Let us Recoll

o The converse, inverse ond contropositive of the implicotiorl

p+ q ore:
Converse : Q)P
Inverse : -P+-Q
Contropositive : - q-+- P
o Quontifiers qnd quontified Ststements : Look ot the following
stotements:
p : "There exists on even prime number in the set of nqturol numbers"'
q : "A11 noturol numbers ore positive"'
Eoch of them osserts o condition for some or oll objects in o collection.
.'there exists" qnd "for oll" ore colled quontifiers. "There exists"
Words
qll" is
is colled existentiol quontifier ond is denoted by symbol :. "For
colled universol quontifier ond is denoted by V ' Stqtements involving
quontifiers ore colled quontified ststements. Every quontified stotement
p the
corresponds to o collection ond o condition' In stotement
collection is 'the set of noturol numbers' ond the condition is 'being
even prime'.
Whot is the condition in the stotement q ?
A stqtement quontified by universol quontifier V is true if o11 objects
in the collection sotisfy the condition. And it is folse if ot leost one
object in the collection does not sotisfy the condition.
A stotement quontified by existentiol quontifier : is true if ot leost
one object in the collection sotisfy the condition. And it is folse if no
object in the collection sotisfy the condition'
Idempotent Low p^p=p' pvp=p
Commutqtive Low pYq=clvp pna-_!_!_L
Associotive Low p (q n r) = (P " q) A r :- P A q A r
p ^Y (q v r) = (P " q) , !:J_, q u:
Distributive Low pn(q"r)=(Pnq)v(P!r)
p
"G;i = (p v q) n (P:)
De Morgon's Low * n q) : - p Y -Q, -@ v q) = -P n -q
Identity Low WF,pv F=p,pv T=T
Complement Low p,.-p=F,Pv-P=T
 Absorption Low pvQtxq)=p,pn@v
Conditionol Low
Biconditionol Low p+>q=
Ex' (1) Write the converse, inverse, contropositive ond the negotion of
the implicotion: "If two sides of q triqngle ore congruent then
it's two ongles qre congruent.,,
Solution :

converse : If two ongles of o triongle ore congruent then it,s

two sides qre congruent.
Inverse : If two sides of o triqngle ore not congruent then it,s
, two ongles ore not congruent.
contropositive : If two ongles of o triongle qre not
congruent then
it's two sides qre not congruent.
Negotion : Two sides of q triongle qre congruent but it,s two
ongles qre not congruent.
Ex. (2) write (q) truth volues qnd (b) negotions of the folrowing
stotements :

i) VxeR,x2 is positive. ii)

1xeR,x2 is not positive.
iii) Every squore is o rectongre. iv) some poroilelogroms
qre rectongles.
Solution :
o) Truth volues
i) folse becouse the squore of 0 is not positive
ii) true becquse the squore of 0 is not positive
iii) true iv) true
b) Negotions
i)
1xeR,x2 is not positive. ii) yxe R,x2 is positive.
iii) There exists q squore which is not o rectongle.
iv) No porollelogrom is o rectongle.
Ex. (3) without using truth tqble prove thot
{[(r" q)n- pf--t]=t-+ t
Solution :

L.H.S. = {[(, , q)^ - p)-- q]

 =[-(p,,q)v pf, - q (....P.9...,n.q61.d]...!l*.... )

=[(- pn - q), pfu - q (.. pg....fl.e/.$ qd:...1*.*.......)

t-av9.. ....)
=[(-p v p)n(*qvp)]"- q (....D.U.kih.^+t*..
=[(r)n(- qu p))u -q t....C.gm.8!.q-rngot...!s4.....1
=(-qvp)v-q (....Id.+Jil.l ...!*.*..........)
qv pv-q
1.....4s.:.9..gi.s,f1g....\s.l.+.....1
= -qvp t..Id.*mfg..h*S...taur........)
=q-+ p

L.H.S.=R.H.S.
Ex. (4) Using truth toble
Solution :
I u m ry V VI VII VIII IX
p q -p -q peq -(peq) p^-q q^ -p (pn-q)v(qn-p)
T T tr tr T F F F e.
T T F- T r tr
F
F
T
F-
T-T- F tr r ? T r
I

F F T T tr F tr F
From column (VI) ond (IX) we conclude thot

Ex. (5 ) Is - (p * q) equivolent to (- p)+> q ? Justify.

n : J... tr J[E v \rI
f L t".rp ,u? e 1* PeL 1l!*D
-r
r r F ? ,r
F e T t T
F T I
T T f T
F F T r- T 12

.', -

Ftpq (olunn r\o lV qnA Vl w.

...1... "t"'i
Ld,clql<-
 .Ex. (6) Drow the switching circuits ond prepore the input output tqbles
for stotement potterns :

o) (n"a)"(- pt-d b) (rrq)"-q

Solution : ....

t s^rtd^ Sr i .,t"s4 I-
t..rt P 5,t s do*C
tvL
A1-)v @en-t)
,?. 4; fnt l*n .. r:tqr...
^'PA ^,. t
."t... I .. . 1...... .1.. .o.. ....o...... .....o....
.t.... ...o..... ......o..... Io ....t...... ....o.....
.0...... . .t......
.0...... :.."O......
......o.'.....
II :..O.....
..... o...... .t. ...r...... ...t......

? L O,l
I Pv1_ (? uq-) n .'rt
I

I
I

0
0
I
t
I
I
I
o I 0, I
0
o o I o o

Ex. (7) smg. truth

,h toble prove thol
@"q)rr:(pvr)n(qvr
t? Iq- r
Ipnt l{rn4rrl cw "'.r"'
Lv/
Solution
l'r i: l:
.F
l:
llr I ;it t:7l;I ; r;
T .."T..
T
.

'r F IT F

t.
F'
;, tI ln
T.
T
?
l,T T
:r
r tr l- lr
r EJr: j; l;
F.... F
l E.
Sign of Teocher :
Fto*t colq qn (v) anA (vnt)
(f nq-)vz = (Pvz)n(tvr)
Let us Recoll
o If A ond ^B ore squore motrices of the some order such thqt AB :
BA : 1 then A snd B ore colled inverses of eoch other. We denote
inverse of A by A-'.
o If A is s non singulor motrix then d, = .

fiadj,a

[ro1l[r2
Ex. (l) If o=lo , 3l ond ,=1, I :l then nnd motrices X ond
.,r"n ,no, [r 2 l.] lz 4 7)

AX:BondYB:4.
Solution : Consider the motrix equotion AX : B

[totl [trt1
l0 2 3lX=ll I 5l
[,21) lr4r)
R, i R, -R,

[roll [r231
ln ,. ,lx=lr r sl
Lo2o] [,24)

[r o rl [r 2 31
I

rlr=lr I ll
l'102 1
2l 12 2 2l
ol [r 2 4)
R, -+ Rr-2R,
 i; : il, [i i i]
[, 0 :,) 13 :,)

Rr+- 1ft^ "

3'
0 23
[' 'l
1l*
1

I 15
r =
lo 2l 2 ))
[oo rl 0
11
33

&-+&-R, , n, -+ n, -14
2

78
;;JJ
[r o ol
I
l0 I 0lX=
2
t2
[oo'] I 1
0 -;J ;J

1 Z
J

.'.f,- 1
1
2

0 _;I
J

Now consider the equotion YB : A

orl
'[it;][i 2 3l
2t)
I

Cr. ) C2 -2CpC, + C3 -3Cl

[r o ol [r -2 -21
rlr -1 zl=lo 2 3l
lr o,l [,0 -r)
C, -+ -TC,
 Ir
ool[rr-r1
rl t 1 2l=10 -2 3l
12 o,l[t o -r)
C, -+ Cr-C, , Cr -+ C, -2C,
lrooll- -l 2
o I ol=l 2-2 fl
"l
lr o,l L
10 -r)
C, -+ C, -2C,

[roolt ll 2 -ol
o r ol=l -t2 -2 7l
"l o ,] 50
[o L -2)

lrr 2 -dl
,.r =l -tz -2 , I

It o -r)
Ex. (2) Show thot following system of equotions hos unique solution.
Find its solution by the reduction method.
x+Y+z=2,
x-2Y+z=8,
3x+Y+z=4
Solution : We write the given of equotions in motrix equotion os :
[r 1 lzl
AX:B,where ,l=l t ll, "=[;] ond ,=l t
[,
-z
1 ,l L,l L-l
l

Li + IL,] Lil
It , tl

lr -2 tl =1(-3)-l(-2)+t(z)=o
l,al=
lr111
As lAl * 0, A is non-singulor.
 Given system hos unique solution.

[ + i][l [i]
R, -+ & -&, & -+ & -3R,

[ :i][| [i]
R, -+ -)n,

[ ; i][| [i]
I
R,-+R,+:R. .L
J

[i;x*ylz:2
i][l [l
-3y:6
z:3
x-lr!:'2rZ :3

[t
IfA : l:
-r z)
Ex. (3)
, o zl then veri fy thot A x (adjA) : (adjA) x I :
IAI ,I
X [,0 :]

Solution : A
Ir
I -1 21
l: 02:i
Ir 0 3.]

lAl (,)l: Ij-r-,rli .,7

11.,,,1i ll=,1,y+r(z)+2(o)=
lAl .7.
Let us find minors ond cofoctors. ,4, =(- I),-,MU

(-r)'li rl= :7 , A,, : (-rI

zl oI
A,,: (-r)'l: ?l= o , A,,: l?
l=0
ol

t;l=,
A,,:(-rfI il=, A,,:t-,fli A,,: (-,)'fi ;i1= ]I

A,, : (-')'[: i)=-, A,, : (-,)'ll l:l= o A,,:(-')'ll ;l=,

rhe rnotrix or corqctors is j]
[t 1
The tronspose of the cofoctor mqtrix is the odjoint of A.
l- o 3. -21
odiA:l-; I 4l
Io -r 9]

Ax adj A:[i : :][; ], l]

Ax odi A : tl I :l : 7r: rAr x | .... (1)

[o o 7]
[a: lll-1:! 3l
tll P .a el
" [.9 7.t. e]L
odiAxA:l:7.1
r .a rl
ltool
adi A x A: lo , ol :7r: lAl x [ ....(2)
[o o 7)
From(1)ond(2)we getA x adjA:(adiA)"A:lAl xI

rffi
 231
Ex. (a) If A : , t I then find A, byelementory column trqnsformqtions.
4 7)
:A:
[t 2 3l
Solution
lt ,rl
12 4 7)
[r,31
tAt : l' : , ttil,l[fl.'l l ll
tz 4;] 'll
r

: I (:!) - 2GA + \?.): ;..1.

As lAl * 0, A is non singulor.
A-1 exist.
A-1 A:I

"l:t ;l [i ; I
c2 c2- 2CpC3 -+ C, -3C,
0 ol r.! :.4 .lt
-1 ,l=l s .1. I I

0 ,l Ie a r]
c2 -+ - lC,
t.!. .9 9l [r z -:l
A-l
Ll l; iJ Lt ; il
cr->cr-C*Cr-+C, - 2C,
[r o o-] [-! .? 71
n'lo r o l=1.1. :! ?-l
lz o rl L.e e !l
C1 )Cr-2C,
I
.q .9-l [r:
[. 2 -7|
A'l .e.lt. gl=l-g -l zl
[o a r] l-, o ,]
 [o o tl
Ex.(5) Show thot -""i. is invertibre Find its inverse by odjoint
method. l? ; :l
[oorl
Solution : A : lo , ol
[' o o]
:
rl or ro or ro '\'l:r-o-r=-r
lAl (0)
l; ;l-(,)l i ;1.(')l i ol
lAl : .--l
As lAl * 0, A is invertible.
A-t exist.
Let us find
, 1.1. ot
(-l)'l.q
,4,, =
;l
,r, =(-t)'1.;
"lo Ir
;l
,r, = (-r)tl.? il
The motrix of cofqctors is

The of the odjoint of A.

t.9 o -lr
e=l.Q -i ;l
L-' ; ;l
aai
"'_t
l-.o o :.!l [.o .a .1..]

f =fiaai.t =ll .o *-! .ol:l.o.t. o. l

-11 -
1."
r
eel Lr o ol
 [t 2
Ex. (6) If A: l-t 1 B_ ond AX : B then find X.
f, 2 i) [r]
Solution : ....
Ax=B PJ 7-=- 6 in :1
(r)
3y + eG{ =-tr
3Y-j6
I tl ][il,,Fi] 3J ='tE+\e
3) = zl
=-t5

hc harc ,.;
[i] )..=..7..
R"+R"*e.
lqt' f$ H=l trd,?=:6
[l li] [l !r :rl (I)
......x.*. .t.h..:./. 8..= -.3....
Rs, R.3- Rr

lt:il[]'9. ?L...2..-.]*.L

x=l
25+=il [:=
3J+ rr..L=
1",. 1-J
L
_,;

3l +c \.=...:.'.1....:. .(.{)
Z =-6
 [rool
Ex. (7) If A: lt , ol then find motrix B such thot AB : I. VerifY
thot BA : I. [' 3 1.]

Solution :
Rz-i R2-SKrrkz''R=-Rr

ll
=l
= l-6+o
I
t
A\ =l
tAt+
il
aO .....6.."'o"1"
A l-s nor'\ slnqula/
...J.. I t. oI
-l
A' exf;t
r
h -3 'l
....-....)...

lVo r,o t\)

o "0J'
Sqch fz, ^ (r)
mu\ ti l,?j
A'A
-t

hle o.a
r kn +1",r*

f3 =..(
No.", AA,-t .', fBA = I
C, O:
lo
Ii il Hancc Vcr', HJ "

Sign of Teocher :

W
 3. Trigonometric Functions -I
Let us Recoll
o A solution a of o trigonometric equotion is cqlled o principol solution
if o< a<2n. ,
o The generol solution of sin 0 : sin o is 0 : ny + (-l), a, where n
. aZ.
o The generol solution of cosp=coso is 0=2ntt+6s, whote,
neZ.
o The generol solution of tanp
=tanq, is 0 =ntt+a,where neZ .
o The generol solution of sin,
0 =sinz a is 0 =nn*a,where neZ.
t The generol solution of cosr o=cos2d. is O=nnto, where neZ.
. The...generol solution of tan, 0 =tan2 a is 0 =nn+6s, where neZ .

. The Sine Rule : In A ABC a b

'' ,inA: ,irr,B = # =2R
' where R is the
circumrodius of A ABC.
Following ore the different forms of the Sine rule.
(i) o ..U
,= sin,B sin,";=2R (ii) a=2RsinA, b=2Rsin,B, c=2RsinC
sin ,4 == C
(iii) sinl - sinB - sinC -O (iv) a_sinA 4_sin^B
\ / b sin,B'c
abc sinc

(v) = asin B,csinB = Dsin C,csin A =asinC

bsin A
o The Cosine Rule : In A ApC,
+c'-2bccosA, b2 =c2 1-a't2cacosB, c, =a2 +b, -2abcosC
a2 =b2
o The Projection Rule : In A ABC,
a=bcosC +ccosB, b=cCos A+acosC, c= acosB+bcosA
. Holf ongle formuloe : In A ABC, if a+b+c=2s then
(i) .B
Sl1l- =
(s -c) sln-c, (s-a)(s-a)
- a)(s
2 2 oc2 ' =
,b
r-.:-.---:-
(ii) .or4 _- s(s-a) , B /s(s -b)
cos- = rl-' cos- =
c rs(s-c)
2 2 \ac2

(iii) tan4: (s -aXs -c) B (s-a)(s-c)

2 s(s - a)
,2
.tan-=
s(s -b)
, tan-C =
2
Ex. (1) In A ABC, prove thot a3 sin(B -c)*63 sin(c - A)* c3 sin(A-B)= O.

Solution : Method I
abc
We know thot bY Sine Rule, in A ABC, sinA sinB sinC
-=-:-=2R
sinA _ sinB _ sinC __
O
obc
s\tA= ak, sinB =bk, sinC :ck
By Cosine Rule, bz + c2 - a' = 2bc cosA ,

c' + a' -b' =ZcocosB ,

a2 +b2
-c'=2abcosC
Consider the expression, a3sin(B -C),

a3 sin(B - C) = a3 (sin B cos C - cos I sin C)

: a3 (bk cosC - ck cos B) = l:a' (ab cos C - ac cos 8)

={lrrucosc
: + b' - c')-("' * o' -b'))
-2accosB) Yk'
: ka2 ,
TPU -2"')=
kazb' -ka2cz

a3 sin(B-C) = k'b' -k'c' "'(1)

SimilorlY we con Prove thot
63 sin(C- A)= k"'b' -ka'bz "'(2)

c3 sin(A- B) = ko'c' - kbzcz

"'(3)
Adding (1), (2) ond (3) , we get

a3 sin(,8 - C) * b3 sin(C - A)*c3 sin(l -B) =o

Method II : By using identity sin(,4+B)sin(l-B)=sin2 A-sin2B

Consider the expression, a3sin(B -C),

a3 sin(,B -C)= azasin(B -C)

= a'k sin a sin (B - C)

=a2ksh(B+c)sin(B -c)

: ka'b'-ka'c' ...(1)
 Similorly we con prove thot
b3 sin(C -A)=kc'b'-ka2b2 ...(2)
c3 sin(A-B) = ka2c2 -kb2c' ...(3)
Adding (1), (2) ond (3) , we get
a3 sin (B - C) * D3 sin (C A) * c3 sin(A_ B)
- =o
Ex. (2) In A ABC prove thot :
(c' +b' -a')tanA:(a, +c, -br)tanB =(b, + a, -cr)unC
Solution : By Cosine Rule, a2 _ZbccosA =b, +c,
b2 =c2 +a, -2cacosB
c' = a2 +bz -2abcosC
Consider the expression (c, +b, _ar)unA,

(c2 + b' - o')tan A = 2bc cos n" #

=2bcxsinl
:2bcxak ( by Sine Rule)
= 2abck

(c' +b' -a')tanA=2abck (1)

Similorly we cqn prove thot
(a' + c' - b')tann =2abck .(2)

(b' + o' - c')tanC =2abck .(3)

From (l), (2) ond (3) , we get

Ex.(3) In

Solution : We know thot tan4= /(s-D)(s-c) . r^^B /("-"X"-")

B _ /(s-a)(s-c
I lt 2 s(s-a) .'
-t ^ ^\ rcrl= _
t - !-tzs;Tl
tl____:_=__ ,

tan-C =
2 s(s-c)

L.H.S. : cot4+.ot4+.ot9
222
 =
A, tan-
B tan-C
tan
-!
-222
-)--

-a)
s (s
:*
G-aX' - c)' 1{ (. s- s.)(.s-c )

--G:qir s-b.) l

s t.fcs-;f -+raE-bJ:--*J(,-")'l
(s-b)(s-a)(s-c) I

:-_
G.-o.) Cs-b) (s-c--)
{:s-(s.t.hlg}

{rs -zs}
(s -a)(s - a)(s -c)

XS
(s-a)(s-a)(s-c)
s
(s -a)(s -c) v. 5-.^
--x
CJ-a'l s
S
G:6X-6'G-o)
s(s -a)

a+b+, ls(s-a)
G.;.;-:4'{675:,1
-a+b+c ...get A
2-
b+c-a
: R.H.S.
 Ex.(a) If 0<2x<l qnd sin-rx+sin-rZ*:1 then find x.
3

Solution : Let sin-r x = g

sin| = x qnd cos| =J, - Sf na.e

As sin-r -r + sin-r Z* =1J

^t
sin-r2.r =fta -. S. i.n. ] tc
J

sin-r2x =L-o
J
a

2r=rir€ . O .)

2x = sin! cos 0 - cos l sin 0

33
2.u =.f ..ore -. f,."ire
4x = Ji cosg -sing
4*=Jj"ltr* -*
s'=fi{
25x2 =3-3x2
'28 x2=3
.r-+. .llT;
Zg
But 0<2x<1, *=...f}
'-.Jzg
Ex.(5) Find the generol solution of (o) sing+cosp+1
= 0 (b) t*, 0 _3tan0 =0
Solution : (o) Given sinO+cosg+1=0 sinO+coso=_l
Solution : ....
@ Qtvcn slne+core+l =o
.'" sf t1o' i;';;';;"-
:':i: :::!"-,=);;; (f )
:: ??: :::: =j' = z;,t*,nez
i
iij
rnult i 7ty L; #
6 ;i',

l*'"n #ai;';':iie-#
1....'. ..... r
..'. A -L=z'nfl+g
.:....:....1..".....
cos{ cosn,+;i;T i ; :i;;+ @ ; -t =' rii:
" Ei ) ier-
';'ci.; -
cos G, - I) (1t
''''..; ::;'s' ?
)
d';' e;i(r':'p)
 (b) af o -3tang =o

tan?(tanzO-3;=g

Solution : ....
Glvcna tqn3o-3tqno : o i;;"; = cr.io
,'. tanp Cto"'u -3) :o ts^Le = to"t*
tan@=o oY 4g^Lo-3=6 fonlo =LqrJ;l_ )e =ft.Tt!e,m€z
consldc,t L-qne = o
tqng=o ) e =nr , n ez .'. Thc z<luireJ 3 o^d soln
<-onsil et Lorzo -3 = o o{te G = n7 -oa (s=mfiA!
{=rrao --: rt1,n 4'z-

Ex. (6) Us irrg Cosine rule prove the Sine rule.

Solution :
(stnA \t- sinLA
\q ) az 4 aLLLcz

(:t :t:l t: 1? :.'2cg:;Tl

= )
tlas-gtc2-
a2_
;t#'cz: aa

a.2-

GUe)'z- ( La#aa:""f orf

= (-z_bc)L
aL N<n t
Q b c+u'+ .Lo9 ("9 .- ul cAa') (r::
fs'l.et-
\* b )- {t3 j j-i;r3' ry
bL 6a (q+b+cxa -c) (5+ r- a) (a"ut)
+b
e51; Ir albac z
ba
.*f" - (aagat:r")r'
-8.
(a

b7- C#^)L€i:sF€3*f
(zca.+ n+'agt Xiiii:.ct ;*+U)
_
3 " .=Tsfn c*

( c + a t-l)(b+c-r1 (r-c+a;]
:_ &13* )
t1q?-52-. z
-
c**. ) eo*. .ir. ir.i.s.-.r41r?.rc). .

4 aLbz<L
Ex. (7) Write principol solutioiYo
lutrons of'
.-@ tan 50 = -l
Solution : ....
tan fo = -l ?v* n>€, a =Fr'.*-I = efo,znf
tan so ='r"ton +
#
et' r:l :?:Tt* : # u.l::"*J
p*J. n =8,&=ry+*=34 e.fo,zlr)
i..:.*..:...3.. _.:..:_
tqn o
t*1:3:? Y:#:H 7L:'::l
>t-ctnto( ? 6l =h?r+ o(, n e ? fJ n =to. g, =Yg +{ = Y F Co,roJ
-.549 : n rr ;+ ','ii'aZ
-', 7l're prtnri7e.,l Sal,,*ic-,s of,tan96=-1
rwf 1=0,6,=.fl, ei;;;;) t [*,,*,'*;+ i'U;"#,
fu* n=t , o= +;#;1etii,;;J'
fJ '€'Lo;;;J
n =1^, e=H ; #= *f
?ui nz?, o =P; H; ?"e"Lir]i;nj
P^f n = \,e = g!;* ;'9ft' e L,;,L;)
r.^ln >e, @=+;= ;H"g;.,;;l
Sign ofTeocher :
Let us Recoll
o Inverse Trigonometric functions :

(i) sin(sin-' *)=*, for xe[-t,t]

(ii) sin-r (sin y) : y, for Y .l-2,;)
(iii) cos(cos-'r)= r, for x e [-t,t]
(iv) cos-t (cos Y) : Y, for Y e [0,"]

(v) tan(tan-'r)=x, for xeR (vi) ton-r(ton y): y, for ,'(-t -o o\

2'2)
(vii) sec(sec-'r)-x, for xen-(-11)

(viii) sec-'(sec y) : y, for y elo,r)

{;}
(ix) cot(cot-'x)=y, for xeR (x) cot-l(cot y) : y, for ye(O,n)

(xi) for xeR-(-t,1)

"osec(cos"c-'x)=x,

(xii) cosec-, (cosec y) : y, for ,.1-Z,Zl- fol

Ex. (1) Show thot sin-'(2r.,6-7)=2,in-'' tf-+=.=#
Solution : Let sin-lx = 0
sin0=x, xe[-Lt],
t.l
"=L-v.v1
2'2)

Given -i=*=#,
 1.
,irf-1)< sing < rir,(1)
\ 4) \4)

44

22
L1
2e.l
I -L.>"t-J I

L.H.S : ,i"-' (zr.r/i - r,

)

= sin-r (z sln 0 cos g )

= sin-l(sin20)

=20 As *.1_;,;j

=2sin-1r : R.H.S.

Ex. (2) It 0
x > 0,y > then prove thqt tan-rx-
" tan-rt'=l
tan-t y=
(t+ry )
Solution: Let tan-tx=0 ond tan-ty=6
tan9:x> tant=y
 As x>0 ond t)0, we hqve g aaL2 ond o.O.Lt.
-o .-6<o
2
lt 7l
...(1)
1'1
L'

-tant = Y tano x- (2)

Also tan(o -l)-- l+tan9tan$ l+xy

From (1) ond (2) we set o-Q=*'(ffi)

tan-rx-tan-r
^ = tan-r[Z)
!4' rY _.wLL
[f *ry)

Ex. (3) Prove thot for oll x € R

(o) cot-' (-x)=z -cot-r (x) (b) tan-'(-r)=-t*-'(')

Solution : (o) To prove thot cot-'(-x)=z-cot-'(x)

Let cot-l(-x)= 0
.'.cotg=.i4, Where -xeR,0<0 <n
.'.-cotg=.."q

.'. cot (o -e)= x,x eR

Since, o<0 <n

.' :.Jf . -e. o

'TI
.'.0 <w-0 <. .

Which implies cot(r -0)= * qnd xeR,0<n-0<tc

:. ft -g = cot-l x

;.0 =* -. +o.t-'>t
.'. cot-r (-r)= n -cot-1 x
(b) To prove thqt tan-'(-x)=-tan-'(r)

Let tan-l(-x) =0
 .'. tan. I .=-* where -x e R,-L.. I 7t

...-fung=,

.'. tan(.-.9.)= I

tan9 = x, xeRand-o.-gaL
22
. -e. _,
.=tan'_r

-,
-.ton llG 1*-,,
.'. tan-r (-r)= -tan-t x

Ex. (4) prove thot : ,",,[H##f=i., ir o e (-;,+)

Solution : L.H.s.= tan-rIcosg +singl
Icos0-sing]

=,an-i#fr:J

=tan-,i'-(+ )r'*'l
L'-'-[q.)*,]
L\4 ]L . + g. )l
= tan-r[tan(.
(1)
7t^77
We hove, lrlna(tanl)=0 for -;(A<-. (2)
1.,
LL

Since -o .g aL
.7t7t^7t7t7t
..---r+-<A+-<-+--
44 4 44
4L. :q
.o .< e+L<.

From equotion (1) we get,

f r \-l
L.H.S.= tan-rl terl L+e I
L (q I

)1
= ++
tl 6r
From equotion (2).
 :R.H.S
Thus, or-'[ cos0+sin0 L+e for e.( -L.L\
cos0 -sin0 ]= 4 \ 4'4)

lc
Ex. (5) If sin-t (1 - x)- 2 sin-r x =
) then find the volue of x.
jfny=o @ 2-SinJ-l:-o
Solution :
9ln1 =-o o?/ sfn) -r 2*
l

stft (,-2O -2-sin '"( -Tr2*.......

Ptrf :t = 3ln 5 .". "( -o od ut =I
2_
'.'^=rtn)
s I l1.
| (t" *.stn5). - z's.i'il<..*"fffi
Let ?(.> -L2-
t
sr,il (. t .-sr n3).
=.Q.
* .?).
LH J = Sl,f,t (,-a) - z-siri\x
I
r- srn.t..=.s.rn (.Ta r?,r).
t-sf1.)..=. !f5.1)z ;;;'a:lt-"sr;'(tl
l-SfnJ = l-LSl"t') ;;;f ('+, -; sril (t)
"'
I - s inii' r'r"+zsifitE';ii" x= J2_
z s r na 5 ': '5lnJ' '= '6
+ -2$+ ,
not 3"ln
=-Tl e
s I h.y. .(. zsr*y .-' 1)..=o. .."';?; "L'H'g'+ B.
Ex. (6) Show thot sin-' (zxr/i - x' )= -ro+ 2 cos-r x if -l < - = -rt

Solution : .... q-l

hre knou.: *hJ -t _( a \z-
s f n- t (s lr, x) =.x;=* <*..( {. $lfjTr :T <
LHs = sif ^<% - sln t s sh, o(+',fl
'C+X..ffiA .-tr.
pu"f 2(=SIn e + e=slrfh -. (;; +" +,"i fi" 'tl
-r< 1<t ,-+ (est nJ,* ;t { fi, J(r.[ \
LHr = sirif (ilinJg;"j) -$<zt si - 1 1'Z@ s- jI-L
=sti' (z3i.no Jm) l ;,_;; ;;;i (;; ;;;) I ys ;; s rr
l,.st+ t =sr;ilin[:(:t+ls{J ]
rnur,,r,, ir"r"'1r", [ = tS' km.ttt: ?,P, I
 r' LH'
: :f il(:l cJ *D
r,o hc.rc -* \< - iI - ze_( o
LHs = : T :?* f-r:r {)
Ex. (7) Prove thot : *-'ff =-*, if 0.(-o,0)

Solution
LP,3 =

LflJ
,t
a
LHJ = AHS

d lrtl,T .\.. z-..ar..b,r....

L L'rn
-9 '[ "1o'il'-r,t

Sign of Teocher :
Ex. (1) Find the joint equotion of bisectors of ongles between lines
represented by ax2 +Zhxy+hy2 =g. Henr:e write the joint equotion
of the poir of lines which bisect ongles between the lines given
bY x2 +3xy - !2 =0.
Y

Solution : Let mt ond m2 be the slopes of lines represented by the

equotion
axz +2hxY +bYz =g '
a
:'mt+*r=-!
' b ondmrmz=i'

Let their seporote equotions be' mrx-y-\ ond ffizx-!=O '

Let p(*r,yr) be ony point on one of the ongle bisectors.
Let PM ond PN be perpendiculors drown from P to the lines
mtx- Y =0 qnd m2x- Y =0 '
PM:PN
ffitxt-l,1-l *r*r-!,1
-lffil-l@.;1
(*r*r - yr)' (*?r* 1) : (*r*, - vr)' (,"1 +t)

(*?*? -2m,xry,* y?)(*i+l)= (*i"? -Zmrx,v,+ vi)(mi +t)

*?*it -2m,mlx,y,+*3y? + *?*? -2m,x,y'+ vl
 = *l*?rt -2mlm.,x,y, + m? y? + *:i, -2mrx,y, + yl
(*? - *:) t',r 2mtnz (*, - *r) *,y, - 2 (m, - mr) *ry, - ("t - *i) yi = o
(m, + mr) fi + 2:,,mrmzxth - 2xry, - (m, + mr) yl = 0
. ( 2h\,2a - ( 2!\r?=o
*i'*,r,-2x,Y,-[-l
u l- 1-; ,,
,

-2h*; + 2(a - b) rry, + 2hyl = g

nt -("-b)*,y,.=hyl =s
hxz -(a-b)*y-h'y'=0
The joint equotion of the poir of lines which bisect ongles
between the lines given by *, +3xy-y, =0 is hx2 -(a-b)*y_hy, =0
i .e. :.'-(z)*v-1r' =o
3x2 -4xy-3y' =0
Ex. (2) Show thot 2x2 -xy--3y'-6x+r9y-20=0 represents o poir of
intersecting lines. Finrd the qcute ongle between them. Also find
the co-ordinqtes of their point of intersection.
Solution : We hove 2*, - *y - jy, = (zx -zy)(x + y)
Suppose 2x2 - xy -3y, - 6x +t9y -2g = (Zx -3y + c)(x + y + k)

:On 2*' - *y .3y' -6x+lgty-20 =2x2 - xy-3y,+(c+ 2k)x+(c_3k)y+ck

comporing coeffrci,ents, we get
c -6
+2k = (l)
c -3k =19 (2)
ck =-20 (3)
Solving (1) ond (2) we get c=4 qnd k=_5
They sotisfy equotion (3) olso.
Given generol equotion con be fqctorized os
(zx-ty+a)(x+/-5)=0
Given equotion represents o poir of intersecting lines.
.'._
The ocute ongle between them is given by

tano =lryl
la+b ll
-/;71
=l'F'ia+b = 1('xe I =,
l'tr'E2_3
ll I
 0 = tan_r(5)

rheir point of intersection is siven by (m,#)=[T,T)

Ex. (3) If the line +x + 6y with one of the lines represented
+7 = 0 coincides
by 4xz +2xy-6y'+ttx-y+L=0 then find the volue of l" ond the
slope of the other line.
Solution:Method I:
As 4xz +2xy-6y'=(ax+6y)(x-y), let the equotion of the other
line be x-y+c=0.
Their joint equotion is ( 4* t6y tl. .)(x-v+c)=o

4x2 +. 2- . xy -6y' +(:Z +4 c.)x+ (:7.+.6e)l+ 7c =0

Comporing with given joint equotion, we get
7+4c=..1.1, -7+6c=. al.
ond ).=7c
Solving first two equotions we get, c=1.
),-. .1. ond the equotion of the other line is x-y+l=o.
The slope of the other line is - (*) :+ I

Method II :

Co-ordinotes of every point on the line 4x +6y+7 =0 sotisfy the

joint equotion.
e(.-7 , 0) is o point on the line 4x+6y+7=0.
It sotisfy the equotion 4x2 +Zxy -6y' +llx- y + )" =0.
+?7.)2 +o-o+l (.-1.)-o+ /. = o
7
1
\'
L=7.
The joint equotion is 4x2 +2xy -6y' +lltx - y + 7 = 0
Slope of the line 4x+6y+7 =0 is ':"*' '= - 2
Let slope 'of the other line be mt.
-.f ond mt qre the roots_ of the equotion g*, -2m-4=0.
-2
,-2-2-l
.'.-:+m1 -_- _+n\=-
3

mt: "L
 The slope of the other line is . I
Ex. (a) Find the joint equotion of the poir of lines possing through A(2,
3), eoch of which moke ongle 300 with the y-axis.
Solution : Lines moke ongles 300 with the y-axis.
Their inclinotions ore 600 ond . ltol
Their slopes ore tan600 =rE ond tan. lZOo .=-..6
They poss through A(2, 3).
Their seporote equotions ore (l-3) =JT1*-.L) ond
(y-3) =-J11*-21
S(, -z)-(y-t) : 0 qnd Ji(*-z)+(y_t).
Their joint equotion is

(6(, -2)-(y-3))1 J3.(T-3) t c.e:3.) .)=o

3(*-z)' -(y-3)' = o
r (zta- Ax +q ) -!y1- ., +s) :o
.?Tr:l 1x.+.rl .I2.+.6y:9
=q
? l1l . y i re_n.+6
) +.3 _o
=o
This is the required joint equotion.
Ex. (5) If lines represented by the equotioaxz+2hxy+byz+2gx+2fy+c=0
intersect eqch other then show thot the co-ordinqtes of their
point of intersection ore ('I.-oS,g!:3f \
\ab- h'' ab-n')
Srilution :
h i ucn
i yit I 4' i; ;*qr;;li ir i* "j; +,{5*,o
Co n sidu azr "t_hy *9 =o (rl
" n"'
tat{-brtt=o (tl )
J
-
L* qlorre t,""o tr-lnU f n tcr.r..t CacL^ o tt^e^y

i:JY:1 3"
":'Y
( ) o^i ru" )
1"
"( =-
ti Tl lt
--
il :
tril
 Th e ,Co oz A in^}.l
t r''J
a o
at -hz ai

o >L !:..i.m, .\ ld- gcctfan

:b ^..
L A,T
(

I\
ol
vrf-bf ab-hl g -^f
/ h+ -bs ,'a:F h ?cL
...
-L+l
..t..
\,1l \at,-hL
ffii'?"a'r"'-t1?""

'tL= H[-bq th -cf

t
aa
ffi,5=ffi

Ex. (6) A OAB is formed by the lines *' -4*y * y' =O ond x* 1t "-2=0 .
Find the equotion of the rnedion drqwn from O.
Solution :

B1 rntl

.,, 3 x"- G* t,t- = o

it f s q, 6. r^rftL,, tv'-> wn*s

flt + "lz : 'E- --L

z(1#z(2 *
o r

w -
"'' '
 The- - ,",Jit^k
p is t
:l llr p.i''nl F;; -r'..) t on o?, O=(oro)
?= (r,r)
"'.;:'*r.;
(o;v\+ P s or,\ 1i^.f x+5- L=s L1'\
\ ;At;; ;i ;C

,'. l+9 -L=o

Y-t :a
=l Y
.". P z Cr,t) ,'. tl -! >6 .l
-S
,It r<1u I -J
e-q^ m<dtarl
X ,

Ex. (7) Show thot one of the lines represented by x, +xy-2y, =0

posses through the point ,l(2,-t). Find the joint equotion of
lines possing through l(2,-t) ond perpendiculqr to the lines
represented by the equotion *, **y-2y, =0.

Cn lvort j
pu* a 1z
.', Lr'ls =
=
LH,J =
.'. 6ttc of,

pointr
eomf 6,
,'.a=l
,
t. tYlr *
l\t l
s{n cg
*t\ l^,
*ln"t
"' _L,
frl

Slrtrg"l)
cc inc,t qr( n1,
ll"rou|l.., A z,-t) =(x ,7atti
 6. Vectors qnd Three Dimensionol Geometry

Ex. (l) Using vectors prove the Projection rule.

E r-C
We hove to prove Projection rule,
a=bcosC+ccos.B
Let BC=o,CA=6,trg=V
By triongle lqw of oddition of vectors, we hqve

,qB+BC+CA=0
c+a+6=0
Toking o dot product with a on both sidesr, we get
a.(a +6 +e)= a'o
a'a +a'6 a'c = a'O
+
lf p andQ ore ony two vectors, then p.q = pQcos), where 0 is
ongle between B andQ .

(a) (a) cos 0+ (a) (b) co, (, - c) + (a) (c) cos (z - B) = o

Divide throughout bY a, we $ot
a cos 0 + b (-cos C) + c (-cos B) = I

a =bcosC+ccosB.
Ex. (2) ABCD is o porollelogrom. E ond F ore mid points of BC ond
cD respectively. AE ond AF meet diogonol BD in Q ond P
respectively. Show thot P ond Q trisect BD.
DF'C
 Solution : without loss of generolity let ,l(0) be origin. u(6),c1ey,o(a)
qre the other three vertices of porollelogrom.
E(a) andF("f) ore the midpoints of ac and,DC.
tsy riridpoint formulo, u =u :u ond I =A :u ....(D
Also i=i+i ...(rD
2 ' 2 "
Now let point p divides AF in the rqtio m:r , using section formulo,
we get

From (:II) , we get

o:1ffi@ +t +a)=#q@ +za)

=1h|.ffi)r Gro

Also, let point t, divides DB in the rqtio n:t, using section formulo,
we get

Fro,m (III) ond (IV), we get

ry_ = n ...(v\
T(*.r)-4J"'t'7
,'* ,= I ...(uD
(rn + l) n+l

Divide (V) b,y (VI) , we get n,

)=
DP: PB = n:l=l:2 ...(VII)
By symmetr:g we get Be: eD =t:2 . ..(VIID
From (VID ond (VII| , p ande trisect DB .
Ex. (3) Show thot direction rotios of the line possing through points
A(*r,ypzr) ond B(xr,!2,22) ore xz- xt,lz-
!t,22- Zr. Find I if
A ABC is right_ongled ot B, where
6, 4), B:(4, 4, 1), c=(g, 2, h.
.,4:-(5,
Solution: Let a,F,T be the direction ongles of the line Ar!,
-'-m' ond
cosd,cosB,cos/ ore the direction cosines of the line AB '
AAA

Also a=xri+yri+zrk and b=xzi+lzj+zrk,so we hove

AB = 6 - 7 = (zl,*-.?tr)? + (y, - y,) i +(2.-z)i
Now , AB ?=[{x.'z)?+(};.tr.)i*(zrzr)o] ; =..-2-,3.'"'(D

And qlso AB.i= l-ll?1."r, =.A.E.c.ar*(II)

From (I) ond (II), we hove .r

xz-xr= ABcosa, similorly !z-lt: AB"*95"P

'r-zr ="A'P"SgsY

As x, - - zt ate proportional to cosa 'cosB 'cosy

x1, lz - !t, zz

xr-X1rlz-!1r22-zr.
Therefore, direction rotios of line AB ore
A=(5,6,4),a=(+,4, 1), c=(8, 2, k) then i = 5j +6.1 +\.i ,
As
u
\.i +....i ond i =si *zi +iri
=4., +
.\r\.A.
qnd
Arso AB =6 -a =g?.*.fi*.i..;-1si*eiri.) =.:i.:5.:P.I..
E
Ee =i-b=(u*zi..li)-(+?* +i +i)= .h3.r.{'+'(d-r)
A ABQ- is right ongled -ot^B, we hqve AB'BC=O'
- i=.r R.y r-i-...{*r:.').F
0
1. 1.
=i.
:q;4-3(iitD ;=l,

Ex. (a) Prove thqt (Z+zu-;) b ;]'

[F-b)' F-u-;)]=r[;
Solution: Consider
(a +26-u) [(u-b). (a -0 -e))
=(a+zi -e).[(u-r), ,-(a-r)' t -(u-,),.u]
=(a+zE -e)'lara-6xa-axi +6,.6 -axc +bxe)

As axa - o, b 16 =..0... qnd axi =-.:LIa

=(a +zi -e) [o*.6.x.]...-dx6+....0...- axd +6
xe)
=(a +zi -e).1-u"c +6 xo)
xe)
=a.(-axc +bxa)+ z6'(-axc +6 xe)-e'(-u"c +6
a .(u
As "d) =V _n_u:
= -la a e!+1.*..h...9......1 -2lb a e)+zll.Ei 1.lu e a1-1 IET .t
As la A dl=0
 = -o+[a 6 a)-zli a a]+2(o)+0-o
i-- -'t r-
=lo b
-
c)-2lb o el
As Lo a dl=0
t. E..s. g . . l= -[u n el
=la 6 e)+ zla E --t
c)
=tlu b a]
Ex. (5) Using vectors prove thqt bisectors of ongles of o triongle ore
concurrent.
Let ABc tc : t':::l: On', a\

fh< p.v,s
"rr H-.-
u.)f;,; *, e ana\ c TLJ7 .

A
Solution
Let , tZE anA CF Lrc *l- i nlorynJ tisrctoy_t LA LB
^O x
otnl Lc 6<-tf ,

?u\D.; gfuf , r.": 1r,, ;rl*

F.v

t,
A+b'l- c
91nr<rr-Pr,; ci{+uF}!t?
"qtbt-C"'
l.&ron*Ji fl*rd;:"
i -L
I \ttTnal u+{:.qfr:1.....ftp.".8.F..
.anA...L8.......:
Hcnte .* t'r,,ttarrJ tlsccso.rr qr(( gpn(r\wcJ.
 Bx. (6) Using vectors Prove thqt q quodriloterql is o rectongle if ond

only if its diogonqls ore congruent qnd bisect esch other.

D
!c
Le * AgcD be c^ ':r<ckangle
"'tr.-" f ; ;& "p;ints A,B,C,D.E
Le.l- a-'E't I'' 7 P'
5 f n c e.'14'Br D'' i'6"'' rre cirirnl l"r"'
66 ilc.. (e.r. ?.,*i.).st eb. .?.ss!o"')1")
=
f,-a- =Z-Z
A B b .Fd -= C*a

Solution :
A BCO lJ q rt o'ntu'l
-u+.i
tr" a- -+s
- '2. .=.7:..(::l).
fyo- I &. il *t'.< / l.^1,
p c =BrJ (Siw-' )
is niI : b : i::!:::J: i1: :::?::
7oini e{.!3.0.1}'4.4.q
q^d bfs<c t aact.. o the./ :': ie-.i"= i E'6 t"
.

Dic.jonJl B p.!c.istck..A.c- .
;v.''fri'; [c =' ' 6i,'s5
t: ^
C A)
ConvE"y5cll I- ,:,.Cb-Lt.AB) ( ilc1. fe; :
^*" . J,...

LJ Ciajo,.Js Ac a')' 99 (.s.-s :. fs). :.(.fr - ilrg)

No t^:
ok tr RACD alrc (on3u' o''A
ilf lify.'.:t ^'e-5.}
Ac-z AB + Bc = .€*.+..6,.9... .. ...\... ^f+e,{,
tiSact €-cacl^ otI'.'rrr J
ffi=61 +Zo = BC+ BA
:'JH,:iJr1 .(::l'
"n., tll AbcD
is ll 3r^
I ,., Bct AB

l.,.lAl-_lna1 :o I so^^qr<_
.,Lr , ll9Lt r lrrol 1... \BCl =- ,r1r5t l.o, U ABCD ISa i
L m, e; IL", gc
."r"' l'
[rgol--- =AE
lll y
A Ech qrs-
:.le p r'= l*' : ln-.u14 1'n )l:: I
,'.(Atl-= [66t"
." Ac = BD ffi,
-(tr)
 Ex' (7) Using vectors prove thot the perpendiculor bisectors of the sides
of o triqngle ore concurrent.
C
L:l ?fi ?: :'^,oin\s ofi
sides PrB,t3c.ao ",r.r,
t-* +1" I tisrctor of
st)4 gc anA ha mc<!
B Cack cr*V,1a in p"int P
Solution
e,hoos< P trS *hg orlin o-,.1
"', e"c- e 'L+E,c-6'6
L* a,G,d, J, €,i b," ii. "F e ,", lalL-1f,l2=6
ABcDeFtLs4.,
llcrt r^rc have h.. L' - bL --o
p.tov.e.. thot
iF =l it a to A-a =Z-T ,;;";i='LY "*G j
b) mi4 goi* {rr.*I,. f'; ;''C'' )''a'n'l' (2)
d+E e'.:.7..1I..-..-...
dT -- T, =-\+Z i_ 6+Z t.-O a.(- Ct=a

' ',.: ' 'A'"'A':'E;E '>'o'

.r.,. . 0,..: .4. .:.9. .q.t.q. : g .:. .9,. I .= A

L :t: i(5_:):::!i e):o

).ca-e ) _o
-
) ,(; -z)=o
+.(;-z) >o

AlJo ?E =Z I Bc >- c -d .., pF 1a;

:" E . Ce-E ) >o ', *ku J tisccto rs
.: (Etq)c::gl::
. AAec qrL
:t :lf" cf
(on(u.rr<r.*_
-'.(z+E)(e -! ) --o
Sign of Teocher:
 7. Line ond Plone

Ex. (1) Find the coordinotes of the foot of the perpendiculor drqwn from
e(t,z,t) to the line joining P(r,4,6) ond Q(s,t,+).
Solution : Let M be the foot of the perpendiculor drown from Ato
line PQ.

Ma
Let k: I be the rotio in which M divides PQ.

M:l
( +l 4k +4 4k +6\
stc

Ik+l'k+|.k+l)
- y!-tjy*l
Direction rotios of AM ore
k+l -'k+l k+l -,
-r,o!*f
.
r' v'
r5
4k 2k+2 3k+5
k+l'k+l'k+l
And the direction rotios of PQ ore 4,0,-2
As AM LPQ, (o)"h+(o)x
#+(-z)x Iff=o
T6k-6k-10=0
k=l
The co-ordinotes of u qre (r,+,s).
unit.

Ex. (2) If 0 is the ongle between the line obc

the plone ax+ By+yz+5:O =-!-!t:z-z'
then Prove

sin1:ffiaxd,+bxB+cxY
Hence find the ongle between the line x=!=z qnd the XY
plone.
x-x.
Solution : ab : !-h "l
c
- py+yz+6 =0
ax+
 As the ongle between line ond the plone is 0, the ongle between
line qnd the normol to the plone is !-e. Note thot o -o is
on qcute ongle.
22
The direction rqtios of line ore a,b,c ond thot of the normol

aa+bB+cy
a2 +b2 +c'1f a'+ F'+y'

- -1._^
SlnH=-
aa+bB+cy
tlo'+b2 +c2,lo'* F'*y'

Now the equotion of XY plone is z=0

Let the ongle between line x = ! = z ond the Xy plone be e .

sino=%=@=1 -l
Jo'+b'+CJ;\B\y, Jl,+1,+lr
e = rirr-'[-l)
\.3 /
Ex. (3) Find the rotio in which xy plone divides the line joining
ond a(-+,31,-2). Find the vector equotion of line AB.
;=+=i
Solution : Let tl : I be the rotio in which Xy plone divides the line
joining A(r,28,t) qnd 8(_4,31,_2).
Let (h, k.,o) be the point in which XY plone cuts the line AB.
I
t--
e-*zazl
k+I
L, * rr=..o

l=-', =.:(+r) = L
z2

XY plone divides AB internolly in the rotio .1. , k

Vector olong AB is _S?+
3^i_Zi
i=i+Zsi+i ,\
The equotion line AB is ;=1il..rl* Q .)+,t(-s?+ fi-zi)
Ex" (4) Obtoin coordinqtes of points on the line !=!=,
2 2 l' which
qre
ot 6 unit distonce from the origin.
 *
Solution : Let r(e.8.2.5.K) be o point on the line =L=1 which is ot
221
6 unit distonce from the origin.
OP=6
OPz =36
(a*)'+(**)'*(K.)' =:o
"' $Kz= 36

"' K"=+2
There ore *.q19...... points on the given line which qre ot
6 unit distonce from the origin.
Their co-ordinotes ore (3', !'A') ond ftr';l'-}').
Ex. (5) Find the vector ond Cortesiqn equotion of the plone possing
through the points A(23,1), 8(4,-5,3) ond porollel to X-qxis.

Solution:.... |i t
...X...:-:....1.. r 1
stncL tu' r!.?:: i:.al: .r.:.::t.:i . . fr : i : i:: I I 1 9 I
it, narmo) isl+. v-aNis. lz-tz
......A ...../\....
I

u"iI Vartorr Jo"j x-ar.ris

-fr^,c
= -vj-sk
is i. rt.n*'.' th" ur'li, ;; ,..+"" ;;J; ;f ]\z
";r;:J

5 i11<e-
.is I |" Lolu
i o',) f-r tlo:l,mJ vcc4oz .r. ) +4 z ='l
e,r..;;;;;;;i ;.; ;; - r.,; i; ;.;;\;:J ;;;-
Ex. (6) Find the vector equotion of the plone possing through the origin
ond contoining the line 7 =(i*+i +i)+ t (i+2i +i)

Solution:.... .. .....
G)va^ .tine i:
7 = C i+r j*l j; ; ( i;"i;Q)
Cornfar;nj rcitl^ f = a+^f -(1)

si nce o:1yi.:.:.1..
r.'.:: : ..r:::".: i ..+1^.":.yf . ::i? ? .?.:.!.
:
con*a'tn\nq *nu (f)
....1..
-'. z<1,r ira/ gl ane is lt +" O n an J e
TI L<- nolmJ +. *hr plane
"i("" A""/\'
fik
n = ii *E =- l4l
I r-l
A = z\ t- oj -zK = zi *Lt,
.: ?<-rluircJ vcctoy t"
"1:&^ :* FtanL t 5

,', 7( -t):oI
Ex. (7) Find the vector equotion of the plone which bisects the segment
joining A(23,6) ond a(+,t,-z)r ot right ongle'

wz hatr- Ae'3,6) ond a(e'3'-L)

Solutlon : ...'.
L* d. ..n| E b< P.v ."t an) E tesl.
^

Sincc tcrluireJ Tlan< Lil"rtr i}.r s"1

lT
r:ru ::J1"
.', A B iJ J +" -x*-,ui trl glon<
LJ fr- ;. n"r^^l +. r<qu\t<A Planz

J{." poinl c(Z) is aj1:...L:.

Y 'r\ = C'fr

.u, x (rti-8[) =--lo

r\A
.'" , (i-qk) =-'r
-r(i: )J

Sign of Teocher:
 Ex.,1) Moximize : /=y-2x subject to x_!)2, x+y14,
yzl.
Solution : To drqw regions x-!)2, x+y<4, we begin
by drowing the
lines x-y=2 ond x+v-4.
Tlvo Intercept
Inequolity Line Points
Form Region

x-y>2 x-Y=2 xv Non origin

-+'
"\. -7 (z,o),(0,-z)
side
x+y<4 x+y=4 xv
(+,0),(0,+) Origin side
44
|
--L--l -l

The corner points A(3,1), B(2,0) ond

c(4,0).

Corner Points Volue of Z = y-2x

A(3,1) Z =t_Z(Z)= _S

B(2,0) Z =o-2(2)=-4
c(4,0) Z =0-2(4)=-s
The moximum volue of Z is -4 qt x =2,y =e

Ex. (2) Minimize .. / - 200x+500y subject to x+2y>10, 3x+4y <24,

x)0, y>0.
Solution : To drow regions x+Zy2lO, 3x+4y<24, we begin by drowing
the lines
x+zY =lO, 3x+4Y =24 '

x+zY =10 (ro,o),(o,s) Non origin side

x+2y210

3x+4y <24 3x+4Y =24 (s,o),(o,o)

x+27 = 10
5
(0
4

I
3x+ y:24
Tqs678

The feosible region is ABC, with corner points A(4,3), B(0,5)

ond

c(0,6).
Corner Volue of
Z =200x + 500y
Points
A(4,3) z =2oo(4)+ soo(3) =2300
B(0,5) z =2oo(o)+ soo(s) = 25oo
c(0,6) z = 2oo(0)+ s00(6) = 3000

The minimum volue of Z ts 2300 of x=4'y=3'

per toble is Rs'
Ex. (3) A corpenter mokes tobles ond choirs. Profit
2OO ond thot per choir is Rs. 100. He should
moke ot leqst
two choirs per toble ond the totol number of tobles ond choirs
shouldnotexceed30.Findthemqximumprofit.
 solution: Let x be number of tobles ond y be
number of choirs thot ore
to be mqde by the corpenter. Thqt is x>0,y>0.
Since cost of q toble is Rs. 200 ond cost of
o choir is
Rs. loo, z=Lo oz*
r oo j
Totol profit is........ , which is to be mqximized,.
As ot leqst (more thon or equol) 2 chqirs per tobre

Also os the totol number of tqbles qnd choirs should

not exceed
(less thon or equol) 30,
So x+v<30. Hence the Lpp is formuloted os follows
Moximize Z =200x+100y
Subject to y )2..x,
x+ y 5..3.O,

x)0,J2)0

Y = 2x, x*y=JQ

(o,o),(s,to)
x+ y <30 (o,Zu, o:.!1.b.
30,o)..

x+Y=30

15

10

8 to 15 zn 2s Eri
The feqsible
c (a.)e.)
 Corner Volue of
Points Z =200x+100v

A(.9.,.q.), .9.

B(t9.,?9.) .L p.q. -o.

C( 9,.,39) ?,6 0(>

.1........

Ex.4) A chemicol compony produces o chemicql contqining three bosic

elements A, B, C, so thot it has ot leost 16 liters of A, 24 ltters
of B qnd 18 liters of C. This chemicol is mode by mixing two
compounds. Eoch unit of compound I, hos 4 liters of A, 12
liters

of B snd 2liters of c. Eoch unit of compound II, hqs 2 liters of

A, 2 liters of B ond 6 liters of c. The cost per unit of compound
I is Rs. 800 ond thot of compound II is Rs. 640. Formulote the
problems os LPP ond solve it to minrmize the cost.

Solution : Let the compony produce x units of compound I ond

y units
of compound II.
Then the totol cost is z=800x+640y, this is objective function
which I to be minimized.
The given informotion obout constrqints cqn be tobulqted os follows
Compoundl , ComPoundll Minimum
(r) (Y) Requirement

From the tqble, the constroint

4x + 2y> 16,13r +Ay >L*,'2x +A y >'18' Also

The LPP is formuloted os follows'

MinimizeZ:900x+640y
 Subject to
4x +2y > 16
l?..x + .Ly >..L\
2^.x+$y>..1.8

x,Y)0
lb drow
Tcrdrow regions
regions 4x+2y) 16,!3x +.Ly>?i.?x+.6y>_.1.g

We begin by drowing the lines 4x+2y=l6,tTx+?y=?!,.I*+.6.y=.fF

Two Intercept
Region
Form
4x +2y > 76 4x+2y=l$ (+,0),(o,a)

tz+z) >2{ L*9 -,

L ..'....1L:..1 (z,o)(o1C

#**=t :?) -(?:t) Alon oriSin

iiiI'

4x+2y:16
8

',,irq
'e(j,o)
6 8 3 t0-. 12
t1 117",\--t f.
The feosible region is ABC with corndr points A(.1.,9 ), B(A.,?.),
c(. !.,9..;, o1.Q .,1.?),
 Corner Volue of
Points z=800x+640y
A(J.,.o.), .7.2.9.e
8G.,2.-)
c(..L.6.)
D(o.,tZ) .7 6.8.A.

The minimum vqlue of z is 3(.89.. ot *=3.,Y=.2-

Ex. (5) Minimize : Z=x+2y
subject to x+2y>50,
2x- y <0,
2x+y3100,
x)0,y>0
Solution :
nts Rt3ior
I::trll:
zy
Lin e Po i

1<-y 7, a

zn-y S o

lGe f<^sitl-
So l.r in5 (ll end (:f l r^lc 3.* - 2-{ , !=eo
"(
.'. ? = (t-9,5o)

g (o,re ) ro
a (to,t-o) {o
p (rr, fo) lLe
D (o, too) Loo
 !e hc,,: tnin irnqyn valql SO -t * ^,, Con5cc .^*;rc
vtx*.l ce-r B qn AC

.ro
;i' Lx-Y ? o

lct)

9o
,o
7o
66
p (e-f , so)
5n

IJ|t\"9 11t

! (torto

16 Lo jo qo

Z.hqs rn\nirnql,n valL{e €o A <t/ cr1 p, i d of s.1

r: l:::: f " i^+J B (o , L;) Ancl c (to.,r")
Hen *J^.r. o:f, Q* i n I i', i t<-
afh,nJ
ce

s" lu*i<rlrs
lYTlr:k
Ex. (6) Mqximize : Z =3x+9y
subject to x+3y < 60,
x+ y>10,
x1!,
x ) 0, y>0.
Solution :
I

I:.:::1: h Line p,d^+i R.ri:;

(o,: o)
 Thc li.o:iut. .rcllov.. Pe eop
i_S

so\vil^rg (U) a (U), 1{=5,Y=5

.', F= (E,E)
Solvinq (I) d.(nf) , ?{>tJ,y --tf
...J
. .

,', G-= (rrrrr)

The Lo"{ nct't p oi nls -orl 4- ? , A, , f3 , D
Ve^rtq" Va\.re 7-= 3x +35
f (r,s) 6o
<a.(r r, rs) lgo
g(o,26) 19o
D (0, to) 9o

,,,..?.h*'...T1tI'lnY3....Yl}r.r....l.9.9.
t ^ o c onsec^li va P oi ruts f5 q^ I a.

"/
",/e
\2o

^+3J=[o
 ,'"L hos rnaximuvn Va\ue \go ".* e-rtc-r-1 foinF

.,2r) an) e (o
aa, (rf,r5) Henre lrlrplc q^t<* ir.frrlitc

l:^L- :t o f +i nn".\ so \ ^l-i,,r.r

,

Ex. (7) A co-operotive society of formers hos 50 hectore of lond to grow

two crops X ond Y. The profit from crops X ond y perpendiculor
hectore qre estimqted os Rs. 10,500 ond RS. 9,000 respectively.
To control weeds o liquid herbicide hos to be used for crops
X ond Y qt rotes of 20 liter ond l0 liter per hectore. Further
no more thon 800 liter of herbicide should be used in order
to protect fish ond o wild life using the pond which collects
droining from this lond. How much lond should be ollocoted to
eoch crop so os to moximize the totol profit of the society ?
Solution : ....
L4* "( q'.d ) hector< lo,,.l bz "ltoco*.,\ +a
crol5 x o", A Y zr.l pecli vc\ zt7r0 , i7.0
Tk.r- P rro
ktt fur,cti.,^ ir z= tosoo?(+goooy
d+y Sfo , 2e x -t-t.J _( g oo
TI"..:.. L.P.P. I s
r.'n)i.I:.i
{\axi niz-<- Z- = losooH+ 9oooy
-Sqfject {-, )t+J (so
Q-o-t<-t \oy ( Bo o 2L>/O , \)rb

f ne1.rJit1 .L't <- Po i nls Rc5 i.n

rt#y < ro n+) -- 58 A (ro,o),8 (o,ro) 6^6rginriJ<_
?-a r(ftol (Boo zoutfio5--too C(t, a,o)(D (o,? o) ozrSia .si la
T,r- &:yil,: ljia fJ OCP BO
 I :.! v. I ru.. . ?s.t). .= .T.e on a\
ig."* + g =go
,", r( =3O ,Y =2-zt ,'; P=(3<;zo)
Tk,t Lot ntry f oi'tlr q{L O, c ,?,8
oov)
o (o,o)
L (h o,o) 4zoooo
': " "'
P (3 o,t-a) 9tooo
(3 (ii,;; j etSOoCo

5b

lo
\

tr r,flx
36

2o P (7o P")
lo

7 x
to 2-o 30 t
YI t-o71tr"J, r,il \ ztJ =io
.'. Tl^.q_ Iy\ cr.x-r ynq vy\ 2- is \ gEooo J
"d.1:. : .h
..

{-Jo or.l 5=Z-O

,'. 3o h<-cto, qr^A z-c) hectav Lo",J ShoLrld L(
x onJ y 6esf . *rt
rn axi rn\.t v!^ p rra f i{ t 4lgooo

Sign of Teocher :
Ex. (1). Find the equotions of the tongent qnd normol line to the curve
y:x3*dstx:0.
Solution : Equotion of the curve is y: x3 + d ... (1)
For,.tr: 0 from (1) we get,
y: 03 * eo: I .'.the point is (0, 1) a
Diff. (l) w.rt.x we get, #
.bo
+:3x2+4
dx5 E

slope of tongent: m: (*),,,,:3 (o)r* eo: , $

.'. slope of the tongent : m:l =
I
Equotion of the tongent is given by ;
!-!t:m(x-xr) E
i...y-1-1(x-0)=y-l:x
Equotion of the tongent is x - y * I :0 S
=
:
ms -l
=-1:
Now, slope of the normql m' E
Equotion of the normql is given by E
l'Yr: m'(x-xr) E
Le.y -1 :-l (x-0) >y-l:-x 3
Equotion of the normol is x + y -l :0
Ex. (2).Oil from qn uncopped circulor well is oozing outwqrd in the form of
o circulor film. If the rqdius of the circle is increosing ot the rote of
0.5 meters per minute, how fqst is the qreq of the oil film growing ot
the instqnt when the rodius is l00m ?
Solution : Let t be time in minutes, R ond A be the rodius ond oreo of the
circlor film, respectively.
We know thqt, A: rERz
Diff. we get,
!=o4g'>=zoR\
dt dt' dt
...(l)
\/
It is known thot, O.tmeter/min
#:
How fqst the oil film is growing is given bV (l)
dA _.
A:)x(R)(0.5):nR
When R : 100 meter we get,
dA _,r00n sq. meter
dt
 ,t 'i,^ ,'l
Ex. (3). Find equotion of the tongent ond normol to the locus of the ostroid r;'| ,, ^',i r

given by, : o cos3t ondy : o sin3/ ot the point t: ;.

Solution : The porometric equotions of the curve ore
x: o cos3t .. (1) !: o sin3t ...(2)
When, t: X,
from (1), x, : o cos3(q ) - s (cost\' : ik_
from (II), y, : o sin3(..41...) : o (.ti@' :
#
Therefore the point ir [15.+) .'
Differentiote (1 ) w. r. t. r.h&.t3il
dxq,
A: o(A. ) (.ce*D (-.sin!
: -3a(sss:t1 (.s.inL)
Differentiote (2) w.rt.t. we get,

ff: o(a.) (si*U (spst) :3sts.t,&t; (co,st)

Now,*-:#lr#urr,nr:-.{anL
: X : ts m:-ton t ): -1
Slope of tongent ot /
T
Slope of normol ot /:
f, i, *': ; .....J.
-':
Equotion of the tongent is given by
!-!t:m(x-xr)
y ,*=(--I....)tr;}.l
Ldz-
-: : -.r
y -6?- - t ;- : ->..2.t.+-).; :0
=y--ft:-.rtzt
-
E -..{.

Equotion of the normol is given by

- --..*...
!'!r: m' (x - xr)
.v-+-.r:( l')(r;"it
= y - m-::+ ,-rL , ', :

) (-x) + y ;rfft,= v - ..*.... : 0.

Ex. (a). Find the opproximote vqlue of sin lTg".Given 1":0.0175o

Solution zLetf (x): sinx ...(D
Different iste r t. t. x.
w.

f '(*): .co.5X ..... (ID

Now, 179" :180o -lo c
- rr - ..O.:..Q).19
Let o : fr,h: - . .9. :. .q n.5.:.
For x : o: rc, from (I) we get
f (o):f (.T1...): sin (.rr....) --...9.. ... (rr)
For , x: o: rc from (II) we get ...(IV)
 We hqve ,"f (o + h) + f (o) + kf @)
-0"6r7r\ f (T* )) = f (fl.) f'(ru)
+ ke.'.e!7.{)
w)+(.....a.).(.9.:.Dl75.)el)...[From(III)ond(IV)]
Note : As 0 gets smollerondsmqllersin I g :
= fweknow, sin (180-0) sin g]
sin (179'): sin (180' - 1o): sin 1o + 1o + 0.0175'
Ex. (5). Atriongle hos two sides o: lcm ond b :2 cm. How fost is the third
side c increqsing when the ongle a between the given sides is 60o
ond is increqsing ot the rqte of 3o per second ? [Hint : Use cosine
ru1el
. or dt
Solution: ......'.:..:.:..Ta..
=o+o-zaJ.x-sir,,a1*
......:eE
&>1Cfr, b=2Cvvlr nr he-r<- q,L arL co t rt*.r.i
{. -6o' =*. A*'
,. 4t -- 2- rul^ s tn '(..d."k '
.', ......o.t.
da zo lsec--Bx L' td lscc , dc 2-o.tc.sln< dr,r-
dL = ' "" '1'4tr' ... 1. 4....*..E--..-. -..... .. .. -,..
-- td......
A+. LL d,t
dn - tt 't;'A ls;'t' ,#';-1'
a+ 6o

usinq,)' Co Slnr rul c ....1,. l{l.=.1. r.?f.ln.* *-L. ...c.ar:4[*.

dt :^6o
J3
L'-- a-t+* - z-al coJ 4
C2-LL
=l +L ?!,1(t).::3 """a't -
. '^Z'd"'-"
L
+!:1 JE'"-"7
C =
'1_
I
ll
t
5-L--j3 ....1.. iJ..=,.. -L . ... Lr,)3e i.l.$.99....
c=J3 A+ 6o
cz =- ot + bL - 2*aL <,os 4
d,t* ,,o.z,to +,
Ex. (6). The surfoce oreo of o sphericol bolloon is increosing qt the
rote of 2cm2l sec. At whot rote is the volume of the bolloon
is increosing, when the rqdius of the bolloon is 6 cm?
Solution:
LLf r ,5,v LL fh" rroAiul , sttzf,r,,.. o.dea.,
V o \qmc sp hc-:r i c".I t"^.l I on -{ <s |
"k ,
 ds ... . .-N.. . =- . .it. .rr. .*.=.rr.1 . 4r.
AY dt 3 a!
/,kb : r:hr j, # ; ;;;'iI
ds
dt at '^ (I)
a
\Tr
aa
il;
...:."...d\+.
I

...,'.. . *dt ..=....c...q.nnl/..{9.e...

a drt
i',.I,..E.r (f ) .
a.
at \tt
.

Tke
...r..'
= a3 -rry-'3.....
:" vo\um<-
l: l:':^'\n1
V J .l-t . -^|.- :k 1:-'/stc
f,ikt;',';','t;'t"' '

Ex. (7). The displocement s of o porticle ot time r is given by

s:2t3-5P+4t-3.
Find (i) the time when the occelerotion is 14 cm/sec2.
(ii) the velocity ond the displocement ot thqt time.

Solution: ........
S=z-t=-ELz+At-: i1) n:#;at"-l;t*
vr=* =G*\

*- g .*ls,cc
q.!:- qklt:tf :I
lt-t -_ t2_L-ro
=16 -2-o 4r-g-3
\ 4 +ro = t'2-t

t - 2- s<-c
Sign of Teocher :
Ex. (1). Check the volidity of the Rolle's theorem for the function/(x) : x, -
4x +1. Find oll volues of c in the intervol (-2,2) such thotf ' (c) 0. :
Solution : Given thot f (^): x3 - 4x + I ... (I)
f (*) is o polynomiol which is continuous on | -2, 2) ond it is
differentiqble on (-2, 2)
Leto:-2ondb:2
: o : -2 from (I) we get,
For x

fto) : f(-2) : (-2), - 4 (-2)+ 1 : -8 + 8 *l :1

For x: b :2 frorn (I) we get,

,f(b) :f(2) : (2), - 4 (2)* 1 : 8 - 8 +l :l

So, here/ (o) : f (b) i,e. f (-2) : f (2) :1
Hence conditions of Rolle's theorem ore sqtisfied. So, there exists
c e(-2,2) such thotf '(c):0.
Differentioting (I) w. r. t. x.
f' : :
(*) 3x2 - 4 ."..f' (c) 3c2 - 4
:
Now,.f' (c): 0
= 3c2 - 4:0 + c *]JT
22
.'. cr : -
16 ond c,: E both belongto (-2,2).
Ex. (2). Determine the locol extremo of the function/(r) : sin x - cos x in
10, 2n l. la

Solution : Given thot /(*) : sinx - cosx. .. (D

Differentiote w. r. t. x.
J''(;lt): cosx * sinx ... (ID
f '(x):0, for extreme volues of/(x)
i.e. cos x *sin x: 0 ton x: -1
=
v'v hove
we t.,1.o; :
rrsvv ,"r[1o) -1 ond ,un(4\:
j- -,
-'
\ 4
3r -'
.'. x -7 ond x: f7tr ore the volues ot which/'(x):0 qnd

(*)hqs its extreme volues. Also,

-f Aotn! , + e l0,2nl
Differentiote (II) w. r. t. x.
 f "(x): - sin 1* cos x ....... (III)
For x : +, from (III) we get [ongle f II quodront]
"in
,'(+)=-"'(?).*'(?)
r ( t) 1 I -2
=-I,2.[-r.,J=-o-o'=o
,'(+)=-f <0

.'. For *:! ,f @)hos o mqximo.

r max='*(+)-*'(+) =i ( #)
=a*L=Z
Jz Jz JZ
.'. : J,
/mox
For x : +, from (III) t i IV quodrontl
"in
r"lZt (lL\..or(7o \
r,(72\= -sin
(4i [2.]
/ t) (t\ 1 1
=-[-rJ.[rj=o*o=o 2

',,(?\=Jl
>o
[ + )- "'
-t t
\.4 /-*d4)
f min=.t,f4) t '=
o.J=O-72=-E
"' fmin:
- J'
Ex. (3).Given the function f (x) : x3 - 2x2-x*L Find oll points c sotisffing the
conditions of the Logronge's Meqn Vqlue Theorem for the function
on the intervol l-2,21.
Solution : Given thot f (x) x3 - 2x2 -x: *1
... (D
(x) is o polynomiql which is continuous on l-2, Zlond it is
f
differentioble on f-2,21. So, f (x) sotisfies the condition^s of LMVT.
.'.There exists o ce (-2,z)such thot/'(c) : {G)":'f-Cq)
Leto:-2ondb:2 b-a
For x: o: .:.3 from (I) we get,
f (o):f (-2): (.=*....)3 -2 (.:.L,...)' - (..=?:..) +l : ..:.!.3
For x: b = ...*.... from (I) we get,
 f(b):f(2): ( z ), -2 ( L )r-2+1 : ...I.f
Differentiote (I) w. r. t. x.
f' (x): ...3.?!1;.1.*.:.lt... .. ...f , (c): ...3.9L:.1.S.:..1......

Thus,3c2 -4c - l: i.e.3c2 -4c- l:....3......

3c2 - 4c- ....t.... :0
= 3"': - (6c ) + ( zc ) - 4:0
+ 2(c-z) 0 i.e. (c-z) (3c + 2): g
= 3c (c-L):0
= ..(:..3... or.3.9.t3. :0. c:.....*..... or c: .._4...
: =
But c .....2...... eGZ,2) ond c:...:.+ .. e(-2,2)
Hence LMVT is verified
Ex. (a). The sum of two positive numbers isZ4.Find the numbers so thot the
sum of their squores is minimum.
Solution : Let one of the numbers be x so the other number is ...?i.:x
Let S be the sum of the squores of the numbers.
.'. s : ("q-x)'+ ( x )' :x' + .f1.9..... - ....9..9.... x*x2
S : ..3.?11ft \ + sti.... (D
Differentiote (I) w. r. t. x.
ds qr<-4g
,
ax
: .............. (II)

For extreme volues of S,' we hove Iclx : O

.......1.r....-4g:0 ... x-....t..?-....

Therefore ot x : ...L.L..... either there is o moximo or minimo.
Differentiote (II) w. r. t. x.
dzs
of :...h. .... ....(IID
Substituting x: 12 in (IID, we get,
( a's\
l#.),=,,: ""11" """"' > o
Therefore S hos o minimo ot x: ....!..?...
Therefore the required numbers ore ..1.+... ond,24- ..1=.. : ...1.L.
Ex. (5). Find the volume of the lorgest box thot con be mode by cutting equol
squores out of the corners of o piece of cqrdboqrd of dimensions 15
cm by 24 cm, ond then turning up the sides.
 L<* 3J..>o.
dt-
L.l l-t*"''J.: .1r...::::1:..1.:.. i..: :
,', Lc".y H., " [. Lox = (zh ->art) crn :: \;;ii-i i G ^';;;; ;;
bzc"Jth o[ to; = (ts-t-x).'^ ^rrL-t 3 r(J-3 o =o !o11rn1
D

rV'o\qrna =V
= {xbXh ... lt'-to @'rl =-3

v - (z-t^-ar) rl.(|s-zr-) d,Lv .-- . .?h. fl.q.: ! 5.6. . .=. .? .3." o

y = LzA a -zru") (rr-tx) d,z+L )

""r"
--3(ox - hgxL ot'tv = -921 1o
..d.xL. =n-Ax?-tsc
'- 3ox'+h rtt r
...!.:lsns.. i.:..121r..F.r.. ^> 3
?

,{'jr/e zl =-\ n V i
l,kb ;;;.-6"rr V= \(z]-tB(3)t*360x3
dv -?o?_ .l--to8,o
e; = l2-nz- t561 +36o =_ log-
d,Fk ^'-'to 1
&
AtL
=-2-\x-lfd
at vatu.rnac .# dt, <"'
F"t rn
*.-*..'t4id*z-
Ex. (6). Exomine the function/(x): x3 - 5x2 + 8x - 4 for moximo qnd minimo.
. .mi n .V J.q.z.. .o p '=f'ura t'tr'an ' ' ' ' '
fct) = x3*s z<L+ g a
J;bb ,^r'ir,'&"x""'
*t-t - I f::l :?=- i::"r i:1 : L
f 'c^l = =,cL--J.o.rc.tg......-.I S.q.a. .. .f..t. . .:1.
$. . .t. .Gf )...
=. ".
ul t'to 1
d;*l 1o
...f.1'.C.*) =..(+) -!.e..?= ?
f"crr.1 = 6t\*to -]I1 . .,,. . .0. (x.). . .i.L .. .rnA.x. . .d . .x.=....$
L.* {lc,^> -6

?,* x =e- in -m

lurlc\rur\ tr trtlrrr, ca.l ,\ - a ,-qI .-"

ffi'
 .: t14qu i ma : 3- qnrl rninima - O
2:7.

flx. (7). Find two positive numbers x ond Y,suchthotx*y:60ond

xy3 is moximum.
Solution:
><* 9:6o Y=o i: not Foss'rtrlc
,'.
?( - 60 -Y €ut y =4s in fII)
,(y3= a;"-ijVi 1"{r,r) : } 6oxqs* tn (+s13
,', r4Y3 = 6o g'- y t
ft' (4r) =- | eLsa - 2-L13oo
Le} lcyl =60y3-y1-tr) t{rrr;
o', f = 8loo4 o
,ltt t r, .r,t, J f-or y >4 r, f'cy) =o,{"rl)(o
{t(y) = l8oYa- qy'-(tr) ,: { (y) = (e o-y)y3
d,fh !o'r,t" . Y = 133 fJ p,?q1

f ncyl = ?.1:.Y - rl-Y'- (u) f., Y = qf qn ol

f (S ) 'rJ fvlozrirn uh 1t ?( = 6'o -Y

tcy)
f =o .^,,nJ {", .J) <o = 6o *4f
LJ flcy) -o =- t_f
,'" >t:rg an) y =4t a.a<_

#:: l -.1,:r::{ qllrtt"<-

nq r-t ors J u c [.. +{". +
)t+J:{
r, J -o_yt is rnaxi rn q r'r .
"r

iSign of Teocher
L-_
:
 t!^*'*
Ex. (1) Evqluqte
0

Sotution ,l*2*=[+l'
0 L3l,
I
-l---l
r' o'l
[r t.]
I
3

Evoluqtion of integrol qs o limit of sum i *' *

f(*): *'
o: o ond b 1
0
:
b-u
,:s*rh ondh- n 13
t!
_
h: 1-0
-o
tl'
oo
n
- (o

nh: 1
J

a)
b!
f(*):f(o+rh) q,
o
:f(o+rh) (J
j

: (rh), (o
o
o
: flf =E
(E
We know, ah

bn (E

! r*>.a* = Zn
1,*-r=l t (a + rh) 3
:o
(o
;
I n
,9
(!
I
J
0
*'.& = lim
,-* f
r=1
h.r'h' tul

= lim
,+-
Fh'.r'
4
r=l

:llm ,r
n(n+1)(2n+1)
Il .--.---
n-+@ 6

h3.n311; (r+1; Q+r)

=lim4
_ (1)3(1) (1 + 0) (2 + 0) _
6
 3

Ex. (2) Evoluote ttr'*D a*

I

Solution :f(x):x2*1, o:1,b:3

. b-a
x:o*rh ond h:;
r:1*rh qnd 5:3-l
n
.'. nh:2
f(x):f (s + rh)
:f (l + rh)
: (1 + rh)2 +1
: I + 2rh+fh2+l
:2+2rh+rzhz
We know,
b-n

uo
| "f
gl dx = lim ln 71a + rtr;
n-* f,l
3

J{r'* t) dx =lg I h e + 2rh+ r2hz)

1 r=1

= irn+
Irg r=l 2rh2+ rh3

= li.n lzn
t'|-o'L F,*2h'tr*r,'I.,-l
7. I A l
=lim
t-
| 2h (n) +2h2n
(n+ 1)*n:
'
n (n+ l) (2n+ l)l
n+-l_ 2 6 ]
[ , h,n,1r; (r+-t ) ,r* ,,-]
=liml2ttn+h2n21l)(l+')+ ,' n'l
'--l n 6
Ll I

: 2 (2)+ (1)
(2)3 (1) ( 1+0) (2 + 0)
(2)'?
'6+
(1 + 0)

=8*9
J

=32
3

'. ia'+\ ax =2
 3

Ex. (3) Evoluqte J(4x+r) ax

0

Solution zf(x):4x*3, o:0, b:3

,:q*fh ond 5:b-a
n
...x:rh qnd 6:3-o
n
.'. nh: 3

f(*):f (o+ rh):"f(rh)

;l
:4 (rh) + 3
:4 (rh) + 3
We know,
bn
I ta> d* =
lig !n r1a + rtr;
= tim
n+a
itr
1
r= I
(4rh + 3)l

= lim
n--+* H-
i +rtr' + ltr
r= I

n'n
=lim (4h'>,r+3h
.+* ' tLl-
r: I
f
r= I
1)

tm n (rL+ l) + lrr (n)l

= [+n'
D+@L z )

I
= ri*
n+@L[z h'n'11; (l + ) * lnr,-l
n I

=2 (3)' (1) (1+0) + 3 (3)

:18+9
an
-- zt
' Jt+, + 3) dx =27
3

Ex. (a) Evoluqte J{2,, -r) o*

0

i: i:rr ;r
a.
= ** [t "{ t t :i::l]
 d:O, L=14..r.. r
n-=--e
t-a
nn
4-o E:k h[zr. ry-nl
.'. n h =-rt
F tr,) = 2-.*.:.1. fi (LL( ;;h.^u] Xn

f t. a+zh) : L (+.t-,.h. ). :. I - ltY,^

.-..-. [nhxnhl
va-to
f(q+rh) : t<Lzh
!?tTll_ 1

F(o+:rh) =- - |

"'
t--*{ [n f=,(
iiv'rr|
=lr
h+ohlg+zh,f rl
Lt--, 'i;l'J" : f =' 16
B. Evqluote the following definite integrols.

f,x. (1) irsin' x dx .

/......
(
...T..
0
.,, f+t =+ Izsr^-^ J*
L<} J: 7- siiihat " :"'r"

ustnj
q .....1(.

J0 fc.^> d,t . I f t: :) {}
a

cho"jiT"'X+':7T:')C'
TT
'(n
rf
oo L-
I -^1;i;' (i-D )x
.u',..LJ.
=.. +L".-.gj ^ iJ .-(u.-.s-r.j
o
(:.:..S.i.T.(Lr-€ ). g ,y
zt:*[,r-s--C;-ttl
'n =:.tn
Tr 2-
=o I.trr s; rh.-.)rs;r;t*I.J* ""LL=....;
2-.

= il li:l;{--i;1^i" r,
""".:L r -- TrL .s.
)r
T I

3 Jr ;;;z-^ t; -r r
o
 f,G-) =5 , P,G,n; = -{
i l*,* ' J o.L_rrz Jffi
o-.n..x o-.*...1.*- ..f ,C+.r..).. i.s..e'vrr^...4r,4 L,rt) is o)J
ct+)L 4-?L

.(3-zt)2.. : 1?l:e i:k'*3'*: ir'1'a\

a.
.....f. d-.2-..{.. o
aL -tLL
..A rt ..- o
a- )'(. i J?q;,-
:"'J"ic a
-l at-x' +..Ar.
to *lo-L- rt'
=.2-..o..i

f,r,.t=#*.
tl c(
fo(^)-
#; '=
;[s;;'e) -;i;'C*[
f,c-r,>

T
2 L -- ?fo.-
I,o, t cos.r) ak
0

I^ (4. ..x;] ln. . . ... rr,.. d e.

- -rl a.rt+ h*n .e.=9.d+-" +
I
og sln x 1r.,.
= ,l't -f

s inr^ tttJ
r,.: h vn I =o , @. ..*,g.:.*
=.9r.gh.r.if
!.,a 1,,1 +.f

Sign of Teocher :
a = -+ 1o32-
 12. Definite Integrction - II
Ex. (1) Evoluote
f,to._sld*
-t'-,"
sorution, 1+r-s1 ={ !: :^'i
l-(+r-s), irx < l-
f;l+. - s1a,=
f l+,-sl a, + ffl+* - sl a*
= I, -(or- s1 a.+ [r(+x-5) dx

=1, t-+,*sl ax+fi$x-s) d*

=l+."]: .l+-,.],
4

=
{[[, t*l' ., (i)] - rol]]. {lrpr -s(z)] -lr})' - ' r*)l)
-50 25 ^ 50 25
t64164
_ -50+100-32-50+100 68 t7
16 =
G=T
, f,1+r-tlo- =I

Ex. (2) Evoluote f" xtanx 4*

Jo sec.tr + tan -r

Solution : f' seCx

I = Jo ---t---t-' d* l'
+tanx----= Jo # *
"o", .o*

(x -x)sindt -x)
[ r"il'
= Jo d,= Jo
l+sinx-- [r
l+sin(n-x)
*

(z -x)sin x
lo _dY
_rJo
_
l+sinx

'
=!.ffi*-I, rl'ill*
 ftsinx
I=1.
Jo
dx-l
1+sinx

xsinx
2l =1.
Jo
4r
l+sinx

2I = 11"
sin x o,
Jo l+sinx

2t =tri"l,r- ' )rt

Jo \. I +sinx/

t-sin' ) '
2r =r1'[r-
J'\. t-rin\)d*

2r = trf'(t-l-sinx)*
Jo\ cos,x/

,,( I sinx \
2I=nlJoI
ll-^+ - ldy
cos,x cos,x/

2I =rf (t-sec' x+secxtanx)dx

2I = trlx-tanx+ secx]i

2I = nl@ - tann +secz) -(0 - tan0 + sec0)]

2t: nlr -o-t-O-t]=n (n-2)

v1@ -z) =( r:-.)

2 lt\- '-l./

Ex. (3) 1t x+xz- ,,

r-3 25 - x'

Solution i I=yr'3 x+x'-o*

25 x' -
tr -
x dr
I'J-325-x2 l' j-
-^ +' J-r dx ...(t)
25-x'-*
 Let f (x) =:25-x.
f(-x)= .=--i25 - x', =-.f(x)
^:]-(-x)'
2s
:. -f (x) is an odd function.
.['--J-^ar=o ..(2)
J-3 25
- x'

Let g(x) = J-
25-x'
g(-x)= --(-I)' -- : r:' ^=s(x)
25 -l-x)' 25 - x'
.'. S(x) is an even function.

f.*-=r!:#.d. (3)

From (1) , (2) ond (3) we get,

I=zl' *'
ro 25-x'=d,

:zlo1;f
- ^f3 25-25+x2 e
\'" --^x2\) 4,
",25 --(25
:21""
Jo 25-x'
:21' 25
Jo 25-x' --rdx

:,1#^-(=)-.],

=,[[j.,(-)
"-(#) -,)]
-,) -
[;
=,[]"'(;)-,-i.,r'r]
=rl;1"s1+y-:]
=5log4-6

f]#4
r-3 25
- x'
dx=5tog4-6
Ex. (a) Evaluate ff(trt +lx-\)ax

(^ .t..)

4rt

z(-l <O
= -(\',),
lrt-r( -e-l , \71

nx. (5) Evaruate

[' # -dh d.
Solution : A...
t :i.J;
f,=
!tt"- oh,] ," ...rg. he r,...x=9 ,. t = ll3.e =..t
p*l lt*'="t')'x=el" .. .f. .I:,rn .. .x.=.*..,. .t.a . !s3.f. . =..L
 : F.(t) l: ':i =
'\i'^r *c
"lr:;7irli;r;;
= e"(+) - a,c * )

= { (e--z)
Ex. (7) Evoluqte
L #*
Solution : ...$. T= I trtonx d*. -.I.....1k:
rrsf n3 i^f,^1 d rt = J f C;:;) i; ,...,..). ,!t. ..irt

o i'zctt, coJecil
o ...ra... .....Tt
'cha ng lng r< -r 71'- r(
2T =1y ( ll1'\x(or/^s lntL Jl
i
(ri
secCrr-x) (ascs(rr-r*-)......

T tn- *) (-.tln.+.) ..d .,t

J (-s..rt) co5ac:t

Jt t"n-r.t1 1"^ r. :
=r--,-r
) Sccrl. . CoJet?r"
1?
rr {qn rt'-"rt'=tqn r(..dzt.
Sacr< ' c6Jec rl
o
TI
rr tqn x.
=( ) -..{.rr' -.I }t?.?.T ,,, .J
5 acx ,coJccx j f a.^ ,(osat>< Tr
f=
o
T
 -lr2-
r -
"r"'-' q
3

Ex. (8) Evoluot. J, lxl dx , where [x] denote greotest integer function not
0

greoter thqn x.

=c, t-2 [.] =f ) L*3 [".]= z

{
AL - } ;,-',
I-
I
fa
"'2: "'

I t 13
L

Sign of Teocher:
 13. Applicqtion of definite integrotion

Ex. (1) Find the oreo of the region bounded by the curye ! =2' qnd the lines
x: 0 ond Y: 1.

Solution : The equotion of the corves sre y =2' sndy:2.

Solving equotions we get x: 1.

Point of intersection of the curye is (1,2).

Required oreo (A) : i(r) a*-iz'a,

00

=tz*t),
t#],
-'ro I
1

I- rr
:[2_o]_L
r* )
: l'[,-l"s,' )I sq'units
Ex. (2) Find the oreq of the region enclosed by the curves y =.[+ t ond
!=x+l
Solution : The equotion of the curves ctre y= !&- ond f =x +l

Solving these equotions , we get x + 1= J'. t

x'+ x=0

x(x+l)=0

x=0 or x=-l
:. Y=l and Y=Q

Therefore , the point of intersection of the curves ore (- I , 0) ond (0 , 1).

00
ICI dx- [@+t)&
Required oreo (A) : :r -r

: t'1oli - ol - to - tj-rr1

_*r-rlr
: t; r
1
sq' units

Ex. (3) Find the oreo of the triongle formed by the vertices (2,1), (3,4) ond

(5,2).
Y
5

| 2 3 4 5 6 X
 Solution : A(2,7) ,B(3,4) qnd C(5,2) qre the vertices of the triongle.

Equotion ofAB is y-r=[$]tr-r,

" (3-.t

',-r = [1\
l' 1)@-zl

y -t =(3x - 6)

3x-y-5 ..... (D

Equotion orAC is y-r=(#)n-,

/r \
y-t=l
" \iti ltr-zl
3y -3 = x-2
x-3Y=-l (ID
Equotion of BC is

/-r \
v-4=[7Jt,-:l
y-4=-x+3

x*v=7 ""' .......(IID

Areq of A ABC : A(regionALMBA) + A(regionBCNMB) _ A(regionACNLA)
3j
:i {t* - 5)dx +i 1., - *10* _iln-.u*

=l+-
"],
.1, . +);,- ilt . .1:,,

5129
222

=:=4 sq'unit

a
 ond its
Ex. (a) Find the oreo of the region bounded by the porobolo !2 =l6x

lotus rectum.

Solution : The equotion of the porobolo is !2 =16 x '

I0

8 L'(4,8)
6

-6 -4 -2
-2

-4

-6

-8
L (4, -8)

-10

I (?r

=4art

;i l'Hl r) 8x=
XB

(<guireJ ftzreo. H:q' Qnit's

=
 Ex. (5) Find the qreq of the region lying between the porob olas y,
- 2x ond
x2 =2y,
Solution :

\A/r h av e \L = e-tt- nn ), *t --r1 ." ) =-[7i ) L

vr ^*;,t .41.":, l. .. {.:
,.''- z.$7............:.
= Ex => ><\-g>+ = o
2<-\ L
Y zzt<
tt--'?-, {=o A'U',;S
t^:1..r,rr. ,nr'), I =O,5 :D
^.-Z-,)=2-

sd........\...

D (zro)

=wfi:j;:;fi) :v,tg-;] + 2: i
si .iil+j
=""+
Ex. (6) Findlhe oreo bounded by the curve / = x2 qnd the line y: x * 6.
Solution : .....
a hav<- g --x'z on ol y =- x*
q1 6 Rq u ir.J qt<-A -- 7.j rrrn(o B A o)
aluo.}tU *he .1n,4r*g
*--^+e

:( Cx-g ) .{-z (;-i) ;;

),tt=-Land"
rOhzn"l X>*2-
=] I t*-;;l-=; - 11:l;
I Y =\
,^l h"-^. tl > 3 ) Y= I
.'. 7T"" ja\,*s arc hGz_,tr) , O(Z,l)
 y: x+6
0

A(-2,4)

="'L+18'
2-

(+ +z!
"

Ex. (7) Find the oreo of the region enclosed by the porobolo !2 =16 x ond the

chord BC where B(1,4) ond C(9,12).

Solution : ...
w<- learrc 3L=ll)\ B (1, q) , c (S,e1
,
e4^ ,t 1". B; I ;
A- 2tt - 9 -Y;' ::\n ';'3'4,
2<z'1t .Y..;',......9...1... .!?:.h...
"t<-l -Y-\ ,
gv 5.=..nt3..

K<1"!r.) qrt.^ = U?g (w,t< -Ltw Lxt.

s . ..9.,
= i; i;ii;-;] - t+ +2:1 -
'ru)
zjrr^-t:, lrt
t
9

t
lG e u"its
...=. .+.....).1.
=\L \5-

Sign of Teocher :
 Ex' (1). Wqter ot 100o C cools in 10 minutes to 85o C in o room temperoture
of 25o c. Find the temperoture of woter qfter 20 minutes.
Solution : Let 0 be the temperoture of the body ot time / . Room temperoture
is25" C.
According to Newton's low of cooling
* @ -2s) .'.+ = -k@ -25) where t is o constont ond fr > 0.
+dt\/dt
.d0
rc. - kdt
,j:
On integroting we get,

Jl*=-kldt+c,
0-25 J
E(E
.'. log le -zsl: -kt + C ... (D (E

Given thqt when t : 0, 0 :100.

50
{!
5
log ltoo -251: - f (0) + C + C: log 75
a)
bo
.'. Equotion (I) becomes (u
o
log l0 -zsl: kt + log 75 > tog le -2sl- log 75 : -kt I

o,
L'
(o
rcnlt :3tl: - ... (D (I,

l7sI
Also, when t: 10,0 = 85. From (II) we get.
E
o

q
(o
(r,
: frro-(#)
bs
lq#l: -r. (ro) + -r 3
G,

1'
.'. Equotion (II) becomes (u

l+l:*"*(i)
v,
ros Grr) (E
t,

We hove to find 0 , when t:20. so, put in (III).

: *le#l =, ",(l)
^, lffil #",(i) =
^' lTl = ", (i)' =l+l = [i)'
.'. e- 25:+*lrls+0- 25-4x4x3=48
55
.'. 0 =73
Therefore the temperoture of woter ofter 20 minutes will be 73oC
Ex' (2). The populotion o-! o. toryn increoses ,qt o rote proportionol to the
populotion ot thot time. If the populotion increoses from 40,000
to 60,000 in 40 yeors, whot will be the populqtion of the town in
onother 20 yeors ? (Given : Jij =1.2247)
Solution : LetPbe the populqtion of o town ot time r . Given thot the populotion
of the town increoses ot q rote propOrtionol to the populotion qt thot
time.

# ", = # = w,where k is o constqnt.

.dP"
i.e. = kdt
P
On integroting both sides we get,

If =\at + c
i.e. log P: kt + C . ... (D
Given thqt when t:0, P : 40,000.
i.e. log 40,000 : k (0) + C C : log 40,000
=
.'. Equotion (I) becomes
i.e. log P : kt + log 40,000 log P - log 40,000: kt
=
r", (*fur):t, ...(D
Also, when t: 40, P: 60,000. So, from (II) we get.
.r(ffi):oroor k:*.-(;) (m)

.'. Equotion (II) becomes

"-[rfu,)=*"'(i),,
So, populotion in onother 20 yeors meons, when t: 40 + 20: 60
yeors. From (III) we get, ,

,", (*fu,)=# .- (1)=b*(rofuo)=1 .-(;)

3
( p ) '
ros
t #.J=,o, (;l = *fu.=(;l
P : (JG)': 4o,ooo , (./i.l
4o,ooo
= 4 x10000 x (1.5) r(Jls) = 6 x 10000 x (r.22a7)
P:6x12247 =73,482
.'. Populotion in onother 20 yeors is 73,482
Ex. (3). The rodiooctive isotope Indium-l11 is often used for diognosis qnd
imoging in nucleor medicine ond treotment. The rqte of decoy of
qn Indium isotope is proportionql to the moss of isotope present ot
thst time. Its hqlf life is zl
asys. Whot wqs the initiql moss of the
isotope before decoy, if thdmoss in 2 weeks wos 5 g?

Satish Jadhwar (Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

Solution : Let M be the moss of isotope present ot time / . Given thot the rote
of decoy of on isotope is proportionol to the moss of isotope present
ot thot time.
A n M + 4 :..:..11.T, *nere k is q constqnt ond fr > 0.
dt dt
i.". dM : .:.!7. dt
r.r1
On integroting both sides we get,

!ff==K'!at+c
i.e. log l"'M'.|: ..:K. t + C
... (D
Let Mobe the initiol moss i.e. when . t:0
i.e. loglflol:-k(0)+C = C:togMo
.'. Equotion (I) becomes
log M: - ki + log Mo
log
'n';" ):
(,,,#,,, -kt ...(D
Given thqt, holf life is zl5'5daysi.e. in zldoysisotope decoys to holf
5' =+.
of its originol moss. i.e: when t =2+=4,, So, from (II) we
get. r\ o/z_
, .| q 2

log 1:::::#'r): -k (#-)

-k:a14loo" r""1""" t=
""'L...',
.'. Equotion (II) becomes

r"g(#):?rogr*t-) ... (rrr)

Given thot, the moss in 2 weeks wos 5 g ,
i.e./: :
2 weeks 14 doys, M:5 g from (III) we get,

rog (,',f"" ):
/t \
lY;"' 14 '*[Zi
tog (#ffi):5=3,,
tog (#): tos f;{+:X
, Qr-)(s;): * = Mo:(s
i: ) x (32) :..!..-G.o &
.'. Initiol mqss of the isotope before decoy is ./.( O . g.

nx. (a). Find the equotion of the curve thot posses through the point (1,2)
qnd hos ot every point
*= #
Solution : Given thot,
ff: #

Satish Jadhwar (Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 .12x dv : -- dx
-st. ' t+.>t'-
l.e.
Integfotingj boih sides w. r. t. x., we get,

- t
l)- ar=-14
,"on-
a*
''J'
fog . .r.' x2)=2v1
D l=-toel.+ft*l+togc *U+
tog 1.9 I+ togl.1.+*l = loe c

los ly(r.+r.&-)l= logc

y(..)."1-rf-) : ...9... ... (I)
Given thqt the curve posses through (1,2) . So, put x -- l', !
: 2 in (I)
:
2(l +...\...) Q 2C = ....h......
Put C:
in (I), we get,
y(..\.ar*.): q... is the required equotion of the curve.
Ex. (5). Woter tonk is being emptied in such o woy thot the rqte ot which
wqter is flowing out is proportionol to the qmount left in ot thqt
instqnt. If holf the woter flows out in 7 minutes. Initiolly the tqnk is
filled with 8000 liters of woter. Find the omount of wqter left ofter
21 minutes.

sorution, !d:. t!+ qaett :h t$r h:.f *:I: * !:::.I

,:'... d.*..p( x"=) 1}1 .=. -.!L* ....K..iJ...a "cq,-''5'+'q'd+
7{ dL
.." *'a';t"; :'K'dt"';; intg;"h;, J *'A';';':'K'\ii{t'+.

.'. lo3 lrt\ -- - r t +c -E)

sl::: lri llf.lt I* |yh ':)
fllltl *tith soobAlt,
i'l:sl199el f!??t: ::
P** i'^ O
L = lo3 s06o

" l:J lt1:- l'qlgoool

: r:1 13!::::\
loq :-Kt If
.-....J. ...J.r.. -
Sln (c ho\f ,n,rl<,t f t'""a 'o*-} { n -l rn i n \'='l
,', )e.1 I P"* \: - 5rl

Satish Jadhwar (Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 -K = + tsl*] I * ir1 ."1^ (tr)

'"rtfo\ = + r':l+l
t^rhr- L=Zl ) z<=?,

-, rT \forf # !:sl*\ -_ pl:: * =

,:, irr t#,\;!:, it+1l

"Xl
. 90'co 9

Tk. ct,vt o, t l
{:tJ
..1.h. \rrr
zl m i,^Jra .

Ex. (6). The rqte of decoy of on Iodine-123 isotope is proportionol to

the moss
of isotope present qt thqt time. The initiol mqss of the isotope wos
200 g. Determine the mqss of Iodine present qfter 39 doys lf tie
hqr
life period of the Iodine isotope is opproximotely 13 hours.

Solution:

s in rfL+ .
e. . . . .! .r. { tl *1. . . rl eJ { . . . r. *. . .th+. . . .r s- .ql:.{ g . .
p.q1 ,*b
t^:her'" t=0, tl>2-o-a

Satish Jadhwar (Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 I:sl:::J :- l:
ll:l
lo3le-oo\ PJ it^' I
.'. c =
\ootH:-Kt tlo3lzool
.. _J..
I:Ji : J:ll:::!:-I:
l:sl-#;\ -= - t(t -E
Nrf. .t'h.":r .t. 1.:. l::.I.
=.1)..,
<+l ..1t.. ..b.s.ts.m.a...
r,s\ffiI =-rs Il:
P"ei; tr
-K =E1"3\*\
lo5 I#\* i- \or\I\
o^: h"^,^ t = 33 .la1l = 31xL\ ha.rzrl , X )),

The- rnaJJ iso fof c o l+r,,,

Ex. (7).

- r. J r l't +-c
Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr, College, Aurangabad)
.^,LIzt = - Kt..,r_to
w l.,t,n t > 2-
-tr't\ , c-g
J<^a.r-l , = 6 "{ ol..h I
e-a\h lr b<-co Yyl e)

zJe.zr = -Kxz-#to
L(2-'g) = -2-k#lo
5-lo =-2-l<

z-fr, = :'r#'
-2_-, + lo
gt -- Lo
t,= tt
A sscl-l Z{ €,2-{
y cotrl
-Ge- pl:tS o a will A<- Lo",krugt i ra. nt;t
L Jurt .fL,+ rn<A 1^1 h l--\ Ll
J <l.tj f- "f
L"3 -t-,1 ,

Sign of Teocher :

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 15. Probobility Distribution

Ex. (1). A rqndom voriqble X hqs the following probobility distribution :

P(X : x)
Find(i)k(ii)p(x<3)(iii)p(x>2)(iv)P(0<x<a)(v)P(2<x<5)
Solution : For o rqndom vorioble Xwehove fi=l
o,='
:. k+3k+ 5k+7k+9k+ llk+l3k:l
i.e.49k:13 k:L49

P(X : x)

(i) k: qs
(iD P(X < 3) : P(X : 0) + P(x :1) + P(X:2)
-49 49 49 49
(iii)P(x22):P(X:2)+P(X:3)+P(X:4)+P(X:5)+P(X:6)
(iv)P(0 < X < 4) : P(X: 1) + P(X : 2) + P(X : 3)
(v) P(2 < X <5) : P(X : 2) +P(X : 3) + P(X : 4) + P(X : 5)
s 7 9 ll 32
:49+ *+ 49* qg:49
Ex. (2). Colculqte the Expected volue ond vorionce of x if x denotes the
number obtoined on the uppermost fqce when o fqir die is thrown.
:
Solution : When o foir die is thrown, the somple spoce is ^S {1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ '
Let X denotes the number obtoined on the uppeflnost foce.
.'. Xcqn toke volues l, 2, 3, 4, 5', 6'
: : : :
P(X : l) : P(X : 2) : P(X : 3) : P(X 4) P(X 5) P(X 6)
:
I
6
The probobilitY distribution is

ffim'
Aurangabad)
'
Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr' College'
 x.2 .D
rt
l

(i) Expected Volue : E(X) : i*,, p, =1= 3.5

(ii) Vorionce : V(n: E(X,) - lE(X)],

**i,0,-(2.,,0,)'
: T_a'=?_+
182-r47
_
t2
.'. Vqriqnce : V(X): :2.9767
i
Bx. (3). A discrete rondom voriqble Xtqkes the volues -1, 0 snd,2 with the
111
probobilities 4' 2' 4 respectively. Find Y($ ondstqndqrd Deviotion.
solution : Given thqt the rqndom vorioblextokes the volues -1, 0 snd2.
The corresponding probobilities qre
i,;,i
p(-l) : i,p(o): j p@:
ona
Given doto cqn be tobuloted qs follows
I

(i) Vorionce: V(X): E(X) - lE(X)],

I, 0ggl
Ex. @) The p. d. f. ofX, find p(X < 1) ond p(lxl< 1) where

f@)=!J2
l8
if-2<x<4
:0 otherwise.

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

Solution : Given thot the p. d. f. ofXis
x+2
f@=;; ir -2 <x <4
:0 otherwise.
I

(i) P(x< 1): ! loa*

I

-t1..$.
-J d*
-z 18
I rt -dr-,t
: [' r..ztf] ....) dx
18 J-2'

r Ir..ztJ].1'l'
: G[ z- .1-,

r [(.xt]..)'l'
- 36 L
- -t
|

-l-,

: *t.g.-,,.r ='*: +:
-
....q.:.lt
(i) P(xl< 1) : P(-1< X < r)
: J-r
[' 1L+'l- dx
lg
: Il8 J-r'
[' (.x:tz)dr

r It*t]r'l'
- L 2-
l-l
18 .l ,

: :36 [t'x+'z'1']',1

36 5
: I - 'li...r:! =?=...9..' z2-'L2-
3615"
Ex. (5). A rondom vorioble Xhos the following probobility distribution :

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t P(X : x\ 0 k 2k 2k 3k P 2P 7P+k
Find (i) k (ii) P(x < 3) (iii) P(x> 6) (iv) P(0 < x< 3) (v) P(2< x <4)
Solution: sinc ( ?(:t) i I I.y.tb."L:].'.h..i:.ri:lhJ.i :...:.k..1
.
-,
L P(x) >t
"'X--a
,, IIq) t f11) rPS}tll?)1111) :Il?.:|(:)I!o):
Kt+K
o+ l< +2K +2-K +3K {-Kz +z-Kz+-I = I

r; i."; s\i-i :o

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 ,oKt+r0K*K-l =-o
I cz K Cn +t1-r (rc+l)
=-o
.^.(1op-\) (k+r) : o

oT K=-\
'.= *
K=-\ iJ not PossiU.
i) l<* = l-
..........r.0..

;i) P ( ;t(3)=o+K+zK
=3K
?

ii\) ?(i7e)=;[2;)<
t..q.7' ...t.?
l-l
lo

Ex. (6). The p. m. f. of o rqndom vqriqblexis os follows

:

X:x 1 2 3 4
P(x) I 4 9 t6
30 30 30 30
Find Meqn qnd the Voriqnce.

Solution ....5.=.* 1... 2_ 3 q

? (^) I
lzo ,l;, q/zo te
lrn 'l=ol
........
{.r(x) l lto t6lyo iiL,; ";;il' '
/3
ly,
/3o '

rTsa.n ..=. E.c x.)..

=. # =...3.r.3.3.

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 Vat\once _ V(x) = zxlei * Lzxi Pr]

59 loo
= "'s;"- 9""'
'5'31'-'Soo
4g
3\
tl{

H<-r't c<- fi<-a 11 -- 3' 33

Ex. (7). From q survey of 20 fomilies in o society, the following doto wos
obtoined:
n
No. of children 0 1 2 J 4

No. of fomilies 5 11 2 0 2

For the rondom voriqble X: number of children in o rondomly

chosen fomily, Find E@ ond V(X).

Solution:

2_3
..';-...F..
Lb
2 l,l5

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 2'
V()t) =- E x,3 fi lZx; P;]
/IID fli

V(r() = 1,2-21 q
Ex. (8). Find the c.d.f. F(n ossocioted with the following p.d.fle)r
J@)
: l2x2(l - x) for 0 < x < I
:0 otherwise.
rl
Also, find P (; . ,K. 2 ) bV using p.d.f qnd c.d.f.

i'f,*>dx
F?)_ i{r^>dx I - tc
'5 8t
8' )z3c
," " " '...1..
x,.l-29
.E{t). 6 , yo\3
=..

3.
F (x) = trx3 - Zx\ _I
No,r ? (* <x < *) vs in5 e.df.
l/z
=
ltz
S t.z.>t?.Ct.-x).d.*

[* *t- J;
=';4 ....13
Jlt
C'
z_JCI
.'f.E {i

=f+ t|;1=:
(llJ -[e(]J.;(,il
FC"rt) '='' '6 'r ' Z-A' !'3' '

=[* ^*:J*L* = *]
Sign of Teocher :

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 16. Binomiol Distribution
Ex. (l) Abiqsed coin is tossed 6 times. The probobility of heods on ony toss
is 0.3. Let X denote the number of heqds thqt comes up.
Find (i) P(x:2) (ii) P(r3) ond (iii) P(1< x < 5).

Solution : X denote the number of heqds thot comes up.

The probobility of heods on ony toss is 0.3.

Probobility of success (p) : 0.3 :

*
Probobilityof foilure(q):1-p- 1-0.3:0.7 : *
CleorlyX-(n,P)with n:6 , o=fiona t=fr
P(X : r) : 'C, P' q'-' Where r: 0,1 ,2,3,...,n.

(i) 2': (\ ^ ( r )' ( 7-\

P(x-rr
", UoJ [10.,J
:x[*)'(*l
(13sX74)
106

03sx2401)
106

:0.324135

(ii)P(x:3) 3 t3/216-s
c_ r r"
= l9s S J I t? )

sqq
Io oo^.3q3.
looo

(iii) P(1< x <5) :P(X:2,3,4,5)

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 : I - { P(X:O) + P(X:l) + P(X:6)} (D
P(X:0)+P(X:l)+P(X:6)

- c.[*)'(*)"'
6
.'r (*)'(*)'' .'*
[*)'(*)"'
= (1) (1)
(#)' .,,, (*)(*)' . or (fr)' or
:[#).[.#p).[#)
( t' 0+rs) + 72e) ( oasu)(zs) +tzg
[----lo.-.,J (
: rou

( qzosoq\
t_t
Irou ) ..(rr)
From (I) ond (II)

P(1<x'5): I - { P(X:O)+P(X:l)+p(X:6)}
: -r-(( +zogoq\ - """
o .-s r 3o3 6
lou )
Ex. (2) If the rqndom vqrioble X follows the Binomiol Distribution with 6
triols ond o probobility of success equol to ot eqch ottempt then
]
whot will be the probobility of (i) exoctly 4 success (ii) qt leost

one success .

Solution : The rondom vqriqble X follows the Binomiol Distribution with 6

triols qnd q probobility of success equol to 1 ot eqch ottempt.
4
113
P- | ond Q=I- P=l-i=;
"'
CleorlyX-(n,p)with n:6 , r=land q=1
44
P(X : r) :'C, P' q'-' where f : 0,1,2,3,...,n.

(i) probobility of exoctly 4 success

P(X:4)
. : 6r'. 11)-rl)'-'
[aJ [a.j
: ts (*e) (#)
: lS Xs
t_stxl(

Satish Jadhwar (Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 .",, -
t2c

:
\os(
-.ri.tr..

o . c3 1_gs
(i) probobility of ot leost one success

P(X > 1) : P(X: 1,2,3,4,5,6)

: 1-P(X<1)
: l-{P(x:0)} (D

: t ..-- 1co (+):( +f -'

: ..1..-..1...C.\.)..( .iH;
, 'l 2-9
) I ,'" ?(t>rr)=o.szzl
- '
...f ..fi. -. ..rr:
4og<
: ...1..=..O.,.1.:f.2.J.... I
Ex. (3) The probobility thqt q student is not q swimm., i, ]J . If 5 students
ore rondomly chosen , find the probobility thot (i) 4 out of them ore
swimmers (ii) ot leost four ore swimmers.

Solution : X denote the number of student is o swimmer.

The probobility thot q student is not o swimm., is

].
The probobility thqt o student is o swimmer is |
33 :
- 1:
var(x) = npq =(10XlX;).

Probobility of success (p) :

: , -it2: l.
Probqbility of foilure (q)

Ex. (a) Let X - B(n,p) if n :10 ond E(X) : 5. Find p ond S.D.(X).

Solution: X-B(n,p), n:10 ond E(X):5.

E(X):np
5:10p
1
P:,
q = l-p

Satish Jadhwar (Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 1-1
2

,
npq

= 00xix;)

_5
)
S.D.(x) =,G(x)
E
I
- \1,

Ex. (5) The probobility of hitting o torget in ony shot is O.z.lf l0 shots qre

fired then find p ond S.D.(X).

Sotution, .l-*....7. o! sl-ots
ti...;.;...:J...
ttinq *1"< tarqet
......u
n.y.$.b.q-'l .....rr.-..
=..
..?.=..f.qg.h*!:J.ih
" "') th.,* *Ls *.^-qd
"''{t' is shot

,', P = o,L-- 2t-s +;:;A q=;-i= L

,0rfvsn fl =to
:i: x:P LI:, *)

^ ,l)= E(x;='A.p
kn
TI o

,],{ = rox!

. a.n A....s,.p.".Cx..)..
= ftm
"WL
r*?-
I

-l C lrr
: l'Zt\S

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 Ex. (6) For o Binomiol Distribution the number of triqls is 5 ond :
l.(r:O)
P(X:3). Find the probobility of success ond qlso obtoin P(X > 2).

Solution : .....
L*! e kno "o No.^" P(x>z) = P(:J +?U,)tPG)

i)"','{\siri'i "
cs\5 j \: J

= [r: I* : +]iF: H: * li l'" #,)

P
t- - '2-- Z? gx2-t
3?='t L43

I . '. ? robq,Lilit:..ed. ::::.9:.1 .it &

;'.P(x>L)=o,?5
.'. t; E
Ex. (7) Student A hos onswered thot the meon of o Binomiql Distribution is
18 ond vorionce is 12, onother student B onswered thqt the meon is
18 ond voriqnce is 21. Of the two students whose qnswer is correct?
Justify.

Sorution , .fi...iLy4g^1...9:{d:1.9.. .t\.4....tu:..I:.1.1..'.-s.. !.?. .?')

VqYiqnrc iJ )2-

.", Y\p= )g qnA n?T=12-

lg q_ -- l2_

r\ >{\

Satish Jadhwar ( Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

5*u ,) <^+ 8.. .q.n I.**r.A. il"t..
Y'n,(Arl =19 "rnd Vqa, = 2l
nP--r8 VIP t = 2-l
," I8 x 1=-2-l .'" S"l-rle.n.} A fJ Co-yytct

Ex. (8) In o group of l0 ployers 5 poss fitness test. Find the probobility thot
out of the 4 ployers selected qt rondom (i) exoctly two will poss
fitness test (ii) ot leost 2 will poss fitness test.

P (x=r)

5
?6.4 2-) .lL
)6
Sign of Teocher :

,i

Satish Jadhwar (Sant Meera Jr. College, Aurangabad)

 f'(x):o

f(x)<0

t.o^F(x)
7/81
.-+
P (x) -.{

-<

l/8L+
I

l3x

Mohoroshtro State
Production ond Curriculum Reseorch,
Pune - 4ll

I I