he CisCut when th

rans ients a r e presemt in

iSubeche to ony chamges eithes bebhanging

cir clit element

magnikude en my PoUicled
eleme nn b eca
CaNCAt Cougist of enegy stouage eleme
ImducteL does mpt dllbu suddem, dhamge in CAuTE,

al ous Sudden change in

2 Caaci-He doe mot

VoHoge chomges dD mot OCCu

These Suddem

a shoit 3pellF ime to

Twtdnty, they taRa is caled TrAM
is Caled TRA
tme
8ettte. This briet spel o
TIME omd vauues of vaniables C V ) oluing
coulled TRANSLEN1 VALUE.
this period is
im+the order O Usec-few msea
Transi et peid
dehaviour of Resistos

At t o =O
at t o t i-V
R
Resisto sesponds immeiately
to te rarte of ohomge o cuent omd voHage

BehgniOus of Inductei

VL di
LV V Ldi
clt
d t 30 V 0
S mot hle:
.e
Sduchelopposes uddem change i
CuTsent
 Here L t ) i-e. penckt
e C Ongtme ( t o ) .CuTent dbes net
di chonge
clt = o (shoi ckt).
IDCTOR INITIALLY BEHAUES AS
N D U C T O PEN" CKT. AnND
AS SHDRT k t . NHEN THERE iS ND
CINALLY

coNDITIDN.
NITIAL

t=O
Vis appli ed to L sice longfme
2

Cument
3oure of
act as &
e.Inducto
will

current
fo a t t=0t.
Lis sho at cKt ie
- e
At
does not c h a f e
ce).
| VL=0 |(Shoot
o

Sehavious of Capaci ten

da cdv

e Cdy
possible)

ac->
(no volte
t chamge
m

scldem
peoses

VeloVelo
 tecer
Velo- Ve (ot) =o shoat ck
att=ot

Akter a oma me (e. 30d-o

O open ckt at t .

A PACt TOR IS INITIALLY SHORT FNALLY

CONDTIDN
OPEN IH NO NITIAL

WITH NITIAL ConID

2 AL
Velod= V
t tzof
Vtod=Ve (ot )=v
e acH as a voltY
SOUrLe of V' volts att=0T
eCdv
clt

dt

t0
SC

OC
OC

V
Contep
of tO
/t =0" [t-6/4=+ot:-o

Cond Cord-2
t-6
-
Stestin Ending
cati L
imiñal staka Fnal sta imitia final sta
Stat

Steady
Steody stale
Stala

Suitcn tanshm
t o OHILE AruALYSING

FROM
(ALWAMS
TRAUE L
CKD
FREE RL CKT:
RC CKT conneched
SoURCE >no
source

Abtea 7 0

.
i=So=Vs mduchou
a t - 6t-0
(tus Att:o,
ag shotCKt)

L l ) i l o t )

Vs-il)

FeL t O
Vp+L-0

R + O
R -Loli
V
Rdt

t) 1ePE
 ct
t)
L-Ret

YR
REReTt

Rt) Jp
Eileedt
Ene
sfove d in)
Let)
R-2tat

wlo) LI
wLtt)= WLID)e _O
(Cneigy lost loy
nductO
w
WD Wl6)

wio)

t
The amount of energy lbgt by înducta

TSequal tw amount DEmena{ dissipafed

oyesistov
 oURCE EREE RC CKT

Ar tc0>V=Vs
,R At t o >
VeEVs

At0 (nodal)

c d Ns

Mc-Ccue
R

-Ldt de
Rc VS

Yt) V. lRc
C RC sec

C d k e )

ct

i cV /Rc

Ns e-tRc
Welt)=| VRlt)ilt)dt

2 e ( V e eR e 2
tle,o e
t/
2t/t Jt
We t t = Welb)e 2t J c u z t - l e

2 zt/,
W e l t ) =W el o ) - e

CRC
 w
Wo)
welo)

i m e Cowtom
veach 3 6 - . of it
response to
-1he
Tme -taken by
While dischargln oR
nitiat valus
the fo each 63-27,o
The time taKen by sesponse
HS tnat aue while cha gi r

Fovced rattuwal respowe

Total response Vespoe
Occkt
also caled ze D Yp
also Cated res poNe
Zestalte

VespoNDe
i hal stade dkangient
Steady s t o
Vexpow
Vespowse
9iven by (Lomp
CF
gvenby PI
mentany ftuncON
COaticlcun nepral)
Of ditferenhal
of diffeentiale).

wifh
forCed Respowe - Response oC ciyCLL

Sourte present o This vespowoe is íepend

nature Passive element. 4 ony eepenc
6f of
om the ype of mpud. This Is foumd out by
Sowing he pastiula tegal pat of
cifferernhal en.
Natna Reypowme Res powoe of cscuut wi4nout
C S o u L S C e
Present. Thisespowse depends on the
nature o t h
nattu se e e passiNe elemens omd independent
t h e type 0 tho inputo This pat isfownd
óut by Solun COmplimenfarf ftuneh in diffeuntial
e
RL Cirwt Oifh soUYCe

V- iR +Ldi
E
_+Ri = O

O CF
P s t e a d Y stat

ipst
LSC

,L
p s l t ) = V

d R i=0 R ,

ct

R t C E +PI

R_dt A t A tAV -
-R
elt- Aet

mifalY
mialty.

imduchon
has
zeoeneg
(Puttiy ine )
o At t0 i(o)=0

+VR => A=
S0, o A R

thee
comdition
Imiia
But if
A il6)-i(«)
CA) RC cKt with source

NRce (vVe) =cdt

clt R

dve Ve_= Yetss)

RC

Ve AeYRc
Ve)= A Rc 4V
.'. 44V
: 0 cA
4=o V ¢ l t )
i n i t i al to nd^, al
A-V

Yettd Ve C4V
 initel Cond
esen
A Vc(of)-ve l«)
R C coCut uovth dc sousce Series)
(5)
Xt0
At o t
A pphyng v
t t
v N=Ve+ tVe -(O

t
YR: iR= RcdVe
Puting au values in(
SYL=Ldi edve
d2, Rdvet
t L t k = V

LC
dt cdt

l*a)
PI (steady strlo

CC ( A t t 0, C -30.C).
. V o ) = V:
de Rdve
lt2

D
D+ D+\
LC
e 2 S
(Nadural
fe
Cbse ta) a m p m g efftient
wellthe
circuüt dampr the
2 Cho
OS cillah tn
2ed
amping
facfo (movnai
domply toetfhcie
 Roo recl mecSve

D-+H3
-oB
c. Overd amped
c4)= ceD Yespove

Cane 2 EY

Rools meqoive, feal eual

ctically olovnped
Yet)= (Ctc tleE| vesp onWe

Cone 9

-Rools Compley (orjugadla

4 B . D=JB
Underda mped
Vett)=ec (ot st 4cSinpt
Yespoue
Cane R=O
Roots imayina
D- Me =jw
-w
Oscuato-u{
t ) = CCOswt +c, sinut
Underdampe Overod omped

espove
AA oritcaly domape d-
Paraulel RLC
Cruit wi4h de excHabon

t-o
J Svat+ cdvV
R

.
t2

d t2 RC

d D D+D + 0

2RC
D - + B , D=-K-3
Ke d
2RC

Cone t
reol
amcl
ase ) ve Nemdampeol vespomoe
vesper
Overdampecl
Noet

+ C2e2
C t
Ve lt)

i - (Re
veal e q u a l D
Routs one Coihcatty d0Umped vespoe
damped respre
(oitically
Ne4)= ( G + t )
 D,D Care cummpley eonyufa
-jB
D17-jo
Cc6 (Bt) +Cas in Undereoe
Vt4) ¬

ane N R0

RooH magina

D . D -jw

Nett) C Cew
= C2 simwt Osaua.ou

P
Ve 4) at i 3 v (steady sBate)

j l t a } N t ) =0

STANDARD TRANSIENT EQ
valld ony for DC sBep signal
nChuk
vald only fo St ovde
Y=yo) +Lytot)-y(o)etle

Y)sBead -3tote /ftnal vaue of Lt)

totH imi Ko alue of t)
T 3 A m e coutOmd
3peed o4 repoe
omdV
both
Jh epn can be sed fo

ind it) fa t>o .auen io)\A

 L-9H

6t20
At70T circut become
SIE) exish at
il
sH O

Coe oinmbulse june,t

+4 In
lot)=io9
ini hal co nd" f yo)gio)
wote ad, i(ot)=ilo)+
il6)= 4 + o r rest funchons,
i t is tue
4-12S A D ercept impulse Punchomj

kVL At+8d 0
di
i ( = Ae
+i
value in
Puttin
i[ot)=
I125 ,
A Ot
Axo
A =1 2 5
12
)El 125et
THROUC%H
CKT
AoUE
THE
SoLUE
CAN ALSO
YoU
LAPLACE TRANSFOR M

LaBlauce ansfou
olap laco
f o laplacw
the c R t
ConYerting

M
s l Ss
Li(o)= 3x
 V
O
1 î ) +Ss()-S

(s+)
12 e

oi th
TRANSIENT RES PONSE -Series RL CKt
AC exci-tahon
TRANS FORM
METHOD
LAPLACE
(a) at t=o.
Swidch closeel
t)
R vtt)=msin (ot +
Vlt) o t Cos d tCestot

Vm sin Sin

Sintot c w

Cos S

VIs)= Vm
tw cos¢ +Stn dS
s24 tu2

2e»o im 1icd condi hon-

With
VIE)= R i t ) +Lditt)
dlt
slils).
VI) = R IIs)
Jts)-(RtsL)
Vs
Îis) = Vs
(R+9L) LlsR)
m SinS
Cosces d
/
13
3
3
3
3
 -RIL+R.S_
(y+uS+R/L S2+2
-Rt
-e+R tgwl +usi nwt
(+u22L

LE= Vm ces ult) +sin izlEJ|

D

Clossical ditferental Method

(o=0
i(ot)={(O)=0 .

itt
Veeiutro)
tt-OD
Vans(wt +)= R ilt) +ldic t

du R t) =
Y Cos (ott) -

PS
C.E fov aciP
Method of solving
CF P +Bsin wlt®
A Ces (ut +D)
D+RO P
-Rw sinlwt +0)4
p
D= (uot +)
w cos

- values
ha aboYe
futRne

+)+8ocos (wt +t) +R Acoswtt

-Aosin luwt
sin (toi+6)) =VCos (w+D)
Comparing Cos inensms 0m both sidee

A t SR_=O

VR VwL
R2twJ2

P R lot+t) + V toL i nlo +d).

Cos
R2+(w
R+wL)

lel EVol
YR amd Ka Sind
kaCe dF R2(t
R+(w)

tamd = t a n (L

u} sir =kK=
Kun?d

R24w
Cosf u o + t a r ' ( w L

JR? +{W)
icEtiPl

Cos twt +tan| ®).

t ) :K, JRtw

RC CKt t
Ihh
CKt
RESPONSE-Series RC

T R A n N S E N T

exCitetfon
Sunusotclal (ac ex

T cunsteu metod

Aaplc Suwi+th closecl o t t O

Vm sin( i +U)
YIt)= in b
d + uc
cot

Sintot+
Cos
Vm
 3inuot S2402
Coswt S
Vs =Ym wcos +SindS
S w2 -
Coith zero \mihol ond"
VIt) Ritt) +LfiE)d

SC

Ss) = VS) Sc VC)

(RA SC 1+SCR)

t)=sgvl SV)

Re(S+) RIS
S Vm wCOSs SSind
4 w) (s)
m
R
Cos f,s) + Sin 12{)
et
1s)=S Gs
( tu) r )
SO
- A (w)
SA -
A -wRC
+w2R
Poom 4 2.

9 A (+u2) +
(6s+p) s+)
RC

RC

A+b=0
>b=-A = RC
tuw?R?¢2

A+D
RC
:0
D+B =
D =- A R C

w RC xw? RC
t w 2 R 2 c

w3R2

+wR2c2
( t w ?R?C2

tw?R2C2

RC
W R C

t o R ? C 2

wR2

RC
SWRC
3S) As0 RC + s24w2
S+w2

14stRC2S+
R
R2)_
2tt?
WRCS

t R ' s i n t o t )
0 R c s i n t o t

Lt
RC+wRC
COCut

e
-wRC
t 2 R ? C 2
 +st
(4w)
+RC2

(tw2R2

From O a
w) +Fst)Is+ ec)
Es

s 2 +Ew2 + Pc-4 S
+ FS

S(E +F) +s(t)+Ew

RC )
C+F 4
2R2
F 4-E = 1-1 tw2R2C2
twe2

RC
(tw2R2)RC

n -wRC
(1tw2r2c)

+3wR2 RC
i()= (s2+w

(1+w2R2| $+c) S+w

2oV
5 ) t70
at O,uoiHch open:
t0, wiHch eloted.
fiost ftnd ou oitil condh, fo thiS find CK
fo to

TheC&L is clre.ody m
O.C 3tt ady sBoto
20v(t) s OC
no in L
Velo-)= 2oV
20V. eot)
VeCot) =
Ve lo) S

Po-Go in laplate transfam

)oots
S
-IH
.

201s

G+S

a (s)
S

Ss) ox sin
St

it) :
to sinst
-lt)
t)
 Loplace Transform Equivalemt

UT
o SLQ

Sl

No
NoJox SL=3,L

LT
Cs

1T

ols c es
/c
CS
CVo
 to

2
v F
1
Swich cloged fov c lby tfme is opentd at tc,
n d ic(E) 2 Vet) fev 12

202 t=0
20
DH
202

:0
vaLue o Curett i ust ef6c pette
2 clesy SwHC
l S.c.
t0clased
steady.stat

22 2o2
2o
22 AAA
2o
20

t o a 2o 2o) 2otlb (

MW

20
2o
202