This will help users to analyze themselves and follow tailor-made techniques to combat illness.
The doctor also doesn't have to visit the patients in order to treat them.

Characteristics of IoT :
Key Characteristics of IoT systems include:
Connectivity:
IoT devices communicate with each other and the central systems via wired or wireless networks
like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRa, and cellular networks.

Sensors:
Sensors detect real-world parameters like temperature, humidity, motion, and pressure. These are
the primary data collection units in IoT systems.

Interoperability:
The ability of diverse IoT devices (from different manufacturers) to work together through
common protocols and standards.

Scalability:
IoT systems are designed to scale, allowing more devices to be added without degrading
performance.
Automation:
IoT automates processes such as home lighting control, system alerts, and health monitoring by
integrating sensors, actuators, and data processing.

Real-time Data:
IoT enables real-time data collection, transmission, and analysis, providing actionable insights
for decision-making.

Remote Control:
IoT allows for remote monitoring and control of devices and systems, like turning on lights,
adjusting thermostats, or tracking a delivery truck in real-time.

Examples of IoT applications :

Healthcare
In the healthcare industry, IoT devices can be used to monitor patients remotely and collect
real-time data on their vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation. This
sensor data can be analyzed to detect patterns and identify potential health issues before they
become more serious. IoT devices can also be used to track medical equipment, manage
inventory and monitor medication compliance.

Manufacturing
Industrial IoT devices can be used in manufacturing to monitor machine performance, detect
equipment failures and optimize production processes. For example, sensors can be used to
monitor the temperature and humidity in a manufacturing facility, ensuring that conditions are
optimal for the production of sensitive products. IoT devices can also be used to track inventory,
manage supply chains and monitor the quality of finished products. Industrial IoT is such an
expansive new technology space, that it is sometimes referred to by its own abbreviation: IIoT
(Industrial IoT).

Retail
In the retail industry, IoT devices can be used to track customer behavior, monitor inventory
levels and optimize store layouts. For example, sensors can be used to track foot traffic in a store
and analyze customer behavior, allowing retailers to optimize product placement and improve
the customer experience. IoT devices can also be used to monitor supply chains, track shipments
and manage inventory levels.

Agriculture
IoT devices can be used in agriculture to monitor soil conditions, weather patterns and crop
growth. For example, sensors can be used to measure the moisture content of soil, ensuring that
crops are irrigated at the optimal time. IoT devices can also be used to monitor livestock health,
track equipment and manage supply chains. Low-power or solar-powered devices can often be
used with minimal oversight in remote locations.
Transportation
In the transportation industry, IoT devices can be used to monitor vehicle performance, optimize
routes, and track shipments. For example, sensors can be used to monitor the fuel efficiency of
connected cars, reducing fuel costs and improving sustainability. IoT devices can also be used to
monitor the condition of cargo, ensuring that it arrives at its destination in optimal condition.

Risks and challenges in IoT :

IoT offers many benefits, but it also poses several risks and challenges. Here are some of the
most significant ones:

Security and privacy risks: As IoT devices become more widespread, security and privacy
become increasingly important. Many IoT devices are vulnerable to hackers and other
cyberthreats, which can compromise the security and privacy of sensitive data. IoT devices can
also collect vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns about privacy and data protection.

Interoperability issues: IoT devices from different manufacturers often use different standards
and protocols, making it difficult for them to perform what’s called “machine to machine”
communication. This can lead to interoperability issues and create silos of data that are difficult
to integrate and analyze.

Data overload: IoT devices generate vast amounts of data, which can overwhelm businesses that
are not prepared to handle it. Analyzing this data and extracting meaningful insights can be a
significant challenge, especially for businesses that lack the necessary analytics tools and
expertise.

Cost and complexity: Implementing an IoT system can be costly and complex, requiring
significant investments in hardware, software, and infrastructure. Managing and maintaining an
IoT system can also be challenging, requiring specialized skills and expertise.

Regulatory and legal challenges: As IoT devices become more widespread, regulatory, and
legal challenges are emerging. Businesses need to comply with various data protection, privacy
and cybersecurity regulations, which can vary from country to country.

Physical Design of Internet of Things (IOT) :

Physical Design of IoT :The Physical design of an IoT system is referred to as the
Things/Devices and protocols that are used to build an IoT system. All these things/Devices are
called Node Devices and every device has a unique identity that performs remote
sensing,actuating and monitoring work. and the protocols that are used to establish
communication between the Node devices and servers over the internet.
Things/Devices : Things/Devices are used to build a connection, process data, provide
interfaces, provide storage, and provide graphics interfaces in an IoT system. all these generate
data in a form that can be analyzed by an analytical system and program to perform operations
and used to improve the system.

Connectivity :Devices like USB hosts and ETHERNET are used for connectivity between the
devices andthe server.

Processor: A processor like a CPU and other units are used to process the data. these data are
further used to improve the decision quality of an IoT system.

Audio/Video Interfaces :An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to record audio and
videos in a system.

Input/Output interface :To give input and output signals to sensors, and actuators we
use things like UART, SPI,CAN, etc.

Storage Interfaces :Things like SD, MMC, and SDIO are used to store the data
generated from an IoT device.Other things like DDR and GPU are used to control the
activity of an IoT system.

IoT Protocols :These protocols are used to establish communication between a node
device and a server over the internet. It helps to send commands to an IoT device and
receive data from an IOT device over the internet. We use different types of protocols
that are present on both the server and client-side and these protocols are managed by
network layers like application, transport,network, and link layer.
Application Layer protocol :In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent
over the network with the lower layer protocols using the application interface. These
protocols include HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP,MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols.

HTTP :Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in an application layer

for transmitting media documents. it is used to communicate between web browsers
and servers. it makes a request to a server and then waits till it receives a response and
in between the request server does not keep any data between two requests.

WebSocket :This protocol enables two-way communication between a client and a

host that can be run on an untrusted code in a controlled environment. This protocol is
commonly used by web browsers.

Transport Layer :This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle
the error control. also,these layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer
capability independent of theunderlying network.

TCP :The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines how to establish and
maintain anetwork that can exchange data in a proper manner using the internet
protocol.

UDP : user datagram protocol is a part of an internet protocol called the

connectionless protocol.this protocol is not required to establish the connection to
transfer data .

Network Layer :This layer is used to send datagrams from the source network to the
destination network. We use IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as host identification that
transfers data in packets.

IPv4 :This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical label assigned to each
device connected to the network. an IP address performs two main functions: host and
location addressing. IPv4 is an IP address that is 32-bit long.

IPv6 :It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP address. It is developed by
the IETF taskforce to deal with long-anticipated problems.

Link Layer :Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's physical
layer. it also determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the devices.

Ethernet :It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It
defines the physical layer and the medium access control for wired ethernet networks.
WiFi :It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access control and
physical layer protocols for implementing wireless local area networks.

Logical Design of IoT :

It is the actual design of the IoT system. It illustrates the assembling and configuration
of the components i.e. computers, sensors, and actuators.
The logical design of IoT is composed of:
● IoT functional blocks
● IoT communications models
● IoT communication APIs

1. IoT functional blocks :

The functional blocks of IoT systems provide sensing, identification, actuation,

management, and communication capabilities to the IoT ecosystem. The devices of
the functional blocks handle the communication between the server and the host. This
enables monitoring of control functions, managing the data transfer, securing the IoT
system using authentication, and providing an interface for controlling and monitoring
various functions. It is the most crucial part of the logical and physical designs of IoT.
The Functional blocks of IoT are:

● Device
Devices provide sensing, actuation, monitoring, and control functions to the
IoT ecosystem.

● Communication
Manages communication for the IoT system.

● Services
Services perform the functions of device monitoring, device control, data
publishing, and device discovery.

● Management
gives functions to govern the IoT system.

● Security
provides security to the IoT system. It performs authentication, authorization,
message and content integrity, and data security functions.

● Application
An interface where the users can control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. It allows the users to view the system status and analyze the processed
data.
2. IoT Communication Models :

The communication models of IoT are used for communicating between the system
and the server. The types of IoT communication models are

Request-Response Model :
In this communication model, the client sends requests to the server and the server
responds to their requests. After receiving a request, the server decides how to
respond by fetching the data, retrieving resource representation, preparing the
response, and then sending the response to the client. The request-response protocol
between a client and a server is HTTP.

Publisher-Subscriber Model :

This model is made up of three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.

Publishers- it is the source of data that sends the data to the topic.
Consumers- they subscribe to the topics.
Brokers- they accept data from publishers and send it to the consumers.

Push-Pull Model :

This model is made up of data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.
Publishers- they publish the message and push it into the queue.
Consumers- they present on the other side and they pull the data out of the queue.
Queues- it helps in decoupling the messages between the producer and consumer.

Exclusive Pair :
It is a bi-directional model that includes full-duplex communication between client
and server. The client sends a request and the server keeps the record of all the
connections. In this model, only WebSocket-based communication API is based.

3. IoT communication API :

There are two types of communication APIs –

REST-based communication APIs :

REST stands for Representational State Transfer. It is a set of architectural protocols
by which you can design web services and web APIs. These web services and APIs
focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are addressed and transferred. It
has a request-response communication model. Its architectural constraints are
components, connectors, and data elements. All of them are included within a
distributed hypermedia system.

Web Socket-Based Communication APIs :

Web Socket API is the bi-directional, full-duplex communication model between
clients and servers. It does not require a new connection to set up for each message
between clients and servers. After the connection is set the messages can be sent and
received continuously without any interruption. It is best for IoT Applications with
low latency or high throughput requirements.
Home Automation using IoT

Home Automation involves using IoT technologies to control household devices remotely,
providing convenience, energy savings, and enhanced security.

● Smart Devices:
● Smart Thermostats: Automatically adjust the home temperature based on user
preferences or environmental conditions (e.g., Nest, Ecobee).
● Smart Lights: Can be controlled remotely to turn on/off, dim, or change colors. They
can also be set on timers or linked to motion sensors.
● Smart Security Systems: Includes smart locks, cameras, motion sensors, and doorbell
cameras for security (e.g., Ring, Arlo).
● Voice Assistants: Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri enable voice control for smart
devices.

Example of Home Automation Workflow:

● User sets a schedule for smart lights via mobile app.

● When the schedule is met, the mobile app sends a command to the light via the home
Wi-Fi network.
● The light is turned on or off automatically.

Industry Applications of IoT :

Industrial IoT (IIoT) focuses on the use of IoT technologies in industrial processes such as
manufacturing, supply chain management, and energy consumption.

1. Predictive Maintenance:
● IoT sensors monitor equipment health, predicting failures and maintenance needs
before they happen, thus reducing downtime and costs.
● Example: Vibration sensors on machines like pumps and motors predict wear and
tear.
2. Smart Manufacturing:
● IoT enables automated production lines where machines communicate with each
other and optimize production schedules in real-time.
● Example: Industrial robots performing assembly tasks, sensors monitoring
machine conditions, and quality control systems.
3. Energy Management:
● IoT solutions can optimize energy usage in factories by monitoring power
consumption and detecting inefficiencies.
● Example: Smart grids and smart meters track and adjust energy usage in
real-time.
Surveillance and Other IoT Applications :

IoT is widely used in surveillance, healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities:

1. Surveillance:
● IoT-enabled security cameras and sensors help monitor properties, public areas,
and critical infrastructure, with features like facial recognition, motion detection,
and real-time alerts.
● Example: Smart CCTV cameras that send alerts to a security service or mobile
device if motion is detected in restricted areas.
2. Smart Agriculture:
● IoT solutions enable precision farming by monitoring environmental conditions
like soil moisture, temperature, and crop health.
● Example: Drones and sensors used for crop monitoring, automated irrigation
systems.
3. Healthcare:
● Wearables and IoT sensors track real-time health data, including heart rate,
glucose levels, and sleep patterns, alerting users and doctors of any health
anomalies.
● Example: Fitness trackers like Fitbit or remote monitoring systems for chronic
patients.
4. Smart Cities:
● IoT applications in smart cities include smart traffic management, waste
collection, water and energy monitoring, and environmental monitoring.
● Example: Traffic lights adjusting their timings based on real-time traffic data.

Why is IoT important?

IoT is important for business for several reasons. Here are the core benefits of IoT:

Improved efficiency

By using IoT devices to automate and optimize processes, businesses can improve efficiency and
productivity. For example, IoT sensors can be used to monitor equipment performance and detect
or even resolve potential issues before they cause downtime, reducing maintenance costs and
improving uptime.

Data-driven decision-making

IoT devices generate vast amounts of data that can be used to make better-informed business
decisions and new business models. By analyzing this data, businesses can gain insights into
customer behavior, market trends, and operational performance, allowing them to make more
informed decisions about strategy, product development, and resource allocation.
Cost-savings

By reducing manual processes and automating repetitive tasks, IoT can help businesses reduce
costs and improve profitability. For example, IoT devices can be used to monitor energy usage
and optimize consumption, reducing energy costs and improving sustainability.

Enhanced customer experience

By using IoT technology to gather data about customer behavior, businesses can create more
personalized and engaging experiences for their customers. For example, retailers can use IoT
sensors to track customer movements in stores and deliver personalized offers based on their
behavior.

The future of IoT :

The future of IoT is promising, with many exciting developments for businesses on the horizon.
Here are some of the trends and predictions for the future of IoT:

Growth: The number of IoT devices is expected to continue to grow rapidly, with estimates
suggesting that there will be tens of billion IoT devices in use over the next few years. This
growth will be driven by increased adoption across industries, as well as the development of new
use cases and applications.

Edge computing: Edge computing is becoming increasingly important for IoT, as it allows data
to be processed and analyzed closer to the source of the data, rather than in a centralized data
center. This can improve response times, reduce latency and reduce the amount of data that needs
to be transferred over IoT networks.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning: AI and machine learning are becoming
increasingly important for IoT, as they can be used to analyze vast amounts of data that is
generated by IoT devices and extract meaningful insights. This can help businesses make more
informed decisions and optimize their operations.

Blockchain: Blockchain technology is being explored as a way to improve security and privacy
in the IoT. Blockchain can be used to create secure, decentralized networks for IoT devices,
which can minimize data security vulnerabilities.
Sustainability: Sustainability is becoming an increasingly important consideration for IoT, as
businesses look for ways to reduce their environmental impact. IoT can be used to optimize
energy usage, reduce waste and improve sustainability across a range of industries.

Virtual Reality (VR)

Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation that immerses users in a 3D

environment, often using a VR headset, sensors, and controllers. VR can simulate real or
imaginary worlds and is mainly used for entertainment, education, and training.

Virtual reality is the term used to describe a three-dimensional, computer generated environment
which can be explored and interacted with by a person.

The definition of virtual reality comes, naturally, from the definitions for both ‘virtual’ and
‘reality’. The definition of ‘virtual’ is near and reality is what we experience as human beings. So
the term ‘virtual reality’ basically means ‘near-reality’.

In Virtual Reality users immerse themselves in a specifically designed /simulated environment

for a specific purpose. For example, medical training, games, etc., which are explored without
borders and boundaries in 360 degrees. VR creates a virtual, simulated environment where
people interact in simulated environments using VR goggles or other devices.

● VR enhances the user experience to the next level via VR headsets or other VR devices
like Oculus quest 2, Hp reverb G2, etc.
 ● VR is a self-controlled environment where the user can control the simulated
environment via a system.
● VR enhances a fictional environment by using sensors, displays, and other features like
motion tracking, Movement tracking,

Types of Virtual Reality :

Virtual reality has evolved into several types, each with its own unique features and applications.
The following are some of the most innovative types of virtual reality that have a significant
impact on the present and will shape the future:

Non-Immersive Virtual Reality :

Non-immersive virtual reality is a computer-based virtual experience in which you can control
some characters or activities within the software. Still, the environment does not interact with
you directly. Aside from desktop computers, you may also locate a powerful laptop for virtual
machines and on-the-go work. Because customers value mobility more and more, manufacturers
design powerful systems in small packages.

For example, when you play video games like World of Warcraft, you may control characters
within the game with their own movements and qualities. Technically, you interact with a virtual
environment but are not the game's focus. All actions or features interact with the characters
included therein.

Fully Immersive Virtual Reality :

Unlike non-immersive virtual reality, fully immersive virtual reality guarantees a realistic
experience within the virtual environment. It will give you the impression that you are in that
virtual environment and that everything is happening to you in real-time. This is a costly virtual
reality type requiring helmets, gloves, and body connections equipped with sense detectors.
These are linked to a high-powered computer.

The virtual environment detects and projects your emotions, reactions, and even a blink of an
eye. You will feel as though you are in the virtual world. There is one example of this where you
will be outfitted in a tiny room with the necessary hardware so you can play a virtual shooter
game.

Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality :

A semi-immersive virtual reality experience combines fully immersive and non-immersive

virtual reality. With a computer screen or VR box/headset, you can walk around an independent
3D area or virtual world. As a result, all actions in the virtual world are focused on you. Other
than your visual perception, you have no true physical motions. On a computer, you can navigate
the virtual area using the mouse, and on mobile devices, you can move around with your finger
and swipe.

Collaborative VR :

Collaborative virtual reality is a type of virtual world where people in different places can talk to
each other using avatars or 3D characters. It lets multiple users be in the same virtual
environment at the same time, talk to each other, and work together on different tasks.

Augmented Reality :

Augmented reality (AR) refers to a technology that combines real-world environments with
computer-generated content. It allows users to interact with virtual objects in a real-world
environment.

Mixed Reality :

Mixed reality (MR) is a technology that creates a new environment by combining real and virtual
things. It allows virtual objects to interact with the real world, creating a seamless experience.

What is the Need for Virtual Reality?

● Virtual reality allows users to create simulated, interactive, and specifically designed
environments for specific use.
● It is designed for human interaction or for a specific reason to create experiences.
● Unlike other reality technologies like AR and MR, VR enhances the user experience to
the next level with its fully immersive and interactive technology.

How Does Virtual Reality Technology Work?

Virtual reality is a technique that simulates vision to create a 3D world in which the user appears
to be immersed while surfing or experiencing it. The user experiencing the 3D world then
controls it in full 3D. On the one hand, the user creates 3D VR settings, while on the other, he
experiences or explores them using suitable equipment such as VR headsets.

Some gadgets, such as controllers, enable users to control and explore the material. VR
technology will be used to understand photos and movies based on image position, surroundings,
and appearance. This includes using equipment such as cameras and other technologies such as
artificial intelligence, big data, and vision.
What Technology Does Virtual Reality Use?

VR technology often comprises headgear and peripherals such as controllers and motion
trackers. The technology is available through a web browser and is powered by proprietary
downloaded apps or web-based VR. Sensory peripherals like controllers, headphones, hand
trackers, treadmills, and 3D cameras are all part of virtual reality hardware.

There are two main types of VR devices:

Standalone - devices with all the components required to offer virtual reality experiences in the
headset. Oculus Mobile SDK, produced by Oculus VR for its standalone headsets, and the
Samsung Gear VR are two popular standalone VR platforms. (The SDK has been deprecated in
favour of OpenXR, which will be available in July 2021.)

Tethered - headsets that connect to another device, such as a PC or video game console, to
deliver a virtual reality experience. SteamVR, part of Valve's Steam service, is a popular tethered
VR platform. To support headsets from different vendors, such as HTC, Windows Mixed Reality
headset manufacturers, and Valve, the SteamVR platform employs the OpenVR SDK.

VR Accessories :

VR Covers

Sweating may cause skin discomfort if you use your VR headset for an extended time. In such
instances, VR coverings can be a terrific way to protect your skin when playing high-intensity
games like Population One, Beat Saber, or FitXR.

VR Gloves

One of the benefits of VR gloves is that they create a genuine tactile feel, making the experience
more engaging and lifelike. Although a few VR gloves are on the market, most are aimed at
businesses. However, there are a few that customers may utilise.

Tracker for The Entire Body

The Full Body Tracker, like VR Gloves, delivers a high degree of immersion and engagement.
Although most full-body VR trackers are marketed as a training tool, there are a few low-cost
solutions if you want to fully immerse yourself in the virtual world and experience an adrenaline
rush.

VR Lenses They protect the lens of your headset from small scratches and fingerprints while
also filtering out harmful light to alleviate eye strain. The lens guard is simple to instal. For a
secure fit, place the VR lens over each of your VR headset lenses.
Motion Controllers

These add-ons enable users to interact with mixed reality. Because controllers have a specific
position in space, they enable fine-grained interaction with digital objects.

Omnidirectional Treadmills (ODTs)

This auxiliary equipment allows users to move physically in any direction. ODTs allow users to
move freely in VR surroundings, providing a completely immersive experience.

Features of VR :

The Virtual World

A fictional space that exists apart from the real world. Of course, the medium employed to
construct this area is a simulation comprised of visual components generated with computer
graphics. The creator's rules establish the relationships and interactions between these pieces.

Immersion

The users are put in a virtual area that is physically separated from the actual world. VR headsets
do this by filling the entire field of view, whilst headphones accomplish the same outcomes with
sounds, immersing users in another universe.

Sensory Input

VR headsets track users' location inside a specific environment, allowing the computer to depict
changes in position. Users who move their heads or bodies will feel they are moving in the
virtual environment. The input is as near to reality as possible; to move around, users do not
touch a button but rather move about.

Interactivity

Simulated worlds must have virtual components with which to interact, such as picking up and
dropping items, swinging swords to kill goblins, smashing mugs, and pressing buttons on planes.

Applications of Virtual Reality (VR) :

1. VR creates opportunities to conduct activities virtually, for example creating virtual excursions
or field trips towards education.
2. Virtual reality has a huge influence on the Healthcare industry. The FDA authorised the
prescription-use EaseVRx for pain reduction in adults in November 2021. Cognitive behavioral
therapy as well as other behavioural concepts like attention-shifting, interoceptive awareness,
and deep relaxation are used in this system to aid in decreasing chronic pain.
3. VR for tourism advances have enabled people to check out vacations before they buy them in
the post-Covid age. Thomas Cook debuted their 'Try Before You Fly' VR experience in 2015,
where potential vacationers may visit stores in different locations to experience the vacation in
VR before booking it. Consequently, once customers sampled the 5-minute VR version of the
trip, there was a 190% increase in New York excursion bookings.
4. In entertainment, Realtime experience of fictional characters or sci-fi movies, animations, and
motions can be experienced by all using VR.
5. Prototyping helps the automotive industry avoid multiple designs and reduce resources by
creating virtual designs using VR.
6. In terms of Defense, VR helps our brave men experience the battlefield environments in
real-time to avoid unconditional situations in Reality.
7. The ‘metaverse' is likely to significantly alter how we purchase online. We'll be able to try on
items in the virtual world to see how they'd appear in person, thanks to VR shopping experiences
and body-scanning technologies. This is not just a more efficient shopping experience for
customers. Still, it is also more sustainable because buyers will know whether the item matches
their shape and size before ordering, lowering the environmental cost of producing and
delivering fast fashion.

Virtual Reality Examples :

Since there are different kinds of virtual reality that offer different experiences, it has been used
in many different fields. Here are some examples of how virtual reality is used in various fields.
Training
Non-immersive virtual reality is commonly used in training programs, such as medical and
aviation training, to provide students with a safe and controlled environment to learn how to
handle different situations. This type of VR is also used in simulation and gaming, where users
can interact with different characters and objects.

Education
When virtual reality is used in education, it creates immersive learning environments where
students can explore a wide range of subjects and ideas. For example, virtual reality may be used
to recreate historical events, scientific ideas, and a great deal more.
Entertainment
Virtual reality is often used in the gaming industry, where people can get lost in a virtual world
and interact with different objects and characters. It can also be used for cinematic experiences,
giving users a new level of immersion and engagement.

Real Estate and Tourism

Semi-immersive VR is used in architecture, design, real estate, tourism, and other fields. For
instance, it can create a virtual tour of a building or a city that users can navigate through to
experience the location without physically being there.

Collaborative Work
Collaborative VR is used in various fields, such as education, gaming, and training. For instance,
students can collaborate and learn in a virtual environment, and businesses can hold virtual
meetings with their team members from different locations.
Future of Virtual Reality :
As VR is in its early stage or towards its second generation in its advancement future of VR lies
on -
● Developing virtual reality headsets which can support up to 8K with much more powerful
processors.
● Integration of Artificial Intelligence in VR.
● 5G can also provide interesting scenarios for the evolution of VR.
● Virtual shopping in a 3D view
● Better geo-location system via indoor mapping etc.
Smart System :
The word “SMART” refers to “self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting
technology”
A smart system is a system that can sense, act, and control to analyze a situation, make decisions,
and perform actions. Smart systems are often computer or electronic systems that can:
Sense: Use multi-modal sensing to gather data from their environment
Analyze: Use knowledge to analyze the data and make predictions
Act: Use actuation and control to perform actions based on the data and predictions
Adapt: Make adaptive or predictive decisions

Smart systems are a key part of many emerging technologies, including: Self-driving cars,
Artificial pancreas, Internet of Things (IoT), and Wearable health monitors.
Smart systems can be supported by machine learning, optimization algorithms, and ICT
functionality. They can also be autonomous, have closed loop control, and be energy efficient.
Examples of Smart Technology :
Smart technology is all around us, making everyday tasks easier and more efficient. Here are
some common examples:

1. Smartphones: These are mobile phones with advanced features like internet connectivity,
apps, and voice assistants.

2. Smart TVs: Televisions that connect to the internet to stream videos, browse the web, and use
apps.

3. Smart Home Devices -

Smart Thermostats: Devices that learn your heating and cooling preferences and adjust the
temperature automatically.
Smart Lights: Lighting systems you can control remotely, set on timers, or adjust based on
conditions like the time of day.
Smart Security Systems: Cameras, door locks, and alarm systems that you can control and
monitor from your phone.
4. Smartwatches: Wearable devices that track your fitness, send messages, and even make calls.

5. Smart Appliances -
Smart Refrigerators: Fridges that monitor your food's expiry dates, suggest recipes, or even let
you see inside without opening the door.
Smart Ovens: Ovens that can be preheated remotely and can adjust cooking times and
temperatures based on the recipe.
Smart Speakers and Assistants: Devices like Amazon Echo and Google Home that respond to
voice commands to play music, set timers, or control other smart devices.
Embedded System :
Embedded system is a computational system that is developed based on an integration of
both hardware and software in order to perform a given task. It can be said as a dedicated
computer system has been developed for some particular reason. But it is not our traditional
computer system or general-purpose computers, these are the Embedded systems that may work
independently or attached to a larger system to work on a few specific functions. These
embedded systems can work without human intervention or with little human intervention.

Components of Embedded Systems :

1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Firmware

Examples of Embedded Systems :

● Digital watches
● Washing Machine
● Toys
● Televisions
● Digital phones
● Laser Printer
● Cameras
● Industrial machines
● Electronic Calculators
 ● Automobiles
● Medical Equipment
Application of Embedded System :
● Home appliances
● Transportation
● Health care
● Business sector & offices
● Defense sector
● Aerospace
● Agricultural Sector
Characteristics of an Embedded System :
Performs specific task: Embedded systems perform some specific function or tasks.
Low Cost: The price of an embedded system is not so expensive.
Time Specific: It performs the tasks within a certain time frame.
Low Power: Embedded Systems don’t require much power to operate.
High Efficiency: The efficiency level of embedded systems is so high.
Minimal User interface: These systems require less user interface and are easy to use.
Less Human intervention: Embedded systems require no human intervention or very less
human intervention.
Highly Stable: Embedded systems do not change frequently mostly fixed maintaining stability.
High Reliability: Embedded systems are reliable they perform tasks consistently well.
Use microprocessors or microcontrollers: Embedded systems use microprocessors or
microcontrollers to design and use limited memory.
Manufacturable: The majority of embedded systems are compact and affordable to
manufacture. They are based on the size and low complexity of the hardware.
Advantages of Embedded System :
● Small size.
● Enhanced real-time performance.
● Easily customizable for a specific application.
Disadvantages of Embedded System :
● High development cost.
● Time-consuming design process.
● As it is application-specific less market available.