Java

 Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language

developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in the year
1995.
 Java is not a fully object-oriented programming language as
it supports primitive datatypes like int, float, etc., which are
not objects.
 Java is based on the Write Once, and Run Anywhere (WORA)
principle, meaning that the compiled Java code can run on all
machines that support Java without the need for
recompilation.
 Java is owned by Oracle and is used for:
1. Mobile applications (Especially Android apps)
2. Web applications
3. Games
4. Database Connections
5. And much, much more!

History of Java

 Java is a programming language created in 1991 by James

Gosling, Mike Sheridon and Patrick Naughton, a team
of Sun engineers known as the Green Team.
 First public implementation of Java was released in1996 as
Java 1.0
 The first version of Java is Java 1.0 which was released in 1996
and the latest version is Java 22 which is released in 2024.

Why Java is named as Java

 James Gosling and his team initiated a project to develop a

language for digital devices such as set-top boxes, television,
etc., and called this project Greentalk and its file extension
was .gt and later become to known as OAK.
 The name OAK was used by Gosling after an OAK tree that
remained outside his office and OAK was also a national tree
of so many nations like USA, France, Germany, etc. But later
they had to rename it as it was already a trademark of OAK
Technologies.
 Gosling and his team did a brainstorm session after which
they came up several names out of which JAVA was decided
after much discussion.
  Java is the name of island in Indonesia where the first
coffee (named as Java) was produced, and this name was
chosen by Gosling while having coffee near his office.

Key Terminology

Before learning Java, one must be familiar with the following

terms of Java:

 JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

 Bytecode
 JDK (Java Development Kit)
 JRE (Java Runtime Environment) or Java RTE
 Garbage Collector
 Classpath

JVM (Java Virtual Machine):

 JVM acts as a run-time engine to run Java applications. JVM

is the one that calls the main method present in Java code.
JVM is a part of JRE.
 The compilation phase of a Java program is done by JAVAC
compiler which is a primary Java compiler included in the
Java Development Kit (JDK). It takes the program as input
and generates bytecode as output.
 In the running phase of a program, JVM executes the
bytecode generated by compiler.
 The main purpose of JVM is to execute the bytecode
produced by the JAVAC compiler. Every Operating System
has a different JVM but the output they produce after the
execution of byte is same across all the systems. This is why
Java is also known as a platform-independent language.
Bytecode:

 The JAVAC compiler of JDK compiles source code to bytecode

so that it can be executed by JVM.
 This bytecode is saved as .class file by the compiler. To view
the bytecode, a disassembler like javap is required.

JDK (Java Development Kit):

 It is a complete kit that includes everything including

compiler, JRE, Java debugger, Java docs, etc.
 For a program to execute in Java, we need to install JDK on
our computer to create, run and compile the Java
program.

JRE (Java Runtime Environment):

 JRE is a part of JDK which allows a Java program to run soon

after the installation.
 JRE works as a translator and a facilitator between a Java
program and an operating system. It is made up of multiple
elements which are:

o JVM
o Java class libraries
o Java class loaders

Garbage Collector:

 Garbage collection in Java is a process by which Java

programs perform automatic memory management.
 When Java programs run on the JVM objects are created on
the heap, which is a portion of memory dedicated to the
program. Eventually some objects will no longer be needed.
 The garbage collector finds these unused objects and
deletes them to free up memory.
 Java garbage collection is an automatic process of
looking at heap memory, identifying which objects are in
use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects.
 An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some
part of your program still maintains a pointer to that object.
An unused or unreferenced object is no longer referenced by
any part of your program.

Classpath:

The classpath is the file path where the Java runtime and Java
compiler look for .class files to load. By default, JDK provides
many libraries. If you want to include external libraries, they
should be added to the classpath.

Features of Java

1. Java is platform-independent, which means that code

written in Java can run on any platform that has a Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
2. Java is known for its “write once, run anywhere”
philosophy, which makes it a popular choice for cross-
platform development.
3. Java provides automatic memory management through
garbage collection, which makes it easier to write and
maintain code.
4. Java is a strongly typed language, which means that
every variable and expression has a specific type that must
be declared before use.
 5. Java supports multithreading, which makes it possible to
write programs that can perform multiple tasks
simultaneously.

Execution of a Java program

This diagram illustrates the process of executing a Java program.

Here's a summary and explanation of each component:

 Source Code (A.java): The Java source code written by the

programmer.
 Java Compiler (Javac): Compiles the source code into
bytecode.
 Bytecode (.class): The compiled intermediate code that is
platform independent.
 Class Loader: Loads the .class files into the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
 Bytecode Verifier: Checks the bytecode for security and
correctness.
  JIT Compiler: Just-In-Time compiler converts bytecode into
native machine code during runtime.
 Native Machine Code (001101): The platform-specific
machine code executed by the CPU.
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM): The environment that loads,
verifies, and executes Java bytecode.

Useful Links

How to Download and Install Java for 64-bit machine?

Setting up the environment in Java

How to Download and Install Eclipse on Windows?

Primitive and Non-Primitive Data types in Java

Every variable in Java has a data type. Data types specify the size
and type of values that can be stored in an identifier.

In Java Data types are classified into two categories:

 Primitive data type or intrinsic or built-in data type

 Non-Primitive data type or derived or reference data
type

Primitive Data Types:

 In Java, the Primitive Data Types are the predefined data

types. They specify the size and type of any standard value.
 Java has 8 primitive data types:
1. byte (1 byte – 8 bits) (-128 to 127) (default value:
0)
2. short (2 bytes – 16 bits) (-32768 to 32767)
(default value: 0)
 3. int (4 bytes – 32 bits) (-2 ^ 31 to + 2 ^ 31- 1)
(default value: 0)
4. long (8 bytes – 64 bits) (-2 ^ 63 to 2 ^ 63 - 1)
(default value: 0)
5. float (4 bytes – 32 bits) (default value: 0.0f)
6. double (8 bytes - 64 bits) (default value: 0.0d)
7. char (2 bytes – 16 bits) (0 to 65,535 unicode
characters)
8. boolean (1 bit) (true or false) (default value:
false)

Note
Use float for memory efficiency when precision (around 6-7
decimal places) is sufficient. Use double for high precision
(around 15-16 decimal places) when memory is not a major
concern.

Non-Primitive Data Types:

 Non-Primitive Data Types are also called Object Data

Types or Referenced Data Types because they refer to
any object.
 Unlike the Primitive Data Types, the Non-Primitive Data Types
are created by the users in Java.
 Java has 5 Non-Primitive Data Types:

Arrays

 Array is a linear data structure where all elements are

arranged sequentially. It is a collection of elements of the
same data type stored at contiguous memory locations.

Classes

 A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from

which objects are created.

Strings
  String is a collection of characters surrounded by
double quotes which are used to store texts.
 In Java, string objects are immutable. Immutable
simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable. Once a
string object is created its data or state can’t be
changed but a new string object is created.

Interfaces

 An Interface in Java programming language is

defined as an abstract type used to specify the
behavior of a class.

Enums

 It is just like a class but can have only constants

that are public, static, final which are
unchangeable, cannot be overridden. An enum
cannot be used to create objects or cannot extend
any class but can extend interfaces.

Note

 The JVM initializes default values to class-level

variables when we forget to initialize them, but coming to
local variables the default values will not be initialized
by JVM, if we don’t initialize local variables we will get
compilation errors.
 Primitive values are stored on the stack. Copying a
primitive variable creates a separate copy; changes to the
copy do not affect the original.
 Reference variables are stored on the stack, but
original objects are stored on the heap. Copying a
reference variable creates another reference to the same
object; changes to the object are reflected across all
references.

Java Identifiers & Rules

  In Java, Identifiers are used for Identification purposes,
and they can be class names, variable names, method
names.
 Identifiers define the way we should name variables, classes,
methods, etc, in our program.
 Allowed Characters: Identifiers can use alphanumeric
characters (A-Z, a-z, 0-9), $ (dollar sign), and _ (underscore).
Special characters like @ are not allowed.
 Starting Character: Identifiers should not start with digits
(0-9).
 Case Sensitivity: Identifiers are case-sensitive.
 Length: No limit on identifier length, but 4 -15 characters is
recommended.
 Reserved Words: Reserved words cannot be used as
identifiers.

Reserved Words in Java

 In Java a keyword is a reserved word that have a predefined

meaning
 There are 68 reserved words in Java as of 2024 and they are
as follows:
abstract, assert, boolean, break, byte, case, catch,
char, class, const (reserved but not used), continue,
default, do, double, else, enum, exports, extends,
final, finally, float, for, goto (reserved but not used),
if, implements, import, instanceof, int, interface, long,
module, native, new, null, opens, package, private,
protected, provides, public, requires, return, short,
static, strictfp, super, switch, synchronized, this,
throw, throws, to, transient, try, uses, void, volatile,
while, with, yield, var, record, sealed, permits, and
non-sealed.
 Refer this link for all keywords: Keywords in Java
Java Variables & Variable Scope

 In Java, Variables are the data containers that store data

values during Java program execution.
 Every Variable in Java is assigned a data type that
designates the type and quantity of value it can hold. A
variable is a memory location name for the data.
 Variables are classified into 3 categories:
1. Local Variables
2. Instance Variables
3. Static Variables
 Scope of a variable is the part of the program where the
variable is accessible.
 Variables have the following scopes:
1. Member Variables (Class Level Scope)
2. Local Variables (Method Level Scope)
3. Loop Variables (Block Scope)

Wrapper Classes

 A Wrapper class in Java is a class whose object wraps or

contains primitive data types. When we create an object
to a wrapper class, it contains a field and, in this field, we
can store primitive data types.
 Wrapper Classes convert primitive data types into Objects.
Objects are needed to modify the arguments passed into a
method because primitive data types are passed by value.
 Data structures in the Collection framework such as
ArrayList, HashSet store only objects (reference types) and
not primitive data types.
 The process of converting primitive types to objects of their
corresponding wrapper classes is called autoboxing.
 Example: char c = ‘a’; Character d = c;
  The process of converting an object of a wrapper class to its
corresponding primitive data type is called unboxing.
 Example: Character c = ‘a’; char d = c;

Output Formatting using printf

In programming it is essential to print the output in a given

format.
Most of us are familiar with prinntf( ) in C to format output but
we can do the same using printf( ) in Java.

Example:

Output:

BufferedReader Class

 It is a simple class that is used to read a sequence of

characters. It has a simple function read that reads a
character, another read which reads an array of characters,
and a readLine() function which reads a line.
  InputStreamReader() is a function that converts the input
stream of bytes into a stream of characters so that it can be
read as BufferedReader which expects a stream of
characters. BufferedReader can throw checked Exceptions.

StringBuffer Class

 StringBuffer is a class in Java that represents a mutable

sequence of characters. It provides an alternative to
immutable String class, allowing us to modify the
contents of a string class without creating new objects.
 StringBuffer may have characters and substrings inserted
in the middle or appended to the end. It will automatically
grow to make room for such additions and often has more
characters pre allocated than needed, to allow room for
growth.
 The default capacity of StringBuffer is 16 characters,
we can specify size when creating a StringBuffer.
 StringBuffers are thread safe and doesn’t support
synchronization.
 Thread safety means that multiple threads can access it
concurrently.
 Some methods of StringBuffer:
append( ), insert( ), reverse( ), delete( ), replace( )

StringBuilder Class

 The function of StringBuilder is very similar to the

StringBuffer class, as both provide an alternative to String
Class by making a mutable sequence of characters and it
include same methods and functionalities.
 StringBuilders are not thread safe but supports
synchronization.
  Synchronization is used to make sure that some
synchronization methods are accessed by single thread only.

Note

StringBuffers are thread-safe but doesn’t support

synchronization where as StringBuilders are not thread-safe
but supports synchronization.

Jagged Arrays

 A jagged array is an array of arrays such that member

arrays can be of different sizes i.e. we can create a 2-D array
with variable number of columns in each row.
 A 2D array in Java has a uniform structure where all rows
have the same number of columns, while a jagged array
has a non-uniform structure consisting of rows that can have
varying lengths.

OOPs

 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a methodology

or paradigm to design a program using Classes and
Objects.
 OOP organizes code into classes which acts as blueprints
to create objects. These objects are defined by their
 attributes and properties in a class and contain
encapsulated data.
 OOP is mainly based on the following four pillars:
1. Encapsulation
2. Inheritance
3. Polymorphism
4. Abstraction

Advantages of OOPs:

1. Code Reusability
2. Reduced Redundancy
3. Modularity

Disadvantages of OOPs:

1. Lengthy Programs leading to slow execution.

2. Challenges in Debugging and Testing.

Key Terminology of OOPs

1. Classes
2. Objects
3. Constructors
4. Constructor Chaining
5. This keyword
6. Interfaces
7. Access Modifiers

Classes:

 A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which

objects are created.
 A class can also be defined as collection of data members
and member functions.
  Classes do not occupy any memory until an object is
instantiated.
 Whenever an object is created using a new keyword, the
actual object is stored in the heap and the pointing address
is stored in the stack.

Objects:

 An object is a basic unit of OOP that represents real-life

entities.
 It is an instance of a class.

Constructors:

 In Java, constructor is a special method which is invoked

automatically at the time of object creation. It is used to
initialize the data members of new objects.
 Constructors have the same name as class name, and
they do not have any return type (not even void).
 Constructors can be overloaded based on the number of
arguments and the type of arguments passed during object
creation.
 Constructors are only called once, during object creation and
if we do not create any constructor Java creates a default
constructor by itself where we cannot initialize values as it is
default one.
 Constructors are of three types:
1. Non - Parameterized Default Constructors
2. Parameterized Constructors
3. Copy Constructors

Non - Parameterized or Default Constructors:

  A constructor that is created by the programmer and has no
parameters is called Non – Parameterized Constructor.
 When do not create a constructor a constructor without any
parameters will be automatically created by Java which is
called Default Constructor.

Parameterized Constructors:

A constructor that has parameters is known as parameterized

constructor. If we want to initialize fields of the class with our own
values, then use a parameterized constructor.

Copy Constructors:

Unlike other constructors, the copy constructor is passed with

another object which copies the data available from the passed
object to the newly created object.

Constructor Chaining:

 Constructor chaining is the process of calling one constructor

from another constructor with respect to the current object.
 Constructor chaining in the same class can be done using
this( ) keyword for constructors in the same class.
 Constructor chaining from the base class can be done using
super( ) keyword to call the constructor from the base class.
 Constructor chaining occurs through inheritance. A sub-class
constructor’s task is to call super class’s constructor first.
This ensures that the creation of sub class’s object starts
with the initialization of the data members of the superclass.
 There could be any number of classes in the inheritance
chain. Every constructor calls up the chain till the class at
the top is reached.
This Keyword:

 In Java this keyword is used to refer to the current instance

of the class.
 It is used to pass the current objects as a parameter to
another object.
 It is also used to refer to the current class instance variable.

Interfaces:

 An Interface in Java programming language is

defined as an abstract type used to specify the
behavior of a class.
 The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve
abstraction which also represents IS-A relationship.
 There can be only abstract methods which means
all the methods in an interface are declared with an
empty body and are public and all fields are public,
static, and final by default. It is used to achieve
abstraction and multiple inheritances in Java using
Interface.
 To declare an interface, use the interface keyword.
 To implement the interface for class, use the
implements keyword.
 In an interface, you can’t instantiate variables
and create an object.

Access Modifiers:

Access Modifiers defines the access type of the method, class,

variable, i.e. from where it can be accessed in your application. In
Java, there are 4 types of access specifiers:

 public: Accessible in all classes in your application.

  protected: Accessible within the package in which it is
defined and, in its subclass, (including subclasses declared
outside the package).
 private: Accessible only within the class in which it is
defined.
 default (declared/defined without using any modifier):
Accessible within the same class and package within which
its class is defined.

Encapsulation

 Encapsulation is one of the core pillars of OOP where the

internal details of an object are hidden, only specific
functions are provided to interact with that object’s data.
 In Java, encapsulation is achieved by declaring the instance
variables of a class as private, which means they can only be
accessed within the class. To allow outside access to the
instance variables, public methods called getters and setters
are defined, which are used to retrieve and modify the
values of the instance variables, respectively.
 Another way to think about encapsulation is that it is a
protective shield that prevents the data from being accessed
by the code outside this shield.

Example:

 Imagine a capsule you take as medicine. The capsule

contains medicine inside it, but you don't see or touch the
medicine directly. The capsule ensures that the medicine
reaches your stomach safely without being tampered with by
your hands, air, or anything else.
 This is like encapsulation in programming:
1. The Capsule: Represents the class in OOP.
2. The Medicine Inside: Represents the data and
methods in the class.
 3. The Shell of the Capsule: Represents the protective
barrier that hides the inner workings (data and
methods) from the outside world.
 Just like the capsule hides and protects the medicine,
encapsulation in programming hides the internal state and
functionality of an object, exposing only what is necessary
for other parts of the program to use.
 Advantages: Data Hiding.
 Disadvantages: Increased Complexity.

Inheritance

 Inheritance in OOP is the mechanism by which one class is

allowed to inherit (acquire) the features (fields and
methods) of another class.
 A class that inherits (acquires) from another class can reuse
the methods and fields of that class with or without adding
new fields and methods.
 The class whose features are inherited using extends
keyword is known as super class or parent class or base
class.
 The class which inherits (acquires) the fields or methods is
called sub class or child class or derived class.
 Advantages: Code reusability, abstraction.
 Disadvantages: We cannot restrict to required properties
acquisition; Changes made in the super class will be
affecting the sub class.

Note:

1. Constructors and private data members without

getters and setters cannot be inherited using inheritance.
 2. A super class can have any number of sub classes, but a
sub class can have only one super class.
3. Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance for which we can
use Interfaces.

Types of Inheritance

Single Inheritance: When one sub class inherits from one super
class, we call this inheritance as Single Inheritance.

Hierarchical Inheritance: When more than one sub class is

inherited from same super class, we call this type of inheritance
as Hierarchical Inheritance.

Multilevel Inheritance: When a derived class will be inheriting a

base class, and as well as the same derived class also acts as the
base class for other classes, we call this type of inheritance as
Multilevel inheritance.

Hybrid Inheritance:

 Hybrid Inheritance is a combination of two or more types of

Inheritance.
 It refers to the ability of a class to inherit properties and
behaviors from multiple sources, combining different types
of inheritance.
 Since Java does not support multiple inheritance, hybrid
inheritance is implemented using a combination of class
inheritance and interface implementation.
 Common combinations of
inheritance that can be
considered as hybrid
inheritance in Java:

 Single Inheritance with

Interfaces.
 Multilevel Inheritance
with Hierarchical
Structure.
 Hierarchical Inheritance
Along a Single
Inheritance Path.
 Combining Interfaces with Multilevel Inheritance.

In the diagram above,

 A could be a superclass or an interface that B and C are

either extending or implementing.
 B and C are subclasses or interfaces. If A is a class, B and
C are subclasses extending A. If A is an interface, B and C
could be interfaces extending A or classes implementing
A.
 D is a subclass that is extending class B and extending or
implementing C. If B and C are both interfaces, D can
implement both (multiple inheritance of interfaces is
allowed). If B is a class and C is an interface, D is
extending B and implementing C (a combination of class
inheritance and interface implementation).
 The diagram could represent D as a class that inherits
from class B and implements the interface C, while both B
and C extend or implement A. This creates a hybrid
structure by combining interface implementation with
class inheritance.
Multiple Inheritance:

 When one class can have more than one super class and
can inherit features from all super classes, we call this type
of inheritance as Multiple inheritance.
 Java doesn’t support Multiple Inheritance with classes. In
Java we can achieve multiple inheritance only through
interfaces.

In the Image class C is derived from

interface A and interface B

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the ability of any data to be processed in more

than one form. The word itself indicates the meaning as poly
means many and morphism means types.

Polymorphism allows us to perform a single action in different

ways.

Real-life Illustration of Polymorphism in Java: A person at

the same time can have different characteristics. Like a man at
the same time is a father, a husband, and an employee.
Compile Time Polymorphism:

 It is also known as static polymorphism, and it takes

during compile time of a program.
 This type of polymorphism is achieved by function
overloading or operator overloading. Java doesn’t
support operator overloading.
 Function overloading is a technique which allows you to
have more than one function with the same function name
but with different functionality.
 Function overloading can be possible on the following
basis:
1. Same Function name with different number of
parameters.
2. Same Function name with different types of
parameters.

Run Time Polymorphism:

 It is also known as dynamic polymorphism, and it takes

place during the run time of a program.
  This type of polymorphism is achieved by function
overriding.
 Function overriding is a process where the child class or
sub class contain the same methods as declared in the
parent or super class.
 In this process, the call to an overridden method is
resolved dynamically at runtime rather than at compile-
time.

Abstraction

 Abstraction in Java is the concept of hiding the complex

implementation details and showing only the essential
features of the object.
 In Java abstraction is achieved by interfaces and abstract
classes. We can achieve 100% abstraction using interfaces.
 Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car:
The man only knows that pressing the accelerators will
increase the speed of a car or applying brakes will stop the
car, but he does not know how on pressing the accelerator
the speed is increasing, he does not know about the inner
mechanism of the car or the implementation of the
accelerator, brakes, etc in the car. This is what abstraction is.

Encapsulation vs Abstraction

Encapsulation is focused on how data is protected and accessed

within an object, while abstraction is focused on simplifying the
interaction with the object by exposing only the necessary parts.

Abstract Class & Methods

 Any class declared using abstract keyword is called as

abstract class and it can consist of both abstract
methods and concrete methods.
  Any class that contains one or more abstract methods
should be defined as abstract class and a method defined
as abstract must be redefined in its subclass making
overriding compulsory.
 An abstract method is a method declared without any
implementation.
 There can be no object for abstract class which means that
an abstract class cannot be instantiated using new keyword.
 An abstract class can have parameterized constructors
and the default constructor is always present in an
abstract class.

Interfaces vs Abstract Classes

 Abstract classes can have both abstract (without

implementation) and concrete (with implementation)
methods whereas Interfaces can only have abstract
methods (until Java 8, which introduced default and static
methods).
 Abstract classes support single inheritance (a class can
inherit only one abstract class) but Interfaces support
multiple inheritance (a class can implement multiple
interfaces).
 Abstract classes can have member variables whereas
Interfaces cannot have member variables (except static
final constants).

Lambda Expressions

 Lambda Expressions, Functional Interfaces, Method

Reference, Streams, Comparable & Comparator,
Date/Time API are added in Java 8.
 A lambda expression is a short block of code which takes
in parameters and returns a value. Lambda expressions are
like methods, but they do not need a name and they can be
implemented right in the body of a method.
 Lambda expressions provide a way to represent instances
of functional interfaces (interfaces with a single abstract
method) in a more concise way.
 A Lambda expression consists of three parts:

 Lambda expressions can be stored in variables if the

variable's type is an interface which has only one method.
The lambda expression should have the same number of
parameters and the same return type as that method. Java
has many of these kinds of interfaces built in, such as the
Consumer interface (found in the java.util package) used by
lists.
 Functional Interfaces are the interfaces that contain only
one abstract method and there is no restriction for
default and static methods.
 Method Reference is a shorthand notation of a lambda
expression to call a function. It is of the following three
types:
1. Reference to a static method
Syntax: (ContainingClass::staticMethodName)
2. Reference to a instance method
Syntax: (containingObject::instanceMethodName)
3. Reference to a constructor
Syntax: (ClassName::new)
 Stream is an API which is used to process group of
Objects. A stream is a sequence of objects that supports
various methods which can be pipelined to produce the
desired result.
  Collections Framework is a unified architecture for
representing and manipulating collections, enabling
collections to be manipulated independently of the details of
their representation. It includes interfaces, implementations,
and algorithms for storing and manipulating collections of
objects.
 Collection is the root interface for so many Interfaces
like (Set, List, Queue, Dequeue) and Classes like (ArrayList,
LinkedList, HashSet).

Java Comparable Interface

 It is used to order the objects of a user-defined class and

it is found java.lang package.
 It contains only one method named compareTo (object) and
provides a single sorting sequence only, i.e., you can sort
the elements based on single data member only.

Java Comparator Interface

 It is used to order the objects of a user-defined class and it is

found in java.util package.
 It contains two methods compare(Object obj1,Object obj2)
and equals(Object element) and provides multiple sorting
sequences, i.e., you can sort the elements on the basis of
any data member.

Comparable vs Comparator
JDBC

JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity.

JDBC is a Java API (Application Programmable Interface) which is

used to connect and execute queries on databases.

DriverManager: It
uses some database-
specific drivers to
effectively connect
enterprise
applications to
databases.

JDBC drivers: To
communicate with a
data source through
JDBC, you need a
JDBC driver that
intelligently
communicates with the respective data source.