DR . Fatma G.

Hashad
Lecture Contents

 Course Specification.
 Signal Definition.
 System Definition.
 Application Areas.
 Signal Classification.

Lecture 1
Course
Specification
Noise
Noise
 Signal Definition : 6

 Signal is a time varying voltage or (other physical quantity) that

generally carries information; signal is a function of time variable
t.
 Mathematically, a signal is represented as a function of an
independent variable t.
 Usually, t represents time.
 Thus, a signal is denoted by x(t).
 For example: 7

 Audio signals (speech, music),

 Images or video signals,
 Sonar signals or ultrasound,
 Biological signals such as the electrical pulses from the heart,
 Signal Processing

The Field Of Techniques Used To Extract

Information From Signals.
Signal Process Systems

Facilitate the • Filters

extraction of desired • Feature Extraction
information e.g.,

Signal
signal Processing output
System
 System Definition:
10
Basic concepts about system:
1. System
Device or technology of signal processing.

2. Analog system
System with analog input and output.

3. Digital system
System with digital input and output.
  Application Areas 11
Image Processing Instrumentation/Control Speech/Audio Military
Pattern recognition spectrum analysis speech recognition secure communications
Robotic vision noise reduction speech synthesis radar processing
Image enhancement data compression text to speech target tracking
Face simile animation digital audio equalization

Telecommunications Biomedical Consumer applications

Echo cancellation patient monitoring cellular mobile phones
Adaptive equalization scanners digital television
Modems, Switches, Routers.. EEG brain mappers digital cameras
Spread spectrum ECG Analysis internet phone
Video conferencing X-Ray storage/enhancement

etc.……
 Signal Classification: 12
1. Continuous and Discrete

2. Analog and Digital

3. Real and Complex
4. Deterministic and Random
5. Even and Odd
6. Periodic and Non-periodic
7. Energy and Power
1. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals: 13
A signal x(t) is a continuous if t is a continuous variable.
x(t)

Graphical representation of continuous-time.

But if t is a discrete variable, that is, x(t) is defined at discrete times, then
14
x(t) is a discrete-time signal.
it is often identified as a sequence of numbers, denoted by {xn} or x[n],
where n = integer.

Graphical representation of discrete-time signals.

a discrete-time signal x[n] may be obtained by sampling a
15

continuous-time signal x(t) such as

x  t0  , x  t1  ,...., x  t n  ,.....
or x  0  , x 1 ,...., x  n  ,.....
or x0 , x1 ,...., xn ,.....
• xn's are called samples and the time interval between them is
the sampling interval (Ts).
• When the sampling intervals are equal (uniform sampling)
xn  x  n  x  nTs 
 A discrete-time signal x[n] can be defined in two ways:
16
1. calculating the nth value of the sequence.
𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 = ൞ 2 𝑛≥0
0 𝑛<0
𝑛
1 1 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑛 = 1, , , . . . , ,....
2 4 2
2. list the values of the sequence.
 xn   ..., 0, 0,1, 2, 2,1, 0,1, 0, 2, 0, 0,....
 n=0
 xn   1, 2, 2,1, 0,1, 0, 2

 The sum and product of two sequences are 17

cn   an   bn   cn  an  bn

cn   an bn   cn  anbn

cn    an   cn   an   const.

2. Analog and Digital Signals:
18
 analog signal: any signal whose amplitude is defined over
continuous interval of time.
 digital signal: A digital signal can only have a set of finite
values. If the digital signal is *binary*, it can only have 2
values, 0 or 1.
1

-1
Analog Digital
3. Real and Complex Signals: 19
 A signal x(t) is a real signal if its value is a real number.
 A signal x(t) is a complex signal if its value is a complex
number.
 A general complex signal x (t) is a function of the form

x  t   x1  t   jx2  t 
where x1(t) and x2(t) are real signals and j = √-1.
4. Deterministic and Random Signals: 20
 Deterministic signals are the signals whose values are
completely specified for any given time. Thus, a
deterministic signal can be modeled by a known function of
time t as sine signal.
 Random signals are those signals that take random values
at any given time and must be characterized statistically.
21
5. Even and Odd Signals:
22
A signal x(t) or x[n] is an even signal if:

x  t   x  t 
x  n   x  n 
A signal x(t) or x[n] is an odd signal if: 23

x  t    x  t 
x  n   x  n
Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum
24
of two signals, one of which is even and one of which is odd.

x  t   xe  t   xo  t 
x  n   xe  n   xo  n 
even part

where xe  t    x  t   x  t 
1
odd part
2
xo  t    x  t   x  t 
1
2
6. Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals:
25
A continuous-time signal x(t) is to be periodic with period T if there is a
positive nonzero value of T for which
x t  T   x t  all t
• A sequence (discrete-time signal) x[n] is periodic with period N if
26
there is a positive integer N for which

x  n  N   x  n all n
• Any signal which is not periodic is called a nonperiodic (or
aperiodic ) signal.

Note :-
 The sum of two Continuous-periodic signals may not be periodic.
 But the sum of two periodic sequences is always periodic
27
7. Energy and Power Signals:
28
Consider v(t) to be the voltage across a resistor R producing a current
i(t). The instantaneous power p(t) per ohm is

v t  i t  2
p t    i t 
R
Total energy E and average power P on a per-ohm basis are

E  i 2  t  dt joules


1 T
P  lim
T  T  T
2 2
i  t  dt watts
2
• For an arbitrary continuous-time signal x(t), the normalized energy
29
content E of x(t) is 
E x  t  dt
2



The normalized average power P of x(t) is defined as

1 T2
P  lim  T x  t  dt
2

T  T  2

• For a discrete-time signal x[n],



 x  n
2
E
n 
N
1
 x  n
2
P  lim
N  2 N  1
n  N
The following classes of signals are defined:
30
 x(t) (or x[n]) is an energy signal (or sequence) if and only if 0 < E < ,
and so P = 0.
 x(t) (or x[n]) is a power signal (or sequence) if and only if 0 < P < ,
thus implying that E = .
 Signals that satisfy neither property are referred to as neither energy
signals nor power signals. (if both energy and power of the signal are
equal to infinity)