Jestr Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 15 (4) (2022) 134 - 139

Research Article
JOURNAL OF
Engineering Science
and Technology Review

r
www.jestr.org

Power System Performance Enhancement with FACTS Devices

Mahaboob Shareef Syed1,*, B. Karimulla Peerla Shaik2, C. B.Venkata Prasanth3 and D. Karimulla
Syed4
1
EEE Department, Vignan’s Lara Institute of Technology and Science, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India – 522213
2
EEE Department, Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology, Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India - 500100
3
EEE Department, QIS College of Engineering & Technology, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India-523272
4
EEE Department, University of technology and applied sciences- Shinas, Sultanate of Oman

Received 1 July 2022; Accepted 2 August 2022

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

The power system network is growing in size day by day with the exponential growth in demand. The optimal operation
of power system gains much more attention of worldwide researchers which necessitates sophisticated methodology and
technique. Even though many optimization methods are propsed already, the optimality is still doubtful. To address this
challenge, an innovative improved wind driven optimization algorithm (I-WDO) is proposed in this work. With the optimal
integration of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices much more benefits are also extracted. The system
performance is evaluated in terms of fuel cost and power transmission losses. The obtained results with the proposed I-
WDO are compared with that of various evolutionary approaches. On observing the results, it can be concluded that the
fuel costs and losses are minimum with the proposed I-WDO algorithm and also with the incorporation of FACTS devices.

Keywords: Optimal Power Flow (OPF), Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Improved
wind driven optimization algorithm (I-WDO), Active power loss, Transmission loss.
____________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction enhancement can be obtained. This reduces the cost of

installing new transmission system.
Today most of the power in the world is produced by the FACTS devices are well known for their precise operation
thermal plants only. The fuel for the generation of power in for maintaining security of the system. If proper FACTS
a thermal plant is coal. Though the coal fuel resources are device is selected according to the requirement and located
going to exhaust, this evolves as a main source for electric optimally the benefits achieved will be unimaginable.
generation. The second main problem with the coal fired To complete all the aforementioned tasks, a normal
plants is, the huge cost involved in procuring, processing and conventional algorithms are not at all suitable. Therefore, a
its utilization. Therefore, it is a responsibility of any electric novel hybrid heuristic algorithms need to be proposed to take
engineer to reduce the cost of fuel. So that, electric power can care of all non-linearities in a system.
be delivered to end consumer with utmost minimum cost. The OPF problem is a very important analysis that’s need
Optimal power flow (OPF) solution is to find the to be carried out for economic, secure and satisfactory
operating state of the variables by properly tuning them such operation of power system. It involves the regulating of
that the overall cost can be minimized. In OPF the fuel cost control parameters in the prescribed limits. A numerous work
minimization only is the main objective. But, in practice there is carried out for suggesting its optimal operation. At the same
are 10 to 15 percent of sending end power is contributed time with the development of power electronic devices
towards the transmission losses. By properly tuning the FACTS devises found their use in various power system
electric parameters, these losses also can be minimized to applications. Later with the integration of renewable energy
certain extent. Mathematically, the loss function also can be sources also the operation of power system becomes still more
included in the objective function. Which can be considered complicated for handling their uncertain generation. The
as multi objective problem. same OPF problem can be extended further to distribution
The transmission lines are used to transfer the power from system in case of installation of Distributed Generation.
generating location to the end consumers. Currently the main Covering all these concepts a few of the literature are
issue with the transmission system is that they are not utilizing presented in the subsequent sections. The authors of [1]
up to their maximum capacity level. After transmitting a studied various challenges while solving OPF problem. They
certain amount of the power, still it has capacity to transmit emphasizes Cockroach Swarm Optimization (CSO)
without violating the operational constraints. In other terms it algorithm for solving OPF problem on IEEE 9 bus system. In
also known as loadability. The transmission system [2], the authors done a comprehensive literature and tried to
loadability need to be improved for economic utilization. solve OPF problem, while optimally placing various FACTS
During solving the OPF problem, the loadability devices. The authors of [3] installed various SVC FATCS
enhancement also can be considered. Without violating the device in optimal locations and done the analysis for loss
system and operational constraints the loadabiity minimization, voltage profile enhancement and at the same
______________ time reduction of fluctuations on standard IEEE 9 and IEEE
*E-mail address: [email protected] 30 bus system.
ISSN: 1791-2377 © 2022 School of Science, IHU. All rights reserved.
doi:10.25103/jestr.154.19
 Mahaboob Shareef Syed, B. Karimulla Peerla Shaik, C. B.Venkata Prasanth and D. Karimulla Syed/
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 15 (4) (2022) 134 - 139

Loadabiity is one of the concept arises to make use of Mathematically, it can be formulated as:
available transmission line to its maximum level without Minimize
violating system and operational constraints. This reduces the
cost of new installation of transmission lines. The authors of 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑢) (1)
[4] suggested a new technology for solving OPF problem by
suggesting the incorporation of power flow routers. Subjected to
Congestion is a problem that every power system engineer 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑢) = 0 (2)
need to focus. The poor planning may lead to transmission
line congestion. The authors of [5] utilized multiple FACTS ℎ(𝑥, 𝑢) ≤ 0 (3)
devices to elevate the loadability of the system at the same
time mitigating the congestion of power system. They have Where, the functions F is the objective function, g is set
make use of SVC and STATCOM on IEEE-14 bus system of equality and h is set of inequality constraints. All these
and the performance has been studied. In reference [6] also functions are expressed in terms of x and u. x represents the
the authors have placed SVC optimally to minimize the vector of dependent variables and u represents the vector of
system loss while enhancing the voltage stability. The authors independent variables. The dependent variables include Slack
have make use of Genetic algorithm for solving the identified power generation, Voltages at all load buses, Reactive power
problem and performed the analysis on standard IEEE 6 bus generations of generators and MVA loadings of the
system. transmission lines. The independent vector includes the active
The authors of [7] carried out their work to nullify the line power generation and voltages at the generator buses except
overloads by handling re economic dispatch online without at the slack bus, tap settings of tap changing transformers and
violating security constraints. It also studies in case of over shunt VAR compensation.
loads by online economic re-dispatch under emergency The objective function considered here is to minimize the
situation also. In [8], the authors carried out their work in fuel cost,
deregulation system environment. Here also the authors
strives for mitigating the overloading by reducing the Minimize
contingency case. They have make use of Interline power
flow controller as FACTS device and Gravitational Search 𝐹! = ∑#$
"%& 𝐹" (𝑃$" ) in Rs/hr (4)
Algorithm for obtaining the desired objective. The authors of
[9] presented a novel methodology for handling renewable FT is the total fuel cost expressed in Rs/hr, which is the
energy integration to the power system. Their main emphasis sum of all the individual generator’s fuel cost and NG is
is on solving the OPF problem as usually to minimize the fuel the number of available generators. Fi (PGi ) is the fuel cost
cost, reducing the loss and at the same time to handle the of ith generator to generate PGi power in MWs and is
adverse environmental effects raised by the fossil fuel plants. expressed as
In [10], the authors develops an intelligent power flow
controller by making use of grasshopper algorithm for '
𝐹" (𝑃$" ) = 𝑎" × 𝑃$" + 𝑏" × 𝑃$" + 𝑐" in Rs/hr (5)
optimization of dynamic response. The obtained results are
compared with that of particle swarm optimization algorithm. Where, 𝑎" , 𝑏" 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐" are the cost coefficients of the
The authors of [11] proposes Augmented Lagrangian Based generators.
Alternating Direct Inexact Newton (ALADIN) to solving AC
Optimal power flow problem. In [12, 15], the authors obtains Subjected to,
optimal location of Interline power flow controller to study
the dynamic performance using OPF problem. The authors (a). Equality Constraints:
also make use of BAT algorithm to obtain the desired (i). Active Power balance Equation: The total active power
objectives. generation which is the sum of all the individual generations
In the present work, a novel heuristic algorithm is must be equal to demand and transmission losses.
proposed, the OPF problem is solved while considering cost
minimization, loss minimization and also enhancement of ∑#$
"%& |𝑉" || 𝑉( ||𝑌"( |𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝛿" − 𝛿( − 𝜃"( ) = 𝑃) + 𝑃* (6)
loadability. The FACTS devices also located optimally to
solve the above said objectives and obtained satisfactory Where, |𝑉" |𝑎𝑛𝑑|𝑉( |are the voltage magnitudes, 𝛿" 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝛿(
results.
are the voltage angles at buses i and j respectively and 𝜃"( is
the bus admittance matrix angle. PD is the electrical power
1.1. Optimal Power flow solution
The main concept of Optimal Power Flow solution is to find demand. PL is the electrical transmission losses.
the final optimal operating state of the power system by
properly selecting the settings of the control variables at the (ii). Reactive Power balance Equation: The sum of reactive
power generation and shunt reactive compensation must be
same time satisfying the system equality and Inequality
constraints to achieve the economic operation. The generators equal to the sum of the reactive demand and reactive power
are allocated load and losses economically. Solving the OPF losses.
is problem is highly nonlinear. So a sophisticated tool is
indeed necessary to obtain the optimal operating point of the ∑#$
"%& |𝑉" || 𝑉( ||𝑌"( |𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝛿" − 𝛿( − 𝜃"( ) = 𝑄) + 𝑄* (7)
system.
Where, QD and QL are the reactive power load and reactive
1.2. Mathematical modelling of OPF losses in a system.
The solution of OPF problem is to obtain the steady state
operating point of the system to achieve the optimum cost, (b). In Equality Constraints:
while satisfying the equality and in-equality constraints.

135
 Mahaboob Shareef Syed, B. Karimulla Peerla Shaik, C. B.Venkata Prasanth and D. Karimulla Syed/
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 15 (4) (2022) 134 - 139

The real, reactive powers and voltage magnitudes at the Step 3: start with initial population i.e. position and velocity
generator buses, line flows, voltages at all load buses, tap randomly with in the search space.
settings of tap changing transformers and shunt reactive Step 4: Obtain the fitness value of each air parcel.
powers injected must be with in their specified minimum and Step 5: The current velocity of the particle should be updated
maximum limits. using equation 17.
+", +-. Step 6: Check if there is any violation in velocity limit.
𝑃$" ≤ 𝑃$" ≤ 𝑃$" ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝑁𝐺 (8)
Step 7: The current position of air parcel should be updated
+",
𝑄$" +-.
≤ 𝑄$" ≤ 𝑄$" ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝑁𝐺 (9) using equation 16.
Step 8: Check if there is any violation of position limit.
𝑉$"+", ≤ 𝑉$" ≤ 𝑉$"+-. ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝑁𝐺 (10) Step 9: Increase the iteration count and check for the
maximum iteration limit has been reached.
𝑆/" ≤ 𝑆/"+-. ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝑛𝑙 (11) Step 10: Repeat the steps from 4 to 9 until the convergence
condition is satisfies.
𝑉"+", ≤ 𝑉" ≤ 𝑉"+-. ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿𝐵 (12) To validate the accuracy of the proposed I-WDO algorithm,
it was used to solve for load flow solution using FDLF
approach.
𝑇"+", ≤ 𝑇" ≤ 𝑇"+-. ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝑁𝑇 (13)
+", +-.
𝑄0ℎ" ≤ 𝑄0ℎ" ≤ 𝑄0ℎ" ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝑁𝐶 (14)
3. Modelling of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

The UPFC mainly consists of two converters, which are

2. Proposed Improved Wind Driven Optimization connected back to back with a DC link. One converter
algorithm connects to the transmission line through a series transformer,
which regulates the voltage injected into the line and the
Wind Driven Optimization (WDO) algorithm is developed by second converter is connected through shunt transformer. The
inspiring from the natural behavior of the moment of air purpose of second converter is to provide the active power
particles in the atmosphere which arises due to the non- requirement of first converter through the DC link. The
uniform distribution of pressure. [13, 16]. WDO is proposed implementation of UPFC in transmission system has been
depending on multi-dimensional and multi modal based
shown in Fig 1.
global optimization algorithm. The trajectory of each air
parcels is governed by the Newton’s second law. The moment
of air parcels is directed by four forces. The frictional forces
arises due to the neighboring particles, the force of earth
gravity, which draws the air parcels to center of search space,
the force exerted by pressure gradient and forces due to
Coriolis. The position and the velocity of every air particle is
updated by making use of equations 15 and 16.

&
𝑉12& = (1 − 𝛼)𝑉1 − 𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑅𝑇 K3 − 1K (𝑥451 − 𝑥1 ) +
67!"!ℎ#$%&'
(15)
3
Fig 1. Circuit Diagram of UPFC.
𝑥12& = 𝑥1 + 𝑉12& (16)

In this thesis, an I-WDO is proposed to obtain the The present work makes use of a power injection model
convergence much faster. A novel factor known as wind of UPFC, where the equivalent circuit of UPFC has been
factor (wf) is introduced to obtain much better satisfactory represented by a two voltage source model [14, 17]. 𝑉" is the
results. The value of wf is tested on many standard functions voltage at bus i with voltage angle Ɵi and holds the same for
and its value is concluded to be in the range of 0 to 2. With bus j also.
the development of wind factor the velocity equation 15 is
modified as equation 17. Where 𝑉9 is the series voltage source and can be given as:
&
𝑉12& = (1 − 𝛼)𝑉1 − 𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑅𝑇 K3 − 1K (𝑥451 − 𝑤8 × 𝑥1 ) + 𝑉9 = 𝑟𝑉" 𝑒 (: (18)
67!"!ℎ#$%&'
(17)
3 Its magnitude and phase angle can be controlled with 𝑟
and 𝛾parameters. The operating limits of 𝑟 and 𝛾are specified
The position update is done according to the equation 15. as0 < 𝑟 < 𝑟 ;-. .
The generalize step by step procedure to solve the problem As the series voltage source does the main functionality,
using I-WDO is described in the following steps. it is indeed necessary to model series voltage source. The
The implementation of I-WDO involves the following Norton equivalent to the series voltage source can be
steps. represented as below.
Step 1: Initialize I-WDO algorithm and problem specific
parameters. The current source value is given as:
Step 2: Define the Objective function for the considered
problem. <
𝐼9 = −𝑗(=( ) (19)
(

136
 Mahaboob Shareef Syed, B. Karimulla Peerla Shaik, C. B.Venkata Prasanth and D. Karimulla Syed/
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 15 (4) (2022) 134 - 139

In an interconnected complex power system, the flexible,

Where 1T𝑋 = 𝑏0 reliable and economic operation can be obtained by installing
0 UPFC device in a proper location. While installing it needs to
keep in mind that, UPFC should not be located at the
The apparent power injected in to the ith bus:
generator buses, in the shunt compensated buses and the lines
where tap changing transformers are connected. To find the
𝑆"9 = 𝑉" ∗ (−𝐼9 )∗ (20) optimal location of UPFC in the given network, a sensitive
function (Fs) is considered. Fs is defined based on MVA
Similarly, the power injected into jth bus: calculation as shown in expression 30.

𝑆(9 = 𝑉( ∗ (𝐼9 )∗ (21) 𝐹0 = ∑,/ +-.

"%&(𝑆" − 𝑆"E@F )' (30)

On solving above equations the real and reactive power Fs is calculated for different location of UPFC placement.
injections can be obtained as: The location at which Fs is minimum is said to be optimal
location.
𝑃"9 = −𝑟𝑏0 𝑉" ' 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾 (22)

𝑄"9 = −𝑟𝑏0 𝑉" ' 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 (23)

𝑃(9 = 𝑉" 𝑉( 𝑏0 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃"( + 𝛾) (24)

𝑄(9 = 𝑉" 𝑉( 𝑏0 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃"( + 𝛾) (25)

The shunt converter used to provide the active power

which is injected into the transmission line through series
converter. When UPFC is a lossless Fig 3. Norton equivalent of series voltage source of UPFC

𝑃9ℎ7,1?4,@ = 𝑃9A3"A0?4,@ (26)

5. Solution Methodology
∗
𝑆9A3"A0 = 𝑉9 ∗ 𝐼"( (27)
The following is the step by step procedure adopted to solve
the OPF problem with and without the presence of UPFC
On solving device.
Step 1: Find the optimum location of UPFC device such that
𝑃9A3"A0 = 𝑏0 𝑟𝑉" 𝑉( 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃"( + 𝛾) − 𝑏0 𝑟𝑉" ' 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾 the sensitive function is minimum.
Step 2: Solve the OPF problem with the help of I-WDO
𝑄9A3"A0 = −𝑏0 𝑟𝑉" 𝑉( 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃"( + 𝛾) + 𝑏0 𝑟𝑉"' 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 + 𝑟 ' 𝑏0 𝑉"' algorithm.
Step 3: Solve the OPF problem in the using I-WDO by
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃"( = (𝜃" − 𝜃( ) (28) incorporating UPFC device.

The total UPFC power injected at the two buses i and j can
be obtained by merging shunt and series connected voltage 6. Results and Analysis
source models.
6.1. Case (i): Solution of OPF using I-WDO without
𝑃".C = −𝑏0 𝑟𝑉" 𝑉( 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃"( + 𝛾) incorporation of UPFC.
𝑄",C = −𝑏0 𝑟𝑉"' 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 The OPF problem is solved using I-WDO algorithm for a
𝑃(,C = 𝑏0 𝑟𝑉" 𝑉( 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃"( + 𝛾) (29) standard IEEE 14 bus system. Which has one slack bus, 4
generator buses, 9 load buses and 20 transmission lines.
𝑄(,C = 𝑏0 𝑟𝑉" 𝑉( 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃"( + 𝛾)
The single line diagram with line numbers is shown in Fig
4. The Table 1 shows the optimal power generations of
various generators and transmission losses in an IEEE 14 bus
system. From the obtained results it can be observed that, the
power obtained are yields to the minimum cost of 767.97 $/hr
and the transmission losses are observed to be 4.62 MW.

Table 1. Results of OPF without UPFC

Active Power Active
Bus
S.No Generation Cost ($/hr) Power
No.
(MW) Losses (MW)
1 1 93.74
2 2 75.65
Fig 2. Two voltage source model of UPFC. 3 3 27.83 767.97 4.62
4 6 45.03
5 8 21.34
4. Optimal location of UPFC device

137
 Mahaboob Shareef Syed, B. Karimulla Peerla Shaik, C. B.Venkata Prasanth and D. Karimulla Syed/
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 15 (4) (2022) 134 - 139

6.2. Case (ii): Solution of OPF using I-WDO with The comparison of fuel cost with and without UPFC are
incorporation of UPFC shown in Fig 7 and 8 with various algorithms. In Fig 7, the
In this case, the OPF problem is solved by incorporating fuel cost is obtained with I-WDO, PSO, GA and DE without
UPFC device. For that purpose, it needs to identify the installing UPFC. It is observed that, the fuel cost with I-WDO
optimal location of UPFC in a given system in such a way to is 767.97 $/hr. By using PSO it is 770.24 $/hr, with the help
minimize sensitive function. The UPFC is located in all of GA the fuel cost is 820.42 $/hr and with the use of DE the
possible locations and the sensitive function is calculated. The fuel cost observed to be 790.15 $/hr. Hence, without installing
minimum and maximum limits considered for the UPFC UPFC, I-WDO leads to min fuel cost compared to other
variables are: 0 ≤ r ≤ 0.09, 1.25 ≤ bs ≤ 50 and 0 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 360o It algorithms.
is identified that when the UPFC is in line no.7, the sensitive Fig 8 shows the fuel cost with I-WDO, PSO, GA and DE
function value is 355.1478 which is very less as compared to by installing UPFC. It is observed that, the fuel cost with I-
others locations. After finding the optimum location in line WDO is 756.51 $/hr. By using PSO it is 762.87 $/hr, with the
no.7, the UPFC is placed and the OPF problem is solved using help of GA the fuel cost is 799.47 $/hr and with the use of DE
I-WDO algorithm. Table 2 depicts the results of OPF with the fuel cost observed to be 770.95 $/hr. Hence, with the
UPFC incorporated in line no.7. installation of UPFC, I-WDO leads to minimum fuel cost
It is observed that with the incorporation of UPFC, the compared to other algorithms.
total fuel cost is reduced to 756.51 $/hr and the transmission
losses are observed to be 4.55 MW. The cost and losses are 770
reduced with proper operation of UPFC compared to base

Cost ($/hr)
case. 765
760
755
750
Without UPFC With UPFC
Fig 5. Fuel Cost with and without UPFC Using I-WDO.

4.65
Transmission
Loss (MW)

4.6

4.55

4.5
Without UPFC With UPFC
Fig 6. Transmission Loss with and without UPFC Using I-WDO.
Fig 4. Single line diagram of IEEE 14 bus system.
840
820
Cost ($/hr)

The active power loss comparison and loss comparison is

shown in Figs 5 and 6. From the obtained results, it can be 800
observed that without the incorporation of UPFC the cost 780
obtained is 767.97 $/hr while with the installation of UPFC it
is reduced to 756.51 $/hr. 760
740
IWDO PSO GA DE
Table 2. Results of OPF with UPFC
Fig 7. Fuel cost comparison without UPFC Using I-WDO, PSO, GA and
Active DE algorithms.
Active Power
Bus Cost Power
S.No Generation
No. ($/hr) Losses
(MW) 810
(MW)
1 1 95.06 800
Cost ($/hr)

2 2 79.24 790
3 3 38.90 756.51 4.55 780
4 6 22.24 770
5 8 28.09 760
750
740
In this analysis the cost of UPFC device is not considered.
730
In the Fig 6, the variation of transmission losses are observed
IWDO PSO GA DE
to be high in without case i.e 4.62 MW while it is reduced to
4.55 MW with the installation of UPFC. The OPF problem is Fig 8. Fuel cost comparison with UPFC Using I-WDO, PSO, GA and DE
solved with the help of I-WDO algorithm. algorithms.

138
 Mahaboob Shareef Syed, B. Karimulla Peerla Shaik, C. B.Venkata Prasanth and D. Karimulla Syed/
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 15 (4) (2022) 134 - 139

The Figures 9 and 10 shows the variation of transmission 5.2

loss with and without UPFC by applying different algorithms.

Transmission Loss
5
5.1 4.8

(MW)
Transmission Loss

5 4.6
4.9 4.4
(MW)

4.8 4.2
4.7 IWDO PSO GA DE
4.6
Fig 10. Transmission Loss Comparison.
4.5
4.4
IWDO PSO GA DE 7. Conclusion
Fig 9. Transmission loss comparison without UPFC Using I-WDO, PSO, In this paper, a novel I-WDO is proposed by inspiring from
GA and DE algorithms.
natural behavior of movement of air particles. With this
proposed algorithm, the OPF problem is solved, cost and
In Fig 10, the transmission loss is obtained with I-WDO,
losses are obtained. To extract the benefit from FACTS
PSO, GA and DE without installing UPFC. It is observed that,
devices the UPFC is placed in the system with properly
the loss with I-WDO is 4.62 MW. By using PSO it is 5.01
MW, with the help of GA the loss is 4.97 MW and with the identifying its location depending on sensitive function. With
the incorporation of UPFC the cost and losses are also
use of DE the transmission loss observed to be 4.86 MW.
obtained. It is observed that with the incorporation of UPFC,
Hence, without installing UPFC, I-WDO leads to min
the fuel cost and losses are reduced compared to the base case.
transmission loss compared to other algorithms.
The results obtained with proposed I-WDO algorithm are
compared with that of PSO, GA and DE algorithms. From the
obtained results it is observed that I-WDO outperformed over
the remaining considered PSO, GA and DE algorithms.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License.

______________________________
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