1.

1
1.2 The Mach number is a dimensionless ratio of the velocity of an object in a fluid to the speed of sound
in the fluid. For an airplane flying at velocity V in air at absolute temperature T, the Mach number Ma is,

where k is a dimensionless constant and R is the specific gas constant for air. Show that Ma is
dimensionless.

SOLUTION:
1.3
1.4

1.4
1.5

1.5
1.6

1.6
1.7

1.7
1.8

1.8
1.9

1.9
1.10

1.10
1.11 The momentum flux (discussed in Chapter 5) is given by the product mV
 , where m is mass flow
rate and V is velocity. If mass flow rate is given in units of mass per unit time, show that the momentum
flux can be expressed in units of force.

SOLUTION:
1.12 An equation for the frictional pressure loss Δ p (inches H2O) in a circular duct of inside diameter
d (in.) and length L (ft) for air flowing with velocity V (ft/min) is

where V0 is a reference velocity equal to 1000 ft/min. Find the units of the “constant” 0.027.

SOLUTION:
1.13
1.13
1.14 Show that each term in the following equation has units of lb/ft . Consider u a velocity, y a length, x
3

a length, p a pressure, and μ an absolute viscosity.

SOLUTION:
NOT IN 8E CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS.

1.15

1.15
1.16
1.16
1.17

1.17
1.18 A commercial advertisement shows a pearl falling in a bottle of shampoo. If the diameter D of the
pearl is quite small and the shampoo sufficiently viscous, the drag 𝒟𝒟 on the pearl is given by Stokes’s law,

where V is the speed of the pearl and μ is the fluid viscosity. Show that the term on the right side of
Stokes’s law has units of force.
1.19
Cite an example of a restricted homogeneous equation contained
in a technical article found in an engineering journal in your
field of interest. Define all terms in the equation, explain why it is
a restricted equation, and provide a complete journal citation (title,
date, etc.).

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.21
1.22

1.22
1.23

1.23
1.24 The universal gas constant R0 is equal to 49,700 ft (s -°R), or 8310 m /(s -K). Show that these two
2 2 2 2

magnitudes are equal.

SOLUTION:
1.25

1.25
1.26

1.26
1.27
Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the density
or specific weight of a fluid is important. Print this photo and
write a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.28

1.28
1.29 A stick of butter at 35 °F measures 1.25 in. × 1.25 in. × 4.65 in. and weighs 4 ounces. Find its
specific weight.

SOLUTION:
1.28

1.28

1.30

1.30
1.31 1.31

1.32
1.32
1.33

1.33
1.34 At 4 °C a mixture of automobile antifreeze (50% water and 50% ethylene glycol by volume) has a
density of 1064 kg/m . If the water density is 1000 kg/m , find the density of the ethylene glycol.
3 3

SOLUTION:
1.35

1.35
1.36
1.36
1.37
Estimate the number of pounds of mercury it would take to
fill your bathtub. List all assumptions and show all calculations.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.40

1.40
1.41

1.41
1.42 With the exception of the 410 bore, the gauge of a shotgun barrel indicates the number of round lead
balls, each having the bore diameter of the barrel, that together weigh 1 lb. For example, a shotgun is
called a 12-gauge shotgun if a 1/12-lb lead ball fits the bore of the barrel. Find the diameter of a 12-gauge
shotgun in inches and millimeters. Lead has a specific weight of 0.411 lb/in .
3

SOLUTION:
1.43
The presence of raindrops in the air during a heavy rainstorm
increases the average density of the air–water mixture. Estimate by
what percent the average air–water density is greater than that of
just still air. State all assumptions and show calculations.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.44 A regulation basketball is initially flat and is then inflated to a pressure of approximately 24 lb/in
2

absolute. Consider the air temperature to be constant at 70 °F. Find the mass of air required to inflate the
basketball. The basketball’s inside radius is 4.67 in.

SOLUTION:
1.45

1.45

1.46

1.46
1.47

1.47
1.48 Assume that the air volume in a small automobile tire is constant
and equal to the volume between two concentric cylinders 13 cm high
with diameters of 33 cm and 52 cm. The air in the tire is initially at
25 °C and 202 kPa. Immediately after air is pumped into the tire, the
temperature is 30 °C and the pressure is 303 kPa. What mass of air was
added to the tire? What would be the air pressure after the air has cooled
to a temperature of 0 °C?
SOLUTION:
1.49

1.49

1.50

1.50
1.51

1.51
1.52
1.52
1.53

1.53
1.53
1.54
Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the viscosity
of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a brief
paragraph that describes the situation involved.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.55

1.55

1.56

1.56
1.57

1.57
1.58

1.58
1.59

1.59
1.60

1.60
1.61

1.61
1.62

1.62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.65

1.65
1.66

1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71

1.71
1.72

1.72
1.73

1.73
1.74 Three large plates are separated by thin layers of
ethylene glycol and water, as shown in Fig. P1.74.
The top plate moves to the right at 2 m/s. At what
speed and in what direction must the bottom plate be
moved to hold the center plate stationary?

SOLUTION:
1.75

1.75
1.76

1.76
1.77

1.77
1.78 A hydraulic lift in a service station has a 32.50-cm-diameter ram that slides in a 32.52-cm-diameter
cylinder. The annular space is filled with SAE 10 oil at 20 °C. The ram is traveling upward at the rate of
0.10 m/s. Find the frictional force when 3.0 m of the ram is engaged in the cylinder.

SOLUTION:
1.79

1.79
1.80

1.80
1.81

1.81
1.82 Oil (absolute viscosity = 0.0003 lb-s /ft ,
2

density = 50 lbm/ft ), flows in the boundary layer, as

shown in Fig. P1.82. The plate is 1 ft wide

SOLUTION:
1.83

1.83
1.84

1.84
1.85

1.85
1.86

1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.88 The concentric cylinder viscometer shown in Fig. P1.88 has a
cylinder height of 10.0 cm, a cylinder radius of 3.0 cm, and a
uniform gap between the cylinder and the container (bottom and
sides) of 0.10 cm. The pulley has a radius of 3.0 cm. Determine the
weight required to produce a constant rotational speed of 30 rpm if
the gap is filled with: (a) water, (b) gasoline, (c) glycerin.

SOLUTION:
The resisting torque is due to shear stress acting at the walls and bottom
of the cylinder. Assuming a linear velocity profile across the narrow gaps:
 du   ωR  2πµω HR 3
wall:=
Τ1 (τ =
A) R  µ  (π DH
= ) R µ  ( 2π RH
= ) R
 dy w   h  h
As sketched, the velocity at the bottom of the cylinder is a function of radial
position. The total resisting torque on the bottom of the cylinder can be
assembled from the infinitesimal torque acting on each ring of differential width.
 ωr  2πµω
d Τ2
= (τ dA
= )r  µ h  ( 2π rdr
= ) r h r 3dr
 
2πµω R 3 πµω 4
=Τ2 = ∫
h 0
r dr
2h
R
Therefore, the total torque resisting rotation due to the viscosity of the fluid is:
 H  πµω 4 πµω R 4  2 H 1 
Τ = Τ1 + Τ2 = 2πµω R   + 3
R =  + 
 h  2h h  R 2
Neglecting friction, the torque due to the weight must be equal to the resisting torque.
πµω R 4  2 H 1
WRp = Τ → W =  + 
hRp  R 2
Inserting geometric parameters:
 rev 2π rad 1 min 
2

( )
4
πµ  30 × ×  3 cm

 min 1 rev 60 sec   2 10 cm
 (1 )
  1 m 2 
 m2 
W= +   = 1.91 µ
( )(
0.1 cm 3 cm )  3 cm

2   100 cm  

s 

 m 
2
−3 N ⋅ s 
(a ) water → =
W 1.910  1.12 × 10 =
2 
2.14 × 10 −3 N
 s  m 
 m2   −4 N ⋅ s 
(b) gasoline → =
W 1.910   3.10 × 10 =
2 
5.92 × 10 −4 N
 s  m 
 m 
2
N ⋅s 
(c=
) glycerine → W 1.910 =  1.50 2  2.87 N
 s   m 
1.89

1.89
1.90
Vehicle shock absorbers damp out oscillations caused by
road roughness. Describe how a temperature change may affect the
operation of a shock absorber.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.91

1.91
1.92
Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the compressibility
of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a brief
paragraph that describes the situation involved.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.93

1.93
1.94

1.94
1.95

1.95

1.96

1.96
1.97

1.97
1.98
1.98
1.99

1.99
1.100

1.100
1.101

1.101
1.102 A compressed air tank in a service station has a volume of 10 ft . It contains air at 70 °F and
3

150 psia. How many tubeless tires can it fill to 44.7 psia at 70 °F if each tire has a volume of 1.5 ft and
3

the compressed air tank is not refilled? The tank air temperature remains constant at 70 °F because of
heat transfer through the tank’s large surface area.

SOLUTION:
1.103 A regulation basketball is initially flat and is then inflated to a pressure of approximately 24 lb/in
2

absolute. Consider the air temperature to be constant at 70 °F. Find the mass of air required to inflate the
basketball. The basketball’s inside radius is 4.67 in.

SOLUTION:
1.104 Assume that the air volume in a small automobile tire is constant
and equal to the volume between two concentric cylinders 13 cm high
with diameters of 33 cm and 52 cm. The air in the tire is initially at
25 °C and 202 kPa. Immediately after air is pumped into the tire, the
temperature is 30 °C and the pressure is 303 kPa. What mass of air was
added to the tire? What would be the air pressure after the air has cooled
to a temperature of 0 °C?
SOLUTION:
1.105
1.105
1.106

1.106
1.107

1.107
1.108 The “power available in the wind” of velocity V through an area A is W = (1 / 2) ρ AV 3 , where ρ is
the air density (0.075 lbm/ft ). For an 18-mph wind, find the wind area, A, that will supply a power of
3

4 hp.

SOLUTION:
1.109 Air enters the converging nozzle shown in Fig. P1.72 at T1 = 70 °F
and V1 = 50 ft/s. At the exit of the nozzle, V2 is given by
V2 =V12 + 2c p ( T1 − T2 ) ,
where cp = 187 ft-lb/lbm-°F and T2 is the air temperature at the exit of the
nozzle. Find the temperature T2 for which V2 = 1000 ft/s.

SOLUTION:
1.110

1.110

1.111

1.111
1.112

1.112
1.113

1.113
1.114

1.114
1.115

1.115

1.116

1.116
1.117
Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the
surface tension of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a
brief paragraph that describes the situation involved.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
1.118

1.118
1.119 A soda straw with an inside diameter of 0.125 in. is inserted into a pan of water at 60 °F. The water
in the straw rises to a height of 0.150 in. above the water surface in the pan. Determine the value of θ, the
contact angle of the water with the straw (see Fig. 1.10).

SOLUTION:
1.120

1.120
1.121

1.121
1.122 A method used to determine the surface tension of a liquid is to determine the force necessary to
raise a wire ring through the air–liquid interface, as shown in Fig. P1.122. What is the value of the surface
tension if a force of 0.015 N is required to raise a 4-cm-diameter ring? Consider the ring weightless, as a
tensiometer (used to measure the surface tension) “zeroes” out the ring weight.

SOLUTION:
1.123 Calculate the pressure difference between the inside and outside of a spherical water droplet having
a diameter of 1/32 in. and a temperature of 50 °F.

SOLUTION:
1.124

1.124
1.125 Explain how sweat soldering of copper pipe works from a fluid mechanics viewpoint.

SOLUTION:

Solder for sweat soldering copper pipe is an alloy with a melting point below that of copper. The copper
parts are typically heated using a gas torch to a temperature below the melting point of copper but above
the melting point of the solder. When the solder is “touched” to the joint, it melts. To form a good
quality joint between a copper pipe and fittings, or between fittings, capillary action must draw liquid
solder into the small gap to between the two parts to fill the gap and the solder must bond with the copper
surface.

From “a fluid mechanics viewpoint”, flux used for sweat soldering of copper pipe reduces the surface
tension of the liquefied solder, reducing the contact angle at the solder-copper interface, thereby
producing a stronger capillary action that more effectively draws the liquid solder into the joint to fill it
with solder.

From “a chemical and mechanical viewpoint”, at the elevated temperatures occurring during the soldering
process, oxides quickly form on the surface of copper and interfere with the bonding process. Therefore,
even after mechanical cleaning of the parts, flux acts as a reducing agent to remove oxides from the
surface of the copper, facilitating a stronger bond between the solder and the copper.
1.126

1.126
1.127

1.127

1.128

1.128
1.129

1.129
1.130

1.130
1.131

1.131