AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

A project report submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada
In partial fulfillment of the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted
by

K.MADAN KUMAR ACHARY (16X91A0430)

M.AHAMMAD (17X95A0403)
M.JYOTHI PRANAY (16X91A0437)
C.H.VENKATESH (16X91A0416)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr.D.JAYANAIDU, M.E.,(phD)
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI SATYANARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to J.N.T.U.K, KAKINADA)
Ongole-523001,A.P.

2016-2020
 SRI SATYANARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to J.N.T.U.K, KAKINADA)
Ongole-523001,A.P.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the main project report titled “AUTOMATIC MISSILE
DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM” is the bonafied work carried out by

K.MADAN KUMAR ACHARY (16X91A0430)

M.AHAMMAD (17X95A0403)
M.JYOTHI PRANAY (16X91A0437)
C.H.VENKATESH (16X91A0416)

Of B.tech in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering
by J.N.T.U.K, Kakinada during the academic year2019-2020

Project Guide Project Co-ordinator H.O.D

Mr.D.JAYANAIDU, Mr.R.KOTESWARARAO, Mr.D.JAYANAIDU,

M.E.,(phD), M.Tech., M.E.,(phD),
PROFESSOR. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR. PROFESSOR.

EXTERNAL EXAMINER.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
we would like to express our profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness to
our project guide Mr.R.KOTESWARARAO M.Tech., Associate professor of ECE
department, SSN Engineering College, Ongole for the valuable guidance and inspiration
rendered by him during project work. Mere words would not be sufficient to place on record
the erudite guidance, sustained encouragement constructive comments and inspiring
discussions with him during course of this project work.

We honorably express our thanks to our project coordinator sri

R.KOTESWARARAO for providing us an atmost congenial atmosphere to carry out our
work peacefully.

We are highly grateful and indebted to Mr.D.JAYANAIDU M.E.,(phd).,

professor and Head of the Department of ECE, SSN Engineering College, Ongole for his
support and valuable suggestions for completing this project.

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to all staff members of
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, SSN Engineering College,
Ongole for their support in various aspects in completing this project.

We would like to place on record the valuable support academic given by our
principal Dr.C.VEERESH NAYAK M.Tech.,Phd., for completion of the course .

We express our sincere gratitude and thanks to the honorable Secretary and
Correspondent Sri. Y.RAMAKRISHNA REDDY garu ,for providing us with good faculty
and infrastructure and his moral support throughout the course.

We would like to convey gratitude to our parents whose prayers and blessings
are always with us.

In this regard I would like to thank my friends and others who helped us directly
or indirectly for successful completion of this project.
K.MADAN KUMAR ACHARY (16X91A0430)
M.AHAMMAD (17X95A0403)
M.JYOTHI PRANAY (16X91A0437)
C.H.VENKATESH (16X91A0416)
 ABSTRACT

This proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to a

microcontroller of 8051 family. An ultrasonic transducer comprising of a transmitter and receiver
are used. The transmitted waves are reflected back from the object and received by the transducer
again. The total time taken from sending the waves to receiving it is calculated by taking into
consideration the velocity of sound. Then the distance is calculated by a program running on the
microcontroller and displayed on an liquid crystal display screen interfaced to the microcontroller
through ZigBee Wireless communication. The circuit is used to receive the reflected signals of
40 KHz from the missile object, to feed that to a program of the microcontroller and to switch on
appropriate load while the program is executed at the microcontroller. When the microcontroller
receives the signal from ultrasonic receiver it activates the door gun by triggering the gate of
MOSFET through a transistor or relay. The sensor is fitted on antenna and is rotated and
controlled by stepper motor through 360 degrees. If there is any target within the detection range,
the application will turn the launcher to the nearest detected target and fires.

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 INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER-1:INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background 1
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Significance of project 3
1.5 Proposed approach and methods to be employed 3
1.6 Embedded system 3
1.6.1 Need for embedded system 5
CHAPTER-2:LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Existing method 6

2.2 Problem identification 6
2.3 Selection of ultrasonic sensor 6
2.4 Arduino 6
2.5 Embedded c 7
2.6 proteus 7
CHAPTER-3:DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Block diagram 8

3.2 The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensors 8
3.2.1 HC-SR04 features 8
3.2.2 Background of ultrasonic distance measurement 11
3.3 Arduino UNO 12
3.3.1 Power 13
3.3.2 Memory 14
3.3.3 Input and Output 14
3.3.4 Communication 15
3.3.5 Programming 15
3.3.6 USB Over current protection 16
3.3.7 Automatic reset 16
ii
 3.3.8 Physical characteristics 16
3.4 Power supply 19
3.4.1 Four ways to power up the Arduino 19
3.4.2 Precaution to be undertaken 21
3.5 Buzzer 22
3.6 Servo motor 23
3.6.1 Mechanism 25
3.6.2 Specifications 25
3.7 Laser 26
3.7.1 History 27
3.7.2 Applications 27
3.8 GSM 37
3.9 Tools 38
3.10 Flow chart 38
3.11 Software design
3.12 Arduino IDE 39
CHAPTER-4:RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 System integration 41

CHAPTER-5:ADVANTAGES 42
CHAPTER-6:APPLICATIONS 43
CHAPTER-7:FUTURE SCOPE 44
CHAPTER-8:CONCLUSION 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY 46
APPENDIX-A 47

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no. Title Page no.

3.1 Block diagram 8

3.2 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor 9
3.3 Ultrasonic sensor transmitting and receiving 11
Signal from the object
3.4 The time between transmission sound wave and
Detection of echo 12
3.5 Arduino board 13
3.6 Arduino UNO R3 Atmega-328IC 17
3.7 An Arduino Uno powered up using a USB cable 20
3.8 Arduino Uno powered up using 9V AC-DC adapter 20
3.9 Regulated power supply 21
3.10 Piezo buzzer 23
3.11 Servo motor 24
3.12 Flow chart of missile detection and automatic display 38
3.13 Arduino IDE 39

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table no. Title Page
no.
3.1 Electrical parameters of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor 9
3.2 Ultrasonic sensor pin configuration 13
3.3 Technical specifications 13
3.4 Arduino UNO specifications 17
3.5 Arduino UNO pin details 17

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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

CHAPTER-1
1.1 Introduction
Almost all aspects of human life have undergone rapid development. This development is
supported by the advance of electronics and information technology. The job can be performed
on schedule precisely and efficiently by adopting this advance technology.
An achievement in computer technology is used not only in business and industry but has
lso covers almost all fields, including control system where a computer system can be used to
control the hardware in a flexible way. Therefore, computer based control system becomes more
common in recent development of control system.
Compter based control system also can be implemented for detecting the missiles that are
used in military operations by the opposite teams.This project is proposed to minimize the
accidents or loosing lives that frequently occur in military counter attacks.
In this project we will use the concepts of the ultrasonic waves. An ultrasonic level or
sensing system requires no contact with the target. For many processes in the medical,
Pharmaceutical, military and general industries.
The principle behind a pulsed ultrasonic technology is that the transmitted signal consists
of short beam of ultrasonic energy. After each beam, the electronics looks for a return signal
within the corresponding time it takes for the energy to pass through the hole. Ultrasonic wave
sensor is free from water pressure since it measures the time of travelling of ultrasonic wave pulse
from transmitter to receiver reflected by the end surface.
1.2 Background
The first use for the concept of the ultrasonic waves was done by U.S. researcher Dr.
Floyd Firestone of the University of Michigan applies for a U.S. invention patent for the first
practical ultrasonic testing method. The patent is granted on 1942 under the title "Flaw Detecting
Device and Measuring Instrument". Extracts from the first two paragraphs of the patent for this
entirely new non-destructive testing method succinctly describe the basics of such ultrasonic
testing.
"My invention pertains to a device for detecting the presence of in homogeneities of
density or elasticity in materials. For instance if a casting has a hole or a crack within it, my
device allows the presence of the flaw to be detected and its position located, even though the
flaw lies entirely within the casting and no portion of it extends out to the surface. The general
principle of my device consists of sending high frequency vibrations into the part to be inspected,
and the determination of the time intervals of arrival of the direct and reflected vibrations at one
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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

or more stations on the surface of the part."

Another use for the concept of the ultrasonic waves was done by James F. McNulty of
Automation Industries, then, in El Segundo, California, an early improver of the many foibles
and limits of this and other non-destructive testing methods, teaches in further detail on ultrasonic
testing in his U.S. Patent (application filed in 1962, granted in 1966, titled “Ultrasonic Testing
Apparatus and Method”)that “Basically ultrasonic testing is performed by applying to a
piezoelectric crystal transducer periodic electrical pulses of ultrasonic frequency.
The crystal vibrates at the ultrasonic frequency and is mechanically coupled to the surface of the
specimen to be tested.
This coupling may be affected by immersion of both the transducer and the specimen in
a body of liquid or by actual contact through a thin film of liquid such as oil. The ultrasonic
vibrations pass through the specimen and are reflected by any discontinuities which may be
encountered. The echo pulses that are reflected are received by the same or by a different
transducer and are converted into electrical signals which indicate the presence of the defect.
In ultrasonic testing, an ultrasound transducer connected to a diagnostic machine is passed
over the object being inspected. The transducer is typically separated from the test object by a
couplant (such as oil) or by water, as in immersion testing. However, when ultrasonic testing is
conducted with an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) the use of couplant is not
required.
There are two methods of receiving the ultrasound waveform: reflection and attenuation.
In reflection (or pulse-echo) mode, the transducer performs both the sending and the receiving of
the pulsed waves as the "sound" is reflected back to the device. Reflected ultrasound comes from
an interface, such as the back wall of the object or from an imperfection within the object. The
diagnostic machine displays these results in the form of a signal with an amplitude representing
the intensity of the reflection and the distance, representing the arrival time of the reflection.
In attenuation (or through-transmission) mode, a transmitter sends ultrasound through one
surface, and a separate receiver detects the amount that has reached it on another surface after
travelling through the medium. Imperfections or other conditions in the space between the
transmitter and receiver reduce the amount of sound transmitted, thus r
evealing their presence. Using the couplant increases the efficiency of the process by reducing
the losses in the ultrasonic wave energy due to separation between the surfaces.
1.3 Objectives
There are some objectives need to be achieved in order to accomplish this project. These
objectives will act as a guide and will restrict the system to be implemented for certain situations:
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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

➢ To develop a model of MISSILE DETECTION AND AUTOMATIC DESTROY

SYSTEM by using the ultrasonic sensor detect and destroy the missiles
➢ To use Arduino (IDE) software to generate a computer program for the arduino in order
to get signal for the real time.
➢ To on the buzzer and destroying system(laser) when target or the missile is detected

1.4 Significance of the projects

The main aim of this project is to develop a module to detect and destroy the missile coming
in opposite/against us by using the concept ultrasonic waves. The system consist of ultrasonic
sensor, buzzer,laser,servo motor ,GSM and Arduino UNO.
Ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the distance between sensor and the ground surface. This
detection is performed without physical contact between the sensor and ground surface.
Ultrasonic sensors utilize the principle of sound reflection to measure the depth. The calculation
is performed by high level language program that reside in an arduino.
1.5 Proposed Approach and Methods to Be Employed
In order to complete this project smoothly, a lot of research work was required such as
going through reference books, journals, internet resources and components datasheets so that
will assist in the success of the project.
The system consists of hardware and software parts. Hardware part consists of some
components such as:
➢ The Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04.
➢ Arduino(Microcontroller).
➢ Buzzer.
➢ Laser light.
➢ GSM.
➢ Servo motor
Arduino is the “brain” of the whole system receives the input signals from the sensor.
Missile will be detected and destroyed. This processes will be done according to the program.
For the software application, either C-programming or Assembly Language can be
selected to be the main software used for the Arduino. In order to achieve these goals, a lot of
hard work is required to program the software.
1.6 Embedded Systems
In the process of completing the project, tasks like circuit designing, finding components,
constructing prototype, checking the simulation and testing the functionality of the prototype will
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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

be performed, followed by circuit fault diagnoses and troubleshooting.

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated

functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device
often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such
as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user
needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are typically
either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however, is
being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. Since
the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce
the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example
is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used
every day, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.

This is adirect contrast to the personal computer in the family room.It is comprised of
computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives for example).
However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather. It is able to
do many different things. Many people use the term general purpose computer to make this
distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate, the manufacturer does
not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server
another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great
American novel.

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For example,
modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls the
anti-clock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle’s emissions, and a third displays
information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some
sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing, it is important to point out that a general-purpose

computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, a computer consists

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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modern, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of
which is an embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is
designed to send and receive digital data over analog telephone line.

If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software could
be completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave oven, VCR
(Video cassette recorder) or alarm clock. In some cases,it would even be possible to build an
equivalent device that does not contain the processor and software. This could be done by
replacing the combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in
hardware. However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in way. It is much
easier, and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom
hardware.

1.6.1 Need for Embedded System

The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new products are
introduced to the market that utilizes embedded computers in novel ways. In recent years,
hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA (Field Programming Gate
Array) chips have become much cheaper. So when implementing a new form of control, it's
wiser to just buy the generic chip and write one’s own custom software for it. Producing a
custom-made chip to handle a particular task or set of tasks costs far more time and money.
Many embedded computers even come with extensive libraries, so thatwriting one’s own
software becomes a very trivial task indeed.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The purpose of this project is to design and construct automatic missile detection and
destroying system. This system is used to detect the target (missile) moving in multiple directions.

2.1 Existing Method

In the existing method the target can be detected and after detection the controller will
send the information to the controller. The controller needs to take certain action about the target.
The target is being sensed through camera here. The other method to detects he missile thorough
the IR sensors. Since the upcoming missile will undergo chemical reaction which emits IR
radiation. Time is wasted when a microcontroller sends information to the control room and
because of that the defending area becomes less. While sensing the target through IR radiation
drones can't be found out.

2.2 Problem Identification

This work addresses how to overcome the raised issues in section 2.1 and propose an
alternative. The proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to arduino to detect missile
object. An ultrasonic transducer comprising of a transmitter and receiver are used on same
module. The ultrasonic transducer produces sound waves. The transmitted sound waves are
reflected back from the object and received by transducer again. The total time taken from
sending the waves to receiving is calculated by taking into consideration the velocity of sound.
2.3 Selection of the ultrasonic sensor
There are numerous types of ultrasonic range sensors available with key differences in
frequency and power consumptions. Ultrasonic sensor with high frequency will have a sharper
beam width and can detect obstacles in longer range. Also some of the new sensors have similar
range detection as previous models but with less power consumption. In this project, the
ultrasonic sensor must be able to detect obstacles or objects from 2cm to 400cm. Since the whole
system power supply will be taken from battery supply, the less current consumption is crucial
and must be able to operate at low voltage. HC-SR04 meets the criteria of this project to detect
the obstacles in a short period after the long research was done between the HC-SR04 and others
Ultrasonic sensors.
2.4 Arduino
Arduino is a software company, project, and user community that designs and
manufactures computer open -source hardware, open source, and microcontroller-based kits for

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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.
The project is based on microcontroller board designs, produced by several vendors, using
various microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of digital and analog I/ O pins that can
interface to various expansion boards (termed shields ) and other circuits . the boards feature
serial communication interface, including universal serial bus (USB )on some models, for loading
programming from personal computers.
Arduino are used in automatically controlled devices such as control systems, office
machines, automobile engines, power tools and so on. By reducing the size, cost and power
consumption, arduino makes it economical to electronically control more and more processes.
2.5 Embedded C
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C
Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C,
e.g., main() function, variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements (if, switch
case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations,
macros, etc.
2.6 Proteus
The proteus software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians to
create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards. The Proteus
Design Suite is a Windows application for schematic capture, simulation, and PCB layout design.
It can be purchased in many configurations, depending on the size of designs being produced and
the requirements for microcontroller simulation. All PCB design products include an auto router
and basic mixed mode SPICE simulation capabilities.

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CHAPTER-3
MISSILE DETECTION AND ATOMATIC DESTROY SYSTEM
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Block Diagram

A SERVO
ULTRASONIC
R MOTOR
SENSOR D
U
BUZZER
I
N
O LASER
POWER
SUPPLY

GSM

Fig:3.1:Block diagram
3.2 The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors
In this project, the ultrasonic sensor must be able to detect obstacles and objects from 2cm
to 400cm. Since the whole system power supply will be taken from battery pack, the less power
consumption is crucial and must be able to operate at low voltage. SR04 meets the criteria of 16
this standard to detect the obstacles in a short period after the long research work was done to
select between the SR04 and others Ultrasonic sensors.
3.2.1 HC - SR04 features: Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm
non-contact measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The modules
includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit. The basic principles of work are:
➢ Using IO trigger for at least 10μs high level signal,
➢ The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz signals and detect whether there is a pulse
signal back.
➢ IF the signal comes back, through high level, time of high output IO duration is the time
from sending ultrasonic to returning.

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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

Wire connecting direct as following:

➢ 5V power supply
➢ Trigger Pulse Input
➢ Echo Pulse Output
➢ 0V Ground

Fig 3.2: HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor

Table 3.1: electrical parameters of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor
Working voltage DC 5V
Working current 15 Ma
Working frequency 20 KHz
Max range 4m
Min range 2 cm
Measuring angle 15 degree

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Trigger input signal 10μsTTL pulse

Input TTL lever signal and the range in
Echo output signal
proportion
Dimension 450*20*15 mm

Table 3.2: Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

The Vcc pin powers the sensor, typically with

1 Vcc
+5V

Trigger pin is an Input pin. This pin has to be

2 Trigger kept high for 10us to initialize measurement
by sending US wave.

Echo pin is an Output pin. This pin goes high

for a period of time which will be equal to the
3 Echo
time taken for the US wave to return back to
the sensor.

This pin is connected to the Ground of the

4 Ground
system.

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor – Working: As shown above the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US)
sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This
sensor is a very popular sensor used in many applications where measuring distance or sensing
objects are required. The module has two eyes like projects in the front which forms the
Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The sensor works with the simple high school formula that
Distance = Speed × Time
The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when
it gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is
observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the picture below

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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

Fig.3.3: Ultrasonic sensor transmitting and receiving signal from object

Now, to calculate the distance using the above formulae, we should know the Speed and
time. Since we are using the Ultrasonic wave we know the universal speed of US wave at room
conditions which is 330m/s. The circuitry inbuilt on the module will calculate the time taken for
the US wave to come back and turns on the echo pin high for that same particular amount of time,
this way we can also know the time taken. Now simply calculate the distance using a
microcontroller or microprocessor.

3.2.2 Background Of Ultrasonic Distance Measurement

The Ultrasonic distance sensor uses high frequency sound to determine the distance to a
reflected object. Similar to how bats detect obstacles by transmitting high-pitched Sound and
listening to the echoes. These Ultrasonic distance sensors emit a series of Supersonic pulses and
wait for echo pulses to be detected. Since the speed of the sound is constant in the air (340.29
m/s), the time elapse between the transmitted signal and the received signal can be measured and
so the distance of the object can be determined.
Ultrasonic distance measurement is based on the speed property of sound. The system
transmits multiple sound waves that travel out into the air. These sound waves reflect off from
any objects they impact and return back as an echo to the location from which they originated.
The system detects these reflected sound waves (that is, echoes). The time between the
transmission of the sound waves and the detection of the echo is measured, as shown in Figure
3.4. At time t0, the transducer creates the sound waves. At time t1, the sound waves impact an
object. At time t2, the waves have reflected off from the object and are travelling back toward
the transducer. At time t3, the echo has impacted the transducer, which detects these waves. The
system subtracts t0 from t3 to calculate the total travel time of the sound.

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Fig.3.4: The time between the transmission sound waves and the detection of the echo
The sound’s travel time is multiplied by the speed of the sound to calculate the total
distance that the sound waves travelled. This distance is divided by two to calculate the distance
of the object that caused the echo. These calculations are shown in Fig 3.4, where S is the distance
between the transducer and the detected object, V is the speed of sound, and t is the measured
time between sound wave transmission and detection of the echo.
Some advantages of the ultrasonic distance sensor are that it is less affected by target
materials, or by colour. Even though it does not have a narrow field of view as the laser range
finder, it is still capable of detecting objects within a meter. These Ultrasonic sensors are designed
to resist external disturbances such as vibration, infrared radiation, ambient noise, and EMI
radiation. The cost of ultrasonic range finder depends on the frequency transducer uses. Higher
frequency (~255 KHz) ultrasonic range finder costs between 100 to 200 dollars, but with

moderate high frequency (20 KHz) it is cheaper.

3.3 Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0.
The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduno, moving forward.

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Fig.3.5: Arduino Board

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input-Voltage
(recommended) 7-12V
Input-Voltage (limits) 6-20V
14 (of which 6 provide PWM
Digital I/O Pins
output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
Flash Memory
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz

Table 3.3: Technical Specification

3.3.1 Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either

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from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
➢ VIN - The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
➢ 5V - The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or
be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
➢ 3V3 - A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
➢ GND - Ground pins.
3.3.2 Memory
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is used
for the boot loader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written with the EEPROM library).
3.3.3 Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode(),
digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
➢ Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
➢ External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
➢ PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write() function.

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➢ SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the
Arduino language.
➢ LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change
the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
➢ I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
➢ AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference().
➢ Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
3.3.4 Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software
on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver
is needed. However, on Windows, an info file is required.
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB-to serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for
serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital
pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus.

3.3.5 Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The ATmega328 on

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the Arduino Uno comes pre burned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol.
3.3.6 USB Over current Protection
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and over current. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
3.3.7 Automatic Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line
of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset
line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you
to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means
that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated
with the start of the upload.
3.3.8 Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with
the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7
and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under
a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of
the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the
breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money. Arduino
Uno R3 Atmega-328IC as shown in Fig.3.3.

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Fig 3.6: Arduino Uno R3 Atmega-328IC

Table 3.4:Arduino Uno Specifications

Microcontroller Atmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
InputVoltage 7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA
DC Current per 3.3V Pin 50mA
32KB(Atmega328) of which
Flash Memory
0.5KB used by boot loader
SRAM 2 KB (Atmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (Atmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHZ
Power Consumption 19 mW
PCB Size 18 x 45 mm
Weight 7 grams

Table 3.5:Arduino Uno Pin Details

Pin Descript
Pin name Secondary Function
No. ion

Pin6 Pin by default is used as RESET pin. PC6

1 PC6 (RESET) of POR can only be used as I/O pin when
TC RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed.

RXD (Data Input Pin for USART) USART

Pin0 of
2 PD0 (RXD) Serial Communication Interface [Can be
PORTD
used for programming]

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TXD (Data Output Pin for USART)USART

Pin1
Serial Communication Interface[Can be
3 PD1 (TXD) of POR
used for programming]INT2( External
TD
Interrupt 2 Input)
Pin2 of
4 PD2 (INT0) External Interrupt source 0
PORTD
External Interrupt source1OC2B(PWM -
PD3 Pin3 of
5 Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match B
(INT1/OC2B) PORTD
Output)

Pin4 of T0( Timer0 External Counter Input)XCK (

6 PD4 (XCK/T0)
PORTD USART External Clock I/O)

7 VCC Connected to positive voltage

8 GND Connected to ground
XTAL1 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 1 or
PB6 Pin6 of
9 External clock input)TOSC1 (Timer
(XTAL1/TOSC1) PORTB
Oscillator pin 1)
PB7 Pin7 of XTAL2 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin
10
(XTAL2/TOSC2) PORTB 2)TOSC2 (Timer Oscillator pin 2)
Pin5 T1(Timer1 External Counter
PD5
11 of POR Input)OC0B(PWM - Timer/Counter0
(T1/OC0B)
TD Output Compare Match B Output)

AIN0(Analog Comparator Positive

PD6 Pin6 of
12 I/P)OC0A(PWM - Timer/Counter0 Output
(AIN0/OC0A) PORTD
Compare Match A Output)

Pin7 of
13 PD7 (AIN1) AIN1(Analog Comparator Negative I/P)
PORTD
ICP1(Timer/Counter1 Input Capture
PB0 Pin0 of Pin)CLKO (Divided System Clock. The
14
(ICP1/CLKO) PORTB divided system clock can be output on the
PB0 pin)
Pin1 of OC1A (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare
15 PB1 (OC1A)
PORTB Match A Output)
SS (SPI Slave Select Input). This pin is low
when controller acts as slave.[Serial
Pin2 of
16 PB2 (SS/OC1B) Peripheral Interface (SPI) for
PORTB
programming]OC1B (Timer/Counter1
Output Compare Match B Output)
MOSI (Master Output Slave Input). When
PB3 Pin3 of
17 controller acts as slave, the data is received
(MOSI/OC2A) PORTB
by this pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

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for programming]OC2 (Timer/Counter2

Output Compare Match Output)
MISO (Master Input Slave Output). When
controller acts as slave, the data is sent to
Pin4 of
18 PB4 (MISO) master by this controller through this
PORTB
pin.[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for
programming]
SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock). This is the
clock shared between this controller and
Pin5 of
19 PB5 (SCK) other system for accurate data
PORTB
transfer.[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
for programming]
20 AVCC Power for Internal ADC Converter
21 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC
22 GND GROUND
Pin0 of
23 PC0 (ADC0) ADC0 (ADC Input Channel 0)
PORTC
Pin1 of
24 PC1 (ADC1) ADC1 (ADC Input Channel 1)
PORTC
Pin2 of
25 PC2 (ADC2) ADC2 (ADC Input Channel 2)
PORTC
Pin3 of
26 PC3 (ADC3) ADC3 (ADC Input Channel 3)
PORTC
PC4 Pin4 of ADC4 (ADC Input Channel 4)SDA (Two-
27
(ADC4/SDA) PORTC wire Serial Bus Data Input/output Line)
Pin5 of ADC5 (ADC Input Channel 5)SCL (Two-
28 PC5 (ADC5/SCL)
PORTC wire Serial Bus Clock Line)

3.4 Power Supply

Modern Arduino Uno boards allow the board to have more than one source of power to
be connected simultaneously. An intelligent switching circuitry ensures that the highest available
voltage is selected and sent to the onboard voltage regulator and eventually powers up the board.
3.4.1 Four ways to power up the Arduino
➢ Using USB cable
The USB port of the Arduino Uno can be connected to a desktop/laptop. If the connection is
enumerated, i.e. the computer recognizes the device, the current supplied to the board is 500mA
at 5V. If the connection is not enumerated, 100mA is supplied at 5V.

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Fig.3.7: An Arduino Uno powered up using a USB cable

➢ Using an AC to DC adapter plugged into the barrel connector
The barrel connector can be supplied an input of 7-12V. This is regulated to 5V by the
onboard voltage regulator, and the board is powered on.

Fig.3.8: Arduino Uno powered up using 9V AC-DC adapter

➢ Using 5V input
It is possible to power up the Arduino using the 5V and GND pins, provided that the input
given is steady and regulated 5V. The 5V pin bypasses the voltage regulator and all the safety
measures present on the Arduino Uno, so if the input exceeds 5V (5.5 is the maximum upper
limit), the board can be damaged. It is generally advised to avoid powering up the Arduino Uno
using this method.

Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical
or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU.
The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones,

and rarely to others.

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A power supply may include a power distribution system as well as primary or secondary
sources of energy which is shown in Fig. 3.6.

Fig. 3.9 Regulated Power Supply

Fig.3.10: A voltage regulator can be used to supply fixed 5V input to power up the Arduino
➢ Using batteries greater than 5V
Connect a 9V battery with the positive terminal connected to the Vin pin and the negative
terminal connected to the GND pin. The Vin port allows an input between 7 and 12 Volts, but
we recommend to use a 9V battery. Depending on your application you can input 12V too but
make sure the current values stay around 500mA.
3.4.2 Precautions to be undertaken before switching on the Arduino Uno
➢ If the barrel connector and an AC-DC adapter are being used to power up the Arduino, make
sure that the output of the adapter is between 7-12V. Although the rated input can exceed to
as much as 20V, it is safe to stay within the recommended range to protect the voltage
regulator from excessive heating. Also, see to it that the GND and Vin pins are not shorted.

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➢ But if you are using the 5V and GND pins to power up the Arduino, it is imperative that the
5V input is stable and steady.
➢ If the Vin/5V and GND pins are being used to power up the Arduino, double check the
polarity because if the GND and 5V/Vin pins are mixed up, it can potentially damage the
Arduino board.

3.5 Buzzer
Buzzer Or Beeper Is An Audio Signaling Device, Which May Be Mechanical,
Electromechanical, Or Piezoelectric ( Piezo For Short). Typical Uses Of Buzzers And Beepers
Include Alarm Devices, Timers, And Confirmation Of User Input Such As A Mouse Click Or
Keystroke.
Here in our project we use piezo buzzer though we use many type of buzzers. The piezo
buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of pressure
variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is the
underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event corresponding to a
switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits.
The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It
consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these
crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in
a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz.
Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight,
simple construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck reversing
indicator, computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezo
electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of generating
electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa is also true.
Such materials are called piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials are either naturally
available or manmade. Piezo ceramic is class of manmade material, which poses piezo electric
effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an alternating
electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal thereby
producing sound.

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Fig 3.10: piezo buzzer

3.6 Servo Motor

A servo motor is a electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great
precision. Sevo motors have a high speed response due to low inertia and are designed with small
diameter and long rotor length. Servo motor work on servo mechanism that uses position
feedback to control the speed and final position of the motor. Internally, a servo motor combines
a motor,feedback circuit, controller and other electronic circuits.
It uses encoder or speed sensor to provide speed feedback and position. This feedback
signal is compared with input command position. The error signal is avaliable at the output of
error detector is not enough to drive the motor. So, the error detector followed by a servo amplifier
raises the voltage and power level of the error signal and then turns the shaft at the motor to
desired position.

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Basically, servo motors are classified into AC and Dc motors are depending upon the
nature of supply used for its operation. Brushed permanent magnet DC servo motors are used for
simple applications owing to their cost efficiency and simplicity. These are best suited for smaller
applications. With the advancement and microprocessor and power transistor, AC servo used for
more often due to their high accuracy control. Servo motors have a high speed response due to
low inertia and are designed with small diameter and long rotor length.

Fig 3.11 Servo motor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of
angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor
coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated
controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.

• Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the term servomotor is often
used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop control system.
• Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated
manufacturing.

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3.6.1 Mechanism

A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its

motion and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either analogue or digital)
representing the position commanded for the output shaft.

The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide position and speed feedback.
In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The measured position of the output is
compared to the command position, the external input to the controller. If the output position
differs from that required, an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in
either direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the positions
approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.

The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via a potentiometer and bang-
bang control of their motor; the motor always rotates at full speed (or is stopped). This type of
servomotor is not widely used in industrial motion control, but it forms the basis of the simple
and cheap servos used for radio-controlled models.

More sophisticated servomotors use optical rotary encoders to measure the speed of the
output shaft and a variable-speed drive to control the motor speed.Both of these enhancements,
usually in combination with a PID control algorithm, allow the servomotor to be brought to its
commanded position more quickly and more precisely, with less overshooting.

3.6.2 Specification:-

• 3 pole ferrite, all nylon gear

• Top ball bearing
• Operating Voltage: 4.8V~6.0V
• Operating speed: 0.12sec/60 degree
• Output torque: 1.6kg/cm 4.8V
• Dimension: 21.5 x 11.8 x 22.7mm
• Weight: 9g

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3.7 Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the
stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for
"Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". The first laser was built in 1960 by
Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles
Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.

A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial
coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting
and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances
(collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers and lidar. Lasers can also have high
temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can
emit a single color of light. Alternatively, temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of
light with a broad spectrum but durations as short as a femto second ("ultra short pulses").

Lasers are used in optical disk drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, DNA sequencing
instruments, fiber-optic and free-space optical communication, laser surgery and skin treatments,
cutting and welding materials, military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and
measuring range and speed, and in laser lighting displays for entertainment. They have been used
for car headlamps on luxury cars, by using a blue laser and a phosphor to produce highly
directional white light

The word laser started as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation". In this usage, the term "light" includes electromagnetic radiation of any frequency,
not only visible light, hence the terms infrared laser, ultraviolet laser, X-ray laser and gamma-ray
laser. Because the microwave predecessor of the laser, the maser, was developed first, devices of
this sort operating at microwave and radio frequencies are referred to as "lasers" rather than
"microwave lasers" or "radio lasers". In the early technical literature, especially at Bell Telephone
Laboratories, the laser was called an optical laser; this term is now obsolete.

A laser that produces light by itself is technically an optical oscillator rather than an
optical amplifier as suggested by the acronym. It has been humorously noted that the acronym
LOSER, for "light oscillation by stimulated emission of radiation", would have been more
correct. With the widespread use of the original acronym as a common noun, optical amplifiers

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have come to be referred to as "laser amplifiers", notwithstanding the apparent redundancy in

that designation.

3.7.1 History

In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser
in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation) via a re-
derivation of Max Planck's law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients
(Einstein coefficients) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of
electromagnetic radiation. In 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existence of the
phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption. In 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant
predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify "short" waves. In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and
R.C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first
demonstration of stimulated emission. In 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966)
proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel,
Kastler, and Winter.

3.7.2 APLLICATIONS

Lasers range in size from microscopic diode lasers (top) with numerous applications, to
football field sized neodymium glass lasers (bottom) used for inertial confinement fusion, nuclear
weapons research and other high energy density physics experiments.
Main article: List of applications for lasers

When lasers were invented in 1960, they were called "a solution looking for a
problem".[69] Since then, they have become ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly
varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electronics,
information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment, and the
military. Fiber-optic communication using lasers is a key technology in modern communications,
allowing services such as the Internet.

The first use of lasers in the daily lives of the general population was the supermarket
barcode scanner, introduced in 1974. The laserdisc player, introduced in 1978, was the first
successful consumer product to include a laser but the compact disc player was the first laser-
equipped device to become common, beginning in 1982 followed shortly by laser printers.

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Some other uses are:

• Communications: besides fiber-optic communication, lasers are used for free-space

optical communication, including laser communication in space.
• Medicine: see below.
• Industry: cutting including converting thin materials, welding, material heat treatment,
marking parts (engraving and bonding), additive manufacturing processes such as
selective laser sintering and selective laser melting, non-contact measurement of parts.
• Military: marking targets, guiding munitions, missile defense, electro-optical
countermeasures (EOCM), lidar, blinding troops. See below
• Law enforcement: LIDAR traffic enforcement. Lasers are used for latent fingerprint
detection in the forensic identification field.
• Research: spectroscopy, laser ablation, laser annealing, laser scattering, laser
interferometry, lidar, laser capture microdissection, fluorescence microscopy, metrology,
laser cooling.
• Commercial products: laser printers, barcode scanners, thermometers, laser pointers,
• holograms, bubblegrams.
• Entertainment: optical discs, laser lighting displays, laser turntables

In 2004, excluding diode lasers, approximately 131,000 lasers were sold with a value of
US$2.19 billion. In the same year, approximately 733 million diode lasers, valued at $3.20
billion, were sold.

• In medicine
Main articles: Laser medicine and Lasers in cancer treatment

Lasers have many uses in medicine, including laser surgery (particularly eye surgery),
laser healing, kidney stone treatment, ophthalmoscopy, and cosmetic skin treatments such as acne
treatment, cellulite and striae reduction, and hair removal.

Lasers are used to treat cancer by shrinking or destroying tumors or precancerous growths.
They are most commonly used to treat superficial cancers that are on the surface of the body or
the lining of internal organs. They are used to treat basal cell skin cancer and the very early stages
of others like cervical, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and non-small cell lung cancer. Laser therapy is
often combined with other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
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Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT), or interstitial laser photocoagulation,

uses lasers to treat some cancers using hyperthermia, which uses heat to shrink tumors by
damaging or killing cancer cells. Lasers are more precise than traditional surgery methods and
cause less damage, pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. A disadvantage is that surgeons must
have specialized training. It may be more expensive than other treatments.

• As weapons
The US-Israeli Tactical High Energy weapon has been used to shoot down rockets and artillery
shells.

Many types of laser can potentially be used as incapacitating weapons, through their
ability to produce temporary or permanent vision loss when aimed at the eyes. The degree,
character, and duration of vision impairment caused by eye exposure to laser light varies with the
power of the laser, the wavelength(s), the collimation of the beam, the exact orientation of the
beam, and the duration of exposure. Lasers of even a fraction of a watt in power can produce
immediate, permanent vision loss under certain conditions, making such lasers potential non-
lethal but incapacitating weapons. The extreme handicap that laser-induced blindness represents
makes the use of lasers even as non-lethal weapons morally controversial, and weapons designed
to cause permanent blindness have been banned by the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons.
Weapons designed to cause temporary blindness, known as dazzlers, are used by military and
sometimes law enforcement organizations. Incidents of pilots being exposed to lasers while
flying have prompted aviation authorities to implement special procedures to deal with such
hazards. See Lasers and aviation safety for more on this topic.

Laser weapons capable of directly damaging or destroying a target in combat are still in
the experimental stage. The general idea of laser-beam weaponry is to hit a target with a train of
brief pulses of light. The rapid evaporation and expansion of the surface causes shockwaves that
damage the target. The power needed to project a high-powered laser beam of this kind is beyond
the limit of current mobile power technology, thus favoring chemically powered gas dynamic
lasers. Example experimental systems include MIRACL and the Tactical High Energy Laser.

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3.8 GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a standard developed by the

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-
generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and
tablets. It was first deployed in Finland in December 1991. As of 2014, it has become the global
standard for mobile communications – with over 90% market share, operating in over 193
countries and territories.

2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular

networks, and the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network
optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to include data
communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS
(General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, or
EGPRS).

Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation (3G) UMTS standards, followed by

fourth-generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which do not form part of the ETSI GSM
standard.

"GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the (initially)
most common voice codec used, Full Rate.

By 2005 GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide cellular network
market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005, the first HSDPA-capable network also became
operational. The first HSUPA network launched in 2007. (High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
and its uplink and downlink versions are 3G technologies, not part of GSM.) Worldwide GSM
subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008.

The GSM Association estimated in 2010 that technologies defined in the GSM standard served
80% of the mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across more than 212
countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular
networks.

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GSM is a second-generation (2G) standard employing time-division multiple-Access

(TDMA) spectrum-sharing, issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI). The GSM standard does not include the 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) code division multiple access (CDMA) technology nor the 4G LTE orthogonal
frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) technology standards issued by the 3GPP.

GSM, for the first time, set a common standard for Europe for wireless networks. It was
also adopted by many countries outside Europe. This allowed subscribers to use other GSM
networks that have roaming agreements with each other. The common standard reduced research
and development costs, since hardware and software could be sold with only minor adaptations
for the local market.

Telstra in Australia shut down its 2G GSM network on December 1, 2016, the first mobile
network operator to decommission a GSM network. The second mobile provider to shut down
its GSM network (on January 1, 2017) was AT&T Mobility from the United States. Optus in
Australia completed the shut down its 2G GSM network on August 1, 2017, part of the Optus
GSM network covering Western Australia and the Northern Territory had earlier in the year been
shut down in April 2017. Singapore shut down 2G services entirely in April 2017.

In this article, we are going to see how to interface GSM Module to Arduino. There are
different kinds of GSM modules available in market. We are using the most popular module
based on Simcom SIM900 and Arduino Uno for this tutorial. Interfacing a GSM module to
Arduino is pretty simple. You only need to make 3 connections between the gsm module and
arduino. So lets get to business!

A GSM Module is basically a GSM Modem (like SIM 900) connected to a PCB with
different types of output taken from the board – say TTL Output (for Arduino, 8051 and other
microcontrollers) and RS232 Output to interface directly with a PC (personal computer). The
board will also have pins or provisions to attach mic and speaker, to take out +5V or other values
of power and ground connections. These type of provisions vary with different modules.

Lots of varieties of GSM modem and GSM Modules are available in the market to choose
from. For our project of connecting a gsm modem or module to arduino and hence send and
receive sms using arduino – its always good to choose an arduino compatible GSM Module –
that is a GSM module with TTL Output provisions.
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GSM Module – Buyers Guide – are you looking to buy a GSM module? There are a handful of
product variants for GSM module – like SIM900, SIM300, SIM800 etc. We have created this
buyers guide to help you select the right GSM module for your project needs.

1. We use SIM900 GSM Module – This means the module supports communication in 900MHz
band. We are from India and most of the mobile network providers in this country operate in the
900Mhz band. If you are from another country, you have to check the mobile network band in
your area. A majority of United States mobile networks operate in 850Mhz band (the band is
either 850Mhz or 1900Mhz). Canada operates primarily on 1900 Mhz band. Please read this wiki
entry on GSM Frequency Bands around the World.

2. Check the power requirements of GSM module – GSM modules are manufactured by
different companies. They all have different input power supply specs. You need to double check
your GSM modules power requirements. In this tutorial, our gsm module requires a 12 volts
input. So we feed it using a 12V,1A DC power supply. I have seen gsm modules which require
15 volts and some other types which needs only 5 volts input. They differ with manufacturers. If
you are having a 5V module, you can power it directly from Arduino’s 5V out.

Note:- GSM Modules are manufactured by connecting a particular GSM modem to a PCB and
then giving provisions for RS232 outputs, TTL outputs, Mic and Speaker interfacing provisions
etc. The most popular modem under use is SIM 900 gsm modem from manufacturer SIMCom.
They also manufacture GSM Modems in bands 850, 300 and other frequency bands.

3.Check for TTL Output Pins in the module – You can feed the data from gsm module directly
to Arduino only if the module is enabled with TTL output pins. Otherwise you have to convert
the RS232 data to TTL using MAX232 IC and feed it to Arduino. Most of the gsm modules in
market are equipped with TTL output pins. Just ensure you are buying the right one.

Booting the GSM Module!

1. Insert the SIM card to GSM module and lock it.

2. Connect the adapter to GSM module and turn it ON!

3. Now wait for some time (say 1 minute) and see the blinking rate of ‘status LED’ or ‘network
LED’ (GSM module will take some time to establish connection with mobile network)

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4. Once the connection is established successfully, the status/network LED will blink
continuously every 3 seconds. You may try making a call to the mobile number of the sim card
inside GSM module. If you hear a ring back, the gsm module has successfully established
network connection.

Connecting GSM Module to Arduino

There are two ways of connecting GSM module to arduino. In any case, the
communication between Arduino and GSM module is serial. So we are supposed to use serial
pins of Arduino (Rx and Tx). So if you are going with this method, you may connect the Tx pin
of GSM module to Rx pin of Arduino and Rx pin of GSM module to Tx pin of Arduino. GSM
Tx –> Arduino Rx and GSM Rx –> Arduino Tx. Now connect the ground pin of arduino to
ground pin of gsm module! So that’s all! You made 3 connections and the wiring is over! Now
you can load different programs to communicate with gsm module and make it work.

Note:- The problem with this connection is that, while programming Arduino uses serial ports to
load program from the Arduino IDE. If these pins are used in wiring, the program will not be
loaded successfully to Arduino. So you have to disconnect wiring in Rx and Tx each time you
burn the program to arduino. Once the program is loaded successfully, you can reconnect these
pins and have the system working!

To avoid this difficulty, I am using an alternate method in which two digital pins of
arduino are used for serial communication. We need to select two PWM enabled pins of arduino
for this method. So I choose pins 9 and 10 (which are PWM enabled pins). This method is made
possible with the SoftwareSerial Library of Ardunio. SoftwareSerial is a library of Arduino which
enables serial data communication through other digital pins of Arduino. The library replicates
hardware functions and handles the task of serial communication.

History

In 1983, work began to develop a European standard for digital cellular voice
telecommunications when the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT) set up the Group Special Mobile (GSM) committee and later provided
a permanent technical-support group based in Paris. Five years later, in 1987, 15 representatives
from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen to develop

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and deploy a common cellular telephone system across Europe, and EU rules were passed to
make GSM a mandatory standard. The decision to develop a continental standard eventually
resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United
States.

In February 1987 Europe produced the very first agreed GSM Technical Specification.
Ministers from the four big EU countries cemented their political support for GSM with the Bonn
Declaration on Global Information Networks in May and the GSM MoU was tabled for signature
in September. The MoU drew in mobile operators from across Europe to pledge to invest in new
GSM networks to an ambitious common date.

In this short 38-week period the whole of Europe (countries and industries) had been
brought behind GSM in a rare unity and speed guided by four public officials: Armin Silberhorn
(Germany), Stephen Temple (UK), Philippe Dupuis (France), and Renzo Faille (Italy) In 1989
the Group Special Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

In parallel France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were
joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986, the European Commission proposed reserving the
900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. The former Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri made the
world's first GSM call on July 1, 1991, calling Kaarina Suonio (deputy mayor of the city of
Tampere) using a network built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja. The
following year saw the sending of the first short messaging service (SMS or "text message")
message, and Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the first international roaming
agreement.

Work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and
the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993, called and DCS 1800. Also
that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside
Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available.

In 1995 fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, the first
1900 MHz GSM network became operational in the United States and GSM subscribers
worldwide exceeded 10 million. In the same year, the GSM Association formed. Pre-paid GSM
SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998.
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In 2000 the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first GPRS-
compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001, the first UMTS (W-CDMA) network
was launched, a 3G technology that is not part of GSM. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded
500 million. In 2002, the first Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was introduced and the
first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational. EDGE services first
became operational in a network in 2003, and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers
exceeded 1 billion in 2004.

The Program Explanation

We begin by including SoftwareSerial library into the program. In the next line, we create
a constructor of SoftwareSerial with name mySerial and we pass the digital pin numbers as
parameters. The actual format is like SoftwareSerial mySerial (Rx, Tx);

So in our code, pin number 9 will act as Rx of Arduino and 10 will act as Tx of
Arduino. Lets get to the configuration part of program inside setup. The first task is to set baud
rates of SoftwareSerial library to communicate with GSM module. We achieve this by invoking
mySerial.begin function. Our second task is to set the baud rate of Arduino IDE’s Serial Monitor.
We do this by invoking Serial.begin function. Both should be set at the same baud rate and we
use 9600 bits/second here in our tutorial. Configuration part is over with setting baud rates and
its good to give a small delay of 100 milli seconds.

Now lets get to the actual program inside loop(). To make things simpler, I have
developed a user input based program. The program seeks user input via serial monitor of
Arduino. If the input is ‘s’ the program will invoke function to send an sms from GSM module.
If the user input is ‘r’, the program will invoke the function to receive a live SMS from GSM
module and display it on serial monitor of Arduino. The whole program is as simple as that!

Serial.available() – checks for any data coming through serial port of arduino. The function
returns the number of bytes available to read from serial buffer. If there is no data available, it
returns a -1 (value less than zero).

Serial.read() – Reads all the data available on serial buffer (or incoming serial data if put
otherwise). Returns the first byte of incoming serial data.

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mySerial.available() – checks for any data coming from GSM module through the
SoftwareSerial pins 9 and 10. Returns the number of bytes available to read from software serial
port. Returns a -1 if no data is available to read.

mySerial.read() – Reads the incoming data through software serial port.

Serial.write() – Prints data to serial monitor of arduino. So the function

Serial.write(mySerial.read()) – prints the data collected from software serial port to serial monitor
of arduino.

Lets get the functions SendMessage() and RecieveMessage()

These are the functions in which we actually send commands to GSM module from
Arduino. These commands to communicate with GSM module are called AT Commands. There
are different commands to perform different tasks using the GSM module. You can read complete
AT Commands Library to understand all that is possible with GSM module.

SendMessage() – is the function we created in our arduino sketch to send an SMS. To send an
SMS, we should set our GSM module to Text mode first. This is achieved by sending an AT
Command “AT+CMGF=1” We send this command by writing this to SoftwareSerial port. To
achieve this we use the mySerial.println() function. mySerial.println writes data to software serial
port (the Tx pin of our Software Serial – that is pin 10) and this will be captured by GSM module
(through its Rx pin). After setting the GSM module to Text mode, we should the the mobile
number to which we shall send the SMS. This is achieved with AT command
“AT+CMGS=\”+91xxxxxxxxxx\”\r” – where you may replace all x with the mobile number.

In next step, we should send the actual content of SMS. The end of SMS content is
identified with CTRL+Z symbol. The ASCII value of this CTRL+Z is 26. So we send a char(26)
to GSM module using the line mySerial.println((char)26); Each and every AT command may be
followed by 1 second delay. We must give some time for GSM module to respond properly. Once
these commands are send to GSM module, you shall receive an SMS in the set mobile number.

RecieveMessage() – is the function to receive an SMS (a live SMS). The AT command to receive
a live SMS is “AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0” – we just need to send this command to GSM

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module and apply a 1 second delay. Once you send this command, try sending an SMS to the
SIM card number put inside GSM module. You will see the SMS you had sent displayed on
your Arduino serial monitor.

There are different AT commands for different tasks. If you want to read all SMS’s
stored in your SIM card, send the following AT Command to gsm module
– “AT+CMGL=\”ALL\”\r”

Okay! That’s all and you are done. And you have learnt how to use arduino to send sms
and receive sms message with example code.

3.9 Tools
Software Tools
➢ Arduino IDE
➢ Proteus 8
➢ Embedded C/C++
Hardware tools
➢ Arduino.
➢ Ultrasonic Sensor.
➢ GSM
➢ Buzzer
➢ Laser
➢ Servo Motor.

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3.10 Flow chart

start

Sensor on
Motor on

Buzzer OFF
Object Laser OFF
found

Motor OFF

Laser ON
Buzzer ON

Send SMS

Stop

Fig 3.12 Flow Chart of missile detection and automatic display

3.11 Software design

The software development begins when the hardware implementation is close to
completion. In order to determine if the hardware design works as expected, programming codes

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are required to test the hardware design modules individually. For instance, programming code
to test solely on the LCD if it is functioning or not. Upon the completion of the hardware design,
full program instructions will be planned out, written and programmed into the Arduino.
3.12 Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -
contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to
upload programs and communicate with them.
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are
written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features for
cutting/pasting and for searching / replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving
and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software
(IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The bottom right hand corner
of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to
verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Fig.3.13: Arduino IDE

Verify: Checks your code for errors compiling it

Upload: Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.

New: Creates a new sketch

Open: Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook

Save: Saves your sketch

Serial Monitor: Opens the serial monitor

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Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools and Help.
The menus are context sensitive, which means only those items relevant to the work currently
being carried out are available.

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CHAPTER-4
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 System Integration
After building every component and modules on prototype board, it is important to test
the circuit as well as the functionality of overall system The whole Integrated System has put to
a functionality test to confirm that all the hardware and software coding and interfacing are work
well.

By using ultrasonic waves we can detect the missile then micro controller activate
the destroyer. This can be applied in various defense fields to protect the nation from foreign
attacks. In case of global military conflict, the role of antimissile defense with a hundred
percent reliability was not reached by any country, huge efforts are put into this area. For
this purpose early attack detection systems, controllable rockets, high power lasers are used.
We would like to believe that such technologies will never be used according to their direct
destination, but will be applied by mankind for peaceful purposes.

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CHAPTER- 5
ADVANTAGES

➢ Detection and destroying of the missile are done automatically.

➢ No manual operation.
➢ Easy to carry.

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CHAPTER-6
Applications

➢ It is used for any object detection.

➢ Object distance calculation.
➢ Military operations.

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CHAPTER-7
FUTURE SCOPE
➢ By using controller microcontroller we can implement the intelligent system in future.
➢ In future it can be used as an advanced tracking system along with high intensity
camera to track a real target.
➢ The advantage of this unit is that to run the system we can use video camera and other
sensors to see the live moving target from anywhere in the world.
➢ Further developments could relax these restrictions by allowing range detection from
the video image and implementing tracking and prediction of a moving target, but
these features proved impossible to include within our timeframe. Target acquisition
occurs via processing of an image stream from a single webcam, making use of
foreground segmentation and detection, together with a calibrated pinhole model to
convert from pixel distances into real-world Cartesian coordinates. Because the
missile launcher has no sensors to provide feedback on its pose, described in terms of
the altitude and azimuth angles of its barrel, we also present results for a visual
servicing system. This uses a camera mounted on the barrel to read a calibrated fan
pattern printed behind the launcher base, providing pose feedback by detecting and
recording movement from a origin. We also show results for ballistic light tests
conducted on the foam missiles, allow the calculation of the desired launcher pose
given a target location.

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CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION

➢ Using ultrasonic waves we can detect the missile then microcontroller activate the
destroyer toward the path toward target.
➢ This can be applied in various defense fields to protect country from foreign
assaults. All the equipments in now a days utilized as a part of military is progress
by the help of electronics.
➢ If there should arise an occurance of worldwide military clash the role of antimissile
defense becomes very important. Although antimissile defense with a hundred
percent reliability was not come to by any nation, huge efforts are put into this area.
➢ For this purpose early attack detection systems, controllable rockets, high power
lasers are used.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ The AVR micro controller and embedded systems by Anand V Gadre.

➢ Datasheets and the user manuals of Atmel AVR.
➢ www.roboticsforum.com
➢ www.engineergarrage.com
➢ Alldatasheet.com
➢ Wikipedia.com
➢ 8051 and embedded system” by Mazidi
➢ Programming and Customizing AVR microcontrollers by Aanad V Gadre
➢ www.nex-robotics.com
➢ www.datasheetcatalog.com
➢ www.atmel.com And www.triindia.co.in
➢ Ultrasonic READER MANUAL

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APPENDIX-A

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include<Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
SoftwareSerial mySerial(10, 11);//rx tx
const int ledPin = 13; // the number of the LED pin

LiquidCrystal lcd(14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19);

const int R=8;

#define trigPin 2
#define echoPin 3

void setup()
{
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("MISSILE DETECTION");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("SYS USING GSM.");
delay(2000);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
mySerial.begin(9600);
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(R, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
delay(500);
myservo.attach(9);
myservo.write(0);
delay(100);
}

void loop() {

for(int i=0;i<180;i++)
{
myservo.write(i);
missile();
}
for(int i=180;i>=0;i--)
{
myservo.write(i);
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 AUTOMATIC MISSILE DETECTION AND DESTROY SYSTEM

missile();
}
}
void missile()
{
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // Added this line
delayMicroseconds(2); // Added this line
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
// delayMicroseconds(1000); - Removed this line
delayMicroseconds(10); // Added this line
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
Serial.println(distance);
delay(14);
if (distance >= 20)
{

}
else
{
digitalWrite(R, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("***ALERT*** ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("MISSILE DETECTED...");

delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds or 1 second

mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(1000);
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+918978421642\"\r");
delay(1000);digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
mySerial.println("***ALERT **** MISSILE DETECTED & DESTROYEED***");
delay(1000);
mySerial.print((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(1000);
Serial.println("***ALERT **** MISSILE DETECTED & DESTROYEED***");
delay(1500);
digitalWrite(R, LOW); delay(1500);
}

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