Title: Detection of ECG signal

Abstract Electrocardiography (ECG) is the interpretation of the electrical activity of one’s heart over
a period of time. Recently, there has been increased interest and demand in ECG
measurement devices called Electrocardiograms (also abbreviated ECG) for use in the
medical and research fields. This application note will attempt to give the reader a
background on ECG signals as well the methods and design techniques that go into designing
an ECG demonstration board.
Cells in humans act like little batteries. These cells have different ion concentrations inside
and outside of their membranes which create small electric potentials called biopotentials.
When there is a disturbance in a biopotential this gives rise to an action potential which is
the depolarization and repolarization of the cell.
Essentially, the action potentials from different nodes in the heart are what make up
electrocardiograph (ECG) signals. ECG signals are comprised of the superposition of the
different action potentials from the heart beat. ECG machines use electrodes to convert the
ionic signals from the body into electrical signals to be displayed and used for data analysis.
However, due to the size of the signals and outside noise, ECG requires amplification and
filtering to produce high quality signals.
This project is basically based on three main block and few Sub block. These are as follows
a. The device uses a Right Leg drive circuit to receive the human heart signals.
b. The ECG signal generated are in the range from micro to millivolts due to which it needs
to be amplified
c. Then the amplified signal is filtered using various filters (HPF-0.5 Hertz, LPF-40Hertz and
NOTCH filter-50Hertz).
d. At last, the signal is passed to a oscilloscope for the analysis of the electro-cardiogram.
Title: Digital watch using 7 segment display
Abstract
The project demonstrates a digital stop watch utilizing 7-segment displays to accurately
display minutes and seconds. The stopwatch is composed of two mod 60 counters that
counts from 0 to 59, implemented using a 7490-decade counter and a 7447 BCD-to-7-
segment decoder. The counter is triggered by two pulse generator circuit based on a 555
timer, producing a pulse every 1 millisecond and 1 second respectively.
The 7490-decade counter serves as the primary counting component, incrementing its count
by one each second. Its binary output is then decoded by the 7447 decoders, driving the
appropriate segments of the 7-segment display to visually represent the minutes and
seconds.
The pulse generator circuit, utilizing the 555 timer, ensures precise timing by generating
regular pulses. These pulses trigger the counter, facilitating the accurate measurement of
time.

The reset button resets the timing and starts the counting again.
 Title: Customised IC tester
Abstract We have made an IC tester which can check 4 IC, that are IC741, LM358, NE555, IC 7476. if
the IC are working fine then LEDs start blinking it shows IC are not defective but if LEDs are
not blinking then it is possible that IC is not working.

1) IC 741 tester
This IC 741 tester circuit is made up of one indicator LED, two 10k resistor, one 100k resistor,
and two 1uf capacitor. When an op-amp is added to the circuit, it becomes a pulse generator,
and if the testing IC is good, the LED glow. If the LED is not blinking, it is possible that the
testing IC is broken or malfunctioning.

2) LM358 IC tester
This LM358 is dual opamp, we have used two LED, four 10k resistor, two 100 k resistor, and
four 1uf capacitors in this circuit. When an op-amp is added to the circuit, it becomes a pulse
generator, and if the testing IC is good, the two LED alternately glow. If the LED are not
blinking alternatively, it is possible that the testing IC is broken or malfunctioning.

3) NE555 timer IC tester

We have used the 555 IC as an Astable multivibrator, for this circuit 1 M ohm resistor, one
100 ohm resistor, one 100k resistor, one LED,1 diode, and two 1uf capacitors is used. when
power is provided to circuit, it generate pulse and the LEDs will start blinking, which means
that the IC is working. The blinking rate of LEDs can be changed by increasing or decreasing
the values of resistor R1 and R2 and capacitor C1.

4) IC 7476 tester
In this circuit design we have made two circuit, first circuit for T Flipflop using ic jk flip flop
and one astable multivibrator circuit. Astable multivibrator circuit generate pulse which act
as clock pulse for T flip flop circuit and Both the LED will now blink, which means IC is working
fine.

Title: Password-Based Attendance System with Decade Counters

Abstract This project presents a password-based attendance system that utilizes a combination of
buttons to track student attendance. The system employs a 7490 decade counter equipped
with 7 segment displays as a counter for attendance records. To initiate counting, a password
system is integrated with a 555 timer-based pulse generator. Upon entering the correct
password, the pulse generator generates a pulse, which is then directed to the clock pin of
the 7490 counter, incrementing the count. By combining password authentication and pulse
generation, the system offers a reliable and efficient method for accurately tracking
attendance
 Title: FUNCTION GENERATOR
Abstract This electronic mini project presents the design and implementation of a simple function
generator utilizing a combination of RC phase shift oscillator, square wave generator, and
integrator circuits. The primary objective is to generate various types of waveforms,
including sine, square, and triangular waves, using readily available components such as the
TL084 integrated circuit (IC).
The project begins with the RC phase shift oscillator, which forms the basis for generating a
sine wave signal. The oscillator circuit employs a feedback network consisting of resistors
and capacitors to achieve the desired phase shift and oscillation frequency. By adjusting the
values of these components, the oscillator can produce sinusoidal waveforms of different
frequencies.
The second stage is completed by making a Square wave generator using TL084 IC. The basic
square wave oscillator is based on the charging and discharging of a capacitor. Op-amps
inverting input is the capacitor voltage and the non-inverting input is a portion of the output
fed back through two resistors. When the circuit is first turned on, the capacitor is
uncharged, i.e, inverting input is at 0 V. This makes the output a positive maximum, and the
capacitor begins to charge towards voltage at V through resistor R. When the capacitor
voltage reaches a value equal to the feedback voltage (Vf) on the non-inverting input, op-
amp switches to the maximum negative state. When the capacitor voltage reaches –Vf, op-
amp switches back to the maximum positive state. This action repeats and a square wave
output voltage is obtained.
The final component of the function generator is the integrator circuit. This circuit integrates
the square wave signal, converting it into a triangular wave. The integration process involves
passing the square wave through a capacitor-resistor network, which accumulates charge
and produces a voltage ramp. The rate of change of this voltage ramp determines the
frequency and shape of the resulting triangular waveform.

The TL084 IC, a quad operational amplifier, serves as the central component for these
circuits. Its multiple operational amplifiers are utilized for different stages of signal
processing and shaping. The IC offers high gain, low distortion, and excellent performance,
making it suitable for this function generator application.

Title: Automatic smart street light

Abstract : This project proposes a smart steet light control system utilizing IR sensors and relays to
detect the presence of objects and adjust lighting accordingly, improving energy efficiency
and safety. We used an IR circuit to detect an obstacle and then passed the signal through
a relay to a light turned On for a given time.
Title: EGC COUNTER
Abstract An electrocardiogram records the electrical signals in the heart. It's a common and painless
test used to quickly detect heart problems and monitor the heart's health. An
electrocardiogram — also called ECG. From an ECG we can calculate the heart-rate,
anomalies in heart-rate, etc.
This is the main concept on which our project is based on. We are making a counter, which
will record the number of heartbeats for 60 secs (1 minute). We have used a comparator
which will compare the signal received as input. The design consists of two counter circuits
with two common anode 7 segment display to show the numbers. The 1st counter will count
the number of signals coming as input and display the numbers. The 2nd counter is
connected to a 1 minute 555 timer circuit which is in astable mode and will display the timer
from 0 to 60. When the timer reaches the 1minute mark the circuit stops so that we can
record the amount of beats and then reset itself to 00
 tle: Smart Light Dimmer
Abstract
A Light Dimmer circuit that detects people entering a room and changes the brightness of
the Light as the number of people increases.

- The detection part is handled by an IR transmitter and receiver circuit made with the help
of Astable Multivibrator and Monostable Multivibrator. The output from the IR receiver is
fed as an input to the clock of the counter. The counter detects the clock pulses and counts
upwards.

- Now, to drive the Light we need to convert the Digital output from the counter to Analog.
To achieve this, we made a R-2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog converter using Op-Amp. As the
counter counts upwards, the output voltage increases.

- Lastly, we used an Amplifier to amplify the voltage output and then connected the LED to
it. The brightness of the LED increases as the count increases.
Title: HEARTBEAT COUNTER
Abstract The "Heartbeat Counter" project aims to develop a simple and cost-effective device for
measuring heart rate using an electret microphone, LM386 amplifier, comparator, and
decade counter. The project focuses on creating a portable and user-friendly solution that
can be utilized in various healthcare and fitness applications.

The system utilizes an electret microphone as a sensor to capture the acoustic signals
generated by the heartbeat. The microphone converts the acoustic waves into
corresponding electrical signals, which are then amplified by an LM386 audio amplifier. The
amplified signal is passed through a comparator (op-amp 741), which provides a digital
output (clock pulse) based on a predefined threshold. This threshold level is set to identify
the distinctive peaks generated by the heartbeats.

The digital output from the comparator is then fed into a decade counter (7490), which
counts the number of heartbeats over a specified time interval. The decade counter serves
to accumulate and display the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM) on a suitable display
module, seven-segment display.

It also consists of 1minute timer using 555, after 1 min it's high output will stop the heartbeat
counter.

The implementation of this heartbeat counter project involves carefully adjusting the
amplifier gain, comparator threshold, and integrating the components to ensure accurate
and reliable heartbeat detection. Additionally, power management and noise reduction
techniques are employed to enhance the system's performance and minimize interference.

In conclusion, the Heartbeat Counter project presents an affordable and user-friendly

solution for measuring heart rate. By utilizing an electret microphone, LM386 amplifier,
comparator, and decade counter, the device accurately detects heartbeats and displays the
heart rate in BPM. This project has the potential to contribute to personal health
management and enhance various healthcare and fitness applications.
 Title: "IR-Based Person Detection System with LabVIEW Integration for Counting and Lighting
Control"
Abstract This project focuses on the development of a person detection system utilizing an infrared
(IR) transmitter-receiver configuration. The system aims to accurately count the number of
individuals entering and exiting a specific area. The detection process is carried out by
analyzing interruptions in the IR signal, which occur when a person passes through the
designated zone.
The hardware setup consists of an IR transmitter and receiver positioned across from each
other to form a detection barrier. When an individual traverses the barrier, the interruption
in the IR signal is detected by the receiver. The system's electronic circuitry, including a relay,
is responsible for interpreting the interruptions and triggering specific actions accordingly.
The LabVIEW programming environment is employed to facilitate data acquisition and
analysis. The software is used to process the incoming signals from the IR receiver, accurately
detect person movements, and increment or decrement the count of individuals entering or
exiting the area. Additionally, LabVIEW allows for the integration of a relay circuit to control
the activation of lights, providing a visual indication when a person is detected.
Through extensive testing and validation, the system demonstrates high accuracy and
reliability in detecting and counting individuals. The use of an IR transmitter-receiver setup
provides a robust solution that can operate effectively in various lighting conditions. The
integration of LabVIEW offers a user-friendly interface for monitoring and controlling the
system, making it accessible to users with minimal technical expertise.
Overall, this project presents a practical and efficient solution for person detection using IR
technology, LabVIEW programming, and relay circuitry. It can find applications in diverse
areas such as occupancy monitoring, security systems, and crowd management,
contributing to enhanced safety and control in public spaces.