WORKING PRINCIPALS OF INTERNET

UNIT – I
WHAT IS INTERNET?
 Internet is a global network of inter-connected computers, where one computer can be
connected to any other computer (or computerized device) in any portion of the world.
 Internet uses various internet protocol technologies. The recent introduction of mobile
internet have been equally successful.
 Internet surfing is very easy. Internet is available in all major villages, towns, cities of
almost every country.
 It is possible to surf through Internet with the help of internet browsers such as Windows
explorer, Google chrome, etc.
INTERNET UNDERLYING ARCHITECTURE:
• An Internet consists of a set of connected networks.
• The chief advantage of an Internet is that it provides universal interconnection
while allowing individual groups to use whatever network hardware is best suited to
their needs.
• The technology TCP/IP provides the basis for the global Internet, which helps in
connecting individuals, universities, corporation and government department in
many countries around the globe.
• The global Internet is expanding rapidly
Underlying Network Technologies:
i) Approaches to Network Communication:
• The two approached to network communications are
• Circuit switched (Connection Oriented)
• Packet switched (Connectionless)
Circuit switched:
• Circuit switched network operates by forming a dedicated connection between two
points.
• Circuit switching is a switching technique that establishes a dedicated path between
sender and receiver.
• In the Circuit Switching Technique, once the connection is established then the dedicated
path will remain to exist until the connection is terminated.
 • Circuit switching in a network operates in a similar way as the telephone works.
• A complete end-to-end path must exist before the communication takes place.
• In case of circuit switching technique, when any user wants to send the data, voice, video,
a request signal is sent to the receiver then the receiver sends back the acknowledgment
to ensure the availability of the dedicated path. After receiving the acknowledgment,
dedicated path transfers the data.
• Circuit switching is used in public telephone network. It is used for voice transmission.
• Fixed data can be transferred at a time in circuit switching technology.

Packet switched:
• In a Packet switched network, data to be transferred across a network is divided into
small pieces called packets that are multiplexed onto high capacity intermachine
connections.
• The packet switching is a switching technique in which the message is sent in one go, but
it is divided into smaller pieces, and they are sent individually.
• The message splits into smaller pieces known as packets and packets are given a unique
number to identify their order at the receiving end.
• Every packet contains some information in its headers such as source address, destination
address and sequence number.
• Packets will travel across the network, taking the shortest path as possible.
• All the packets are reassembled at the receiving end in correct order.
• If any packet is missing or corrupted, then the message will be sent to resend the
message.
• If the correct order of the packets is reached, then the acknowledgment message will be
sent.
(ii) Wide Area and Local Area Networks
The Packed switch technology is divided into two broad categories
• Wide Area Network
• Local Area Network
Wide Area Network:
• WAN technologies, sometimes called long haul networks, provide communication over
large distances.
• Most WAN technologies do not limit the distance spanned. A WAN can allow the
endpoints of a communication to be arbitrarily far apart. For example, a WAN can span a
continent or can join computers across an ocean.
Local Area Networks:
• LAN technologies provide the highest speed connections among computers, but sacrifice
the ability to span large distances.
• For example, a typical LAN spans a small area like a single building or a small campus
and operates between 10 Mbps and 2 Gbps (Billion bits per second).
• Because LAN technologies cover short distances, they offer lower delays than WANs.
The delay across a LAN can be as short as a few tenths of a millisecond, or as long as 10
milliseconds.
iii) Ethernet Technology
• Ethernet is the name given to a popular packet switched LAN technology; most medium
or large corporations use Ethernet.
• It is a bus because all stations share a single communication channel; it is a broadcast
because all transceivers receive every transmission.
INTERNET ARCHITECTURE
 An Internet is more than a collection of networks interconnected by computers.
Internetworking implies that the interconnected systems agree to conventions that allow
each computer to communicate with every other computer.
 The networks interconnect to form an internetwork.
 Then, how a packet flows from one network to another? Physically, a device that
attaches to both of them can only connect two networks.
 Devices that interconnect two networks and pass packets from one to the other are called
Internet gateways or routers.
 A router reads the destination address, and routs the packet to the destination.
 An Internet is more than a collection of networks interconnected by computers.
Internetworking implies that the interconnected systems agree to conventions that allow
each computer to communicate with every other computer.
 The networks interconnect to form an internetwork.
 Then, how a packet flows from one network to another? Physically, a device that
attaches to both of them can only connect two networks.
 Devices that interconnect two networks and pass packets from one to the other are called
Internet gateways or routers.
 A router reads the destination address, and routs the packet to the destination.
INTERNET ADDRESSES
• Each host on a TCP/IP Internet is assigned a unique 32-bit Internet address that is
used in all communication with that host.
• Conceptually, each IP address consists of a network id that identifies a network,
and host id identifies a host on that network.Given an IP address, its class can be
determined from the three high-order bits, with two bits being sufficient to
distinguish among the three primary classes.
i) ARP (Mapping Internet Addresses to Physical Addresses)
• Address Resolution Protocol, ARP, allows a host to find the physical address of a
target host on the same physical network, given only the target's IP address.
• ARP is a low-level protocol that hides the underlying networks physical addressing,
permitting one to assign an arbitrary IP address to every machine. ARP is a part of
physical network system, and not as part of Internet protocols.
UNIT-II

 Connecting to the internet

 Communication to the internet

CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET:

 Internet connection options vary by Internet Service Provider and by region.

 Customers should consider some of the following factors before selecting an Internet package:
speed or bandwidth, cost, availability, reliability and convenience.

 In order to determine what Internet plan is right for you, we recommend you review the
different types of Internet connections available on the market today.

Understanding the Differences between Internet Connections

 In today's age, there are numerous ways to connect laptops, desktops, mobile phones, gaming
consoles, e-readers and tablets to the Internet. Some of the most widely used Internet
connections are described below.

WIRELESS:

 Radio frequency bands are used in place of telephone or cable networks.

 One of the greatest advantages of wireless Internet connections is the "always-on" connection
that can be accessed from any location that falls within network coverage.

 Wireless connections are made possible through the use of a modem, which picks up Internet
signals and sends them to other devices.

MOBILE & HOTSPOT

 Many cell phone and smartphone providers offer voice plans with Internet access. Mobile
Internet connections provide good speeds and allow you to access the Internet.

 Hotspots are sites that offer Internet access over a wireless local area network (WLAN) by way
of a router that then connects to an Internet service provider.

 Hotspots utilize Wi-Fi technology, which allows electronic devices to connect to the Internet or
exchange data wirelessly through radio waves.

 Hotspots can be phone-based or free-standing, commercial or free to the public.

DIAL-UP:

• Dial-up connections require users to link their phone line to a computer in order to access the
Internet.

• This particular type of connection—also referred to as analog—does not permit users to make
or receive phone calls through their home phone service while using the Internet.

BROADBAND:

 This high-speed Internet connection is provided through either cable or telephone companies.
 One of the fastest options available, broadband Internet uses multiple data channels to send
large quantities of information.

 The term broadband is shorthand for broad bandwidth.

 Broadband Internet connections such as DSL and cable are considered high-bandwidth
connections.

 Although many DSL connections can be considered broadband, not all broadband connections
are DSL.