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Basics of Computer Networks and OS Expanded

The document provides an overview of computer networks and operating systems, detailing types of networks such as LAN, WAN, and WLAN, along with their characteristics, protocols, and examples. It also covers network security measures, the OSI model, and the differences between Windows and Linux operating systems. Additionally, it discusses the advantages of open-source operating systems and tools for LAN testing.

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5 views6 pages

Basics of Computer Networks and OS Expanded

The document provides an overview of computer networks and operating systems, detailing types of networks such as LAN, WAN, and WLAN, along with their characteristics, protocols, and examples. It also covers network security measures, the OSI model, and the differences between Windows and Linux operating systems. Additionally, it discusses the advantages of open-source operating systems and tools for LAN testing.

Uploaded by

ddjdjdhd234
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Computer Networks and Operating Systems

1. LAN (Local Area Network)

A Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a small geographical area, such as a home, office,

or school. It allows for resource sharing, such as printers, files, and internet access.

Characteristics:

- High-speed data transfer.

- Limited to small areas (e.g., buildings).

Topologies:

- Star, Ring, and Bus topologies.

Example:

- Office network connecting employees' computers and printers using Ethernet cables.

Protocols:

- Ethernet, Wi-Fi.

Devices Used:

- Routers, switches, hubs.

2. WAN (Wide Area Network)

Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a large geographical area, connecting multiple LANs. The internet is the most

prominent example of a WAN.

Characteristics:
Basics of Computer Networks and Operating Systems

- Uses technologies like satellites, fiber optics.

- Slower compared to LANs but covers larger distances.

Example:

- Connecting branch offices of a company across different cities or countries.

Technologies:

- MPLS, Frame Relay, VPNs.

3. Wireless Networks

Wireless networks use radio waves to connect devices, eliminating the need for physical cables. They are versatile and

allow mobility within the network range.

Types:

- Wi-Fi (Wireless LANs).

- Cellular networks (e.g., 4G, 5G).

Advantages:

- No cable constraints.

- Easy to expand.

Challenges:

- Interference and security risks.

4. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)


Basics of Computer Networks and Operating Systems

WLANs are a type of LAN that uses wireless communication. They follow the IEEE 802.11 standards.

Characteristics:

- Limited to small areas like offices and homes.

- Provides mobility.

Protocols:

- 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax.

Example:

- Wi-Fi networks in cafes.

5. Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a technology that allows devices to connect to a network wirelessly. It uses radio waves and

operates under the IEEE 802.11 standards.

Key Protocols:

- WPA, WPA2, WPA3 (for security).

Applications:

- Home networks, public hotspots.

Security:

- Encryption to prevent unauthorized access.


Basics of Computer Networks and Operating Systems

6. LAN Testing

LAN testing involves diagnosing and troubleshooting issues within a Local Area Network.

Tools:

- Ping, Traceroute, Wireshark, LAN testers.

Steps:

- Check cables and connections.

- Verify IP configurations.

- Use packet analyzers for advanced troubleshooting.

7. LAN Proxy Server

A LAN proxy server acts as an intermediary between users and the internet, improving performance and security.

Functions:

- Caching frequently accessed content.

- Controlling internet access.

- Enhancing security by hiding internal IPs.

Example:

- Proxy server in a corporate environment to restrict social media access.

8. OSI Layers

The OSI model has seven layers:

1. Application Layer: User interaction (e.g., HTTP, FTP).


Basics of Computer Networks and Operating Systems

2. Presentation Layer: Data formatting and encryption.

3. Session Layer: Session management.

4. Transport Layer: Reliable data transfer (e.g., TCP, UDP).

5. Network Layer: Routing and addressing (e.g., IP).

6. Data-Link Layer: Error detection (e.g., Ethernet).

7. Physical Layer: Bit-level transmission.

The OSI model standardizes network communication.

9. Network Protection and Security

Network security involves protecting data and resources from threats.

Techniques:

- Firewalls: Block unauthorized access.

- Antivirus: Prevent malware infections.

- VPNs: Secure remote connections.

- Encryption: Protect sensitive data.

Best Practices:

- Regular updates.

- User training.

10. Windows/Linux Operating Systems

Operating systems manage hardware and software resources.


Basics of Computer Networks and Operating Systems

Windows:

- User-friendly.

- Popular for personal use.

Linux:

- Open-source.

- Used in servers and programming.

Commands:

- Windows: ipconfig, dir.

- Linux: ifconfig, ls.

11. Open-Source Operating Systems

Open-source OS allows users to view, modify, and distribute the source code.

Examples:

- Ubuntu: Beginner-friendly Linux distribution.

- Fedora: Cutting-edge features.

Advantages:

- Free.

- Customizable.

- Secure due to community contributions.

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