structures

15.1 Introduction

-
user defined datatype thatcan store related information (hetero-
-genous datatype) together.
-
Collection of variables of differentdatatypes under a
single name

Declaration
syntax: struct struct-name
2

datatype varnque;

qatype var-name;

3,

EX? struct student

2
int uno;
Char
char
name [20];
course

floatfees,
(20]; 3 members ofstructure student

3,

allocated for the structure when variable

Memory is a
-

is declared.
- 2
ways of declaring variables

struct student struct student

E 2
intr_no; int uno;
char name [20]; Char name [20];
char course
(20]; char course (20];
float fees; floatfees,
3 Studl, stude; 3,
e

struct studentstud,
studz;
e

>2-variables of type
Stenct student <

Typedef Declarations:

-typedef' keyword enables the programmer to create a new

datatype name from existing data

type.
Syntax: typedef existing-data-type new data-type
Page:ol
 Ex: typedef int INTEGER;
new name of datatype of int

Usage:INTEGER a; is same as
inta;

-Above concept is used for structures like below

typedef struct student

2
int uno; typed of
Char name [20];
studentA
char course (20];
floatfees,
I stud;

stud si,se; is same as struct student 51,52;

Initialization of structures:
-

assigning the structure member values

during declaration.

2
ways
struct student struct student
2 2
int uno; int uno;
Char name [20]; Char name [20];

char course (20]; char course (20];

floatfees, floatfees,
351 401,"seeta", "ISE", 970004' y
simct
=

student 51: 202, "rama","t"

1950007;

Accessing members of structure.

Reading and writing structure member values.

using i). (dot) operator

ii) -> Carrow operator (pointers)

writing into structure:

struct student 3.2_nO = 01;

2
int uno; strcpy(s.name," Raj");
Char name [20];
char course (20]; strcpy (S. course," ISE");
floatfees, S.fees=
97000;
3,
struct student si Si 01 I Raj I ISE 97000

~_ no name course fees

Page:02
 Reading structure members:
out
printf (" Yod", s,r_no); 01

printf("ys", so
name); Raj
printf ("ys", S.
Course); I SE

printf(" Yot", so
fees); 97000

structure to another structure:

copying a

If
Struct studentsi 201," Rabul",=

"ISE",970007;
struct student se;

copying 51 to 32. struct student

2
52 St
perform following
=

above statement will in backend int uno;

SI.U_no;
S2._nO= Char name [20];
char course (20];
Strapy (s2.Name, sl.nque); floatfees,
S2, Course);
strcpy (S2. Course, 3,
Sl.fees;
S2.fees=

Similarly 2 student variables can be compared.

15.2 Nested structures

placing a structure within the other structure is called

Nested structures.

2-ways:
① ② struct student
struct dob
E
int roll-no;
int day; char name [100];
int month;
floatfees;
int
year; struct dob
;
L
struct student int day;
int month;
int roll-no; int
year;
char name [100]; Y date;
floatfees; 3,
struct dob date;
3.
I

accessed method
member of above structure can be
by following
struct students,
Page:03
 S.voll_no= 99;

strcpy(s. name," Raj");

s, fees =
97000;
S. date, day: of;
Sodate, month 03; =

S. date. Year = 2023,

15.3
Arrays of structures

Like
away of primitive datatype variables, structure variable away
can also be declared as shown below

Ex:struct student
--
2
int uno;
Char name [20];
char course (20];
floatfees,
3,
of struct student variable be declared
Array can as

struct students [5];

memory Allocation
~_nO nause course fees

S[0]

S[I] 97000

-
s[2]
s[z] 04

- S[1].fees=97000
S[3]. 2nO 04
=

① write read and studentinformation

a cProgram to
display the
and
display same.

include (staio.b)
#

struct student
2
int uno;
Char name [20];
char course (20];
floatfees,
3,

mainc
E
struct student s[5]; Page:04
 inti;
printf (" Enter number of students: ");
scanf (" d", In);

for (i =0; i<n; itt)

S
printf ("Enter student yd details");
printf (" Enter roll number"),
scanf(" %d":Is[i].-no);

Printf(" Enter name:");

scant (" "S", S[i].name),
printf(" Enter course:");
scanf (""s" [i].
course);
printf ("Enter fees");
scanf (" yof", Ifees);
3

for(i =0;i<n; itt)

E
Printf(" student God details:");
Printf("Roll-no =%d", s[i].v_no);
printf("Name=ys", s[i]. name);
Printf (" course ys", S(i). course);
=

printf(" fees=%7", s[i], fees);

3
3

15.4 structures and Functions

Passing structures to function may be done in following 3-ways

Passing individual members

-

Passing the entire structure

of
passing the address the structure.
-

Passing individual members

passing individual member to function as call

by value.

2 #include <stdio.4>
typedef struct I struct definition
E
ints;
inty,
YPOINT,
void fun declaration
display (int, int); //

Page:05
 int main
E
POINT 41= 22,33;
display (P1.2, P1.y); 1 P1.x & p.y are struct members

return o;
I
and
void display (inta, intb)//<BU, a P1.4 b
p1.y
=
=

a 2 b 3 =

E
=

Printf(" The coordinates of the point are: dd", a, b);

3

Output:
The coordinates of the point are:23

the entire structure

Passing
-structure variable can be passed directly function
to as

argument
Note:structure definition should be declared as global.
3 include (stdio.4)
typedef struct
E
intn;
inty;
3POINT,
> derived datatype (struct paint
void
display (POINT);
main()
E
POINT P1 G2,3}
=

display (P1); //
Passing 41 (struct variable)
return o;
3

void display POINTP) //CBU:P.M=Plax and P.y Ply =

printf(" ,dd", P.2, 4.4);

3

Binge
through pointers
-
Instead of CBV, structure variable can be passed as address

4 include (stdio.h)
#

typed of struct point

G page:of
 int x;
int
y,
Y POINT;

int main(>
E
POINT AP;
POINT S
22,37;
=

P IS;
=
//P holds the address of struct variable s

display (P);
return o;
y

void display (POINT *ptr)

2
printf(" dd", Ptr-n,ptr-y);
3 Arrow operator since ptr is a printer
variable

output:
2 3

15.5 Self-Referential structures

reference ofdata
-structures thatcontain a to its same
type is e
in addition to other data, a self-referential structure contains
a
printer to a thatis of
data the same type as thatof structure.

Ex struct node
E
2000
int val; val -> val NULL
next
struct node *next;
1008 2000
3,
-

Pointer to a variable
of struct model

15.6 Unions

-collection of variables of differentdata-types.

stoves information in one field at one time.
any
-

allocated for union is the size of largestmember.

-memory
Declaration: Ex:

union union-name union vehicle

I 2
data type var-name; char chassi-num [307;
data type var-name;
....
char registration num [10];
-

y; 3,
union vehicle vI; Page:07
 size of 30
vI= Bytes
- vehicle v can stareither chassi-num
at
or
registration -
num
any
time.

of union members
essing nation
Accessing using
dot (.) operator.
Example:
5 include (stdio.h)
#

typedef struct
E
int x, y,
YPOINT1;

definition
atyedef union Union

int x,y,
3POIN+1;

int main
E
POINT P1 22,34;
=

I POINT P2=G4,57;
illegal with union ata time it can
store value y
POINT P2;
only one

P2.X 4; =

Initialization of
1) unic
P2.4 5; overwrites the team 4
5
memory
= to

Printf ("using structures n

ydy xd",
= =
p1.x, p2.y);
Printf(" using unions x = ed y = d",
(2-4, P2.y);
return 0;
B

output:
structures
using
using unions I, II s 1/ note both values are
same since common
to &
memory y.
i

Differences between structure & Unin

1. Memory Allocation: In a structure, memory is allocated for each member variable separately,
whereas in a union, all the member variables share the same memory location.
2. Size: The size of a structure is the sum of the sizes of its member variables. The size of a union is
equal to the size of its largest member variable.
3. Accessing Members: In a structure, you can access individual members of the structure using the
dot (.) operator. In a union, all the member variables share the same memory location, so only one
member can be accessed at a time.
4. Usage: A structure is typically used to group related data together, while a union is used to
represent different types of data in the same memory location. Page: 08
 15.10 Enumerated data type:
-
user defined datatype based on integers.
-
consists of named integer constants, i.e each integer is assigned
with a identifier.

Declaration: enum enumeration -

name a identier, identifiers.... s
0. 3

Example:enum days-of-week (Miday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,

Friday, Saturday
↓ 4 sunday's default
5

New
data-type values of
name identifiers

the enumerated
Accessing values:

6 include <stdio.4)
#

enum days-of-week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,

Friday, saturday, Sundayy;
int main
2
11 Declaration of variable of type dayofweek and assign it a variable

enum days-of-week today-Tuesday;

/print the value of the variable

printf("Today is
.9", today),

return e;
3

out:
Today is

moun

Page:09