4.

1
Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which a fluid is
flowing. Print this photo and draw in some lines to represent how
you think some streamlines may look. Write a brief paragraph to
describe the acceleration of a fluid particle as it flows along one
of these streamlines.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
PROBLEM 4.2
 PROBLEM 4.2 ~2- JJ.f
PROBt.EM ~

.1.. 1/)(J( ~v ) = C~ ,~-LJv}t,

ez Vo tJ V-1/ ,t.Vo
a(~rdi/)t
_!L LIV =e )
Vo LJV-vr-~

Crtrcv r

I
4.3

4.3
4.4

4.4
PROBLEM 4.5
PROBLEM 4.5
PROBLEM 4.5
4.6

4.6
PROBLEM 4.7
 PROBLEM 4.7

Note: One could easily use a spreadsheet or curve-fitting to find this result.
4.8

4.8
PROBLEM 4.9
4.10

4.10
4.11

4.11
4.12

4.12
4.13

4.13
4.14

4.14
PROBLEM 4.15
PROBLEM 4.15
PROBLEM 4.15
4.16
For any steady flow the streamlines and streaklines are the
same. For most unsteady flows this is not true. However, there are
unsteady flows for which the streamlines and streaklines are the
same. Describe a flow field for which this is true.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
PROBLEM 4.17
4.18

4.18
 PROBLEM 4.19

dimensional
Given Channel with x-velocity distribution

Find Is the flow steady or unsteady, one-, two-, or three-dimensional. Plot velocity distribution

Solution Because no time variation is given, the flow must be steady

An x-velocity is given. Because the channel is converging there must be a y-direction velocity toward the
centerline. Because the channel is very wide perpendicular to the paper, there is no z-velocity. The flow
is two-dimensional.
4.21
Pathlines and streaklines provide ways to visualize flows.
Another technique would be to instantly inject a line of dye across
streamlines and observe how this line moves as time increases. For
example, consider the initially straight dye line injected in front of
the circular cylinder shown in Fig. P4.21. Discuss how this dye line
would appear at later times. How would you calculate the location of
this line as a function of time? This type of line is called a timeline.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
a) One-dimensional
b) One-dimensional
c) One-dimensional
d) One-dimensional
e) Three-dimensional
f) Two-dimensional
g) Three-dimensional
PROBLEM 4.23
PROBLEM 4.23
PROBLEM 4.24
4.25

4.25
4.26

4.26
 
Solution V = ui + v j + wk
  ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u   ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v   ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w 
a =  + u + v + w  i +  + u + v + w  j +  +u +v + w  k
 ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂u ∂v ∂w
= = = 0
∂t ∂t ∂t
Using software to perform calculus and algebra results in:

ax =

ay =

(x − y ) z
2 2 2

az =
(x + y )
2 2 4
 Given Flow from Problem 4.20

Find Acceleration along centerline

  ∂u ∂u   ∂v ∂v 
Solution As the flow is two-dimensional a =  u + v  iˆ +  u + v  ˆj
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 

∂v
The flow is symmetric about the centerline so=
v = 0 at =
y 0
∂y

∂u
=
Then a x u= and a y 0 . Putting y = 0 in the velocity distribution gives the centerline velocity
∂x

∂u u0 u u02
u0 (1 + x /  )(1 − 0 ) . Then
u= = u0 (1 + x /  ) 0 =
so a x = (1 + x /  )
∂x   

1m 2 / s 2  x [m]  m x [m] 
Substituting numbers ax = 1 +  = 0.2 2  1 + 
5m  5m  s  5m 

The acceleration at points not on the centerline cannot be found from the given data because
information about v is missing (it is not zero)
4.29

4.29
4.30

4.30
4.31
Estimate the average acceleration of water as it travels
through the nozzle on your garden hose. List all assumptions and
show all calculations.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
4.32
A stream of water from the faucet strikes the bottom of the
sink. Estimate the maximum acceleration experienced by the water
particles. List all assumptions and show calculations.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
4.33

4.33
4.34

4.34
4.35

4.35
PROBLEM 4.36
PROBLEM 4.36
4.37

4.37
4.38

4.38
4.39
4.39
4.40

4.40
4.41

4.41
4.41
4.42

4.42
4.42
4.43

4.43
4.43
4.44

4.44
4.45

4.45
4.46

4.46
4.47

4.47
4.48

4.48
4.49

4.49
4.50

4.50
4.51

4.51
4.52

4.52
PROBLEM 4.53
4.54

4.54
4.55

4.55
4.56 4.56
PROBLEM 4.57
4.58
Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which a fluid is
flowing. Print this photo and draw a control volume through which
the fluid flows. Write a brief paragraph that describes how the
fluid flows into and out of this control volume.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
4.59

4.59

4.60 4.60
4.61
From calculus, one obtains the following formula (Leibnitz
rule) for the time derivative of an integral that contains time in both
the integrand and the limits of the integration:

𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑥𝑥2

𝜕𝜕𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑡𝑡) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑡𝑡)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥1 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑥𝑥1 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Discuss how this formula is related to the time derivative of the

total amount of a property in a system and to the Reynolds transport
theorem.

This is an open-ended student activity for which student responses will vary. No Solution is
available.
4.62

4.62
4.63

4.63
 PROBLEM 4.64

4.64

P.4.64
PROBLEM 4.64
 PROBLEM 4.65

P.4.65

DV/Dt
PROBLEM 4.65
4.66

4.66
PROBLEM 4.67

4.67
PROBLEM 4.67
4.68

4.68
4.69

4.69