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Lecture05

The document is a lecture on graphing techniques, including sketching graphs of linear and quadratic equations, graphing absolute value equations, and finding intercepts. It also covers the equations of circles and their graphical representation, as well as symmetry in graphs. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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Hiba Sajjad
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5 views

Lecture05

The document is a lecture on graphing techniques, including sketching graphs of linear and quadratic equations, graphing absolute value equations, and finding intercepts. It also covers the equations of circles and their graphical representation, as well as symmetry in graphs. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

Hiba Sajjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 05

Instructor: Asgher Ali

Feb 01, 2023


1 Graph

1.1 Sketching a Graph by Plotting Points

We can sketch the graph of any linear equation by considering some of


the points and join them with the help of a straight line.
Example 1.1.1 Sketch the graph of the equation 2x − y = 3

1. We first transform the equation in terms of y on the LHS.


2. We design a table.

x y = 2x − 3 (x, y)
-3 -9 (-3,-9)
-2 -7 (-2,-7)
-1 -5 (-1,-5)
0 -3 (0,-3)
1 -1 (1,-1)
2 1 (2,1)
3 3 (3,3)

3. Plot the points on the graph

1
Example 1.1.2 Sketch the graph of the equation y = x2 − 2

1. We first transform the equation in terms of y on the LHS.


2. We design a table.

x y = x2 − 2 (x, y)
-3 7 (-3,7)
-2 2 (-2,2)
-1 -1 (-1,-1)
0 -2 (0,-2)
1 -1 (1,-1)
2 2 (2,2)
3 7 (3,7)

3. Plot the points on the graph

2
1.2 Graphing the Absolute Value Equation

Example 1.2.1 Sketch the graph of the equation y = |x|.

1. We first transform the equation in terms of y on the LHS.


2. We design a table.

x y = |x| (x, y)
-3 3 (-3,3)
-2 2 (-2,2)
-1 1 (-1,1)
0 0 (0,0)
1 1 (1,1)
2 2 (2,2)
3 3 (3,3)

3. Plot the points on the graph

3
1.3 Intercepts

The x-coordinates of the points where a graph intersects the x-axis are
called the x − intercepts of the graph and are obtained by setting
y = 0 in the equation of the graph.

Example 1.3.1 Find the x-intercepts of the graph of the


equation y = x2 − 2

1. To find the x intercepts,√we set y = 0 and solve for


√ x. In
√this
example, we get x = ± 2. The x intercepts are 2, − 2.
2. To find the y intercepts, we set x = 0 and solve for y. In this
example, we get y = −2.

2 Circles

How to find an equation of a graph? If a geometric curve can


be represented by an algebraic equation, the rules of algebra can be
used to analyze the curve.

4
As an example, lets find the equation of a circle with radius r and
center (h, k). Circle is the set of all points P (x, y) whose
distance from the center C(h, k) is a constant r. Thus
P is on the circle if and only if d(P, C) = r. From the distance
fromula, we have
r
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2

2.1 Graphing a Circle

Graph each equation.


1. x2 + y 2 = 25
2. (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25

2.2 Finding an Equation of Circle

1. Find an equation of the circle with radius 3 and center (2, −5).
2. Find an equation of the circle that has the points P (1, 8) and
Q(5, −6) as the end point of a diameter.

The answers are


1. (x − 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9
2. (x − 3)2 + (y − 1)2 = 53

2.3 Identifying an Equation of a Circle

Show that the equation x2 + y 2 + 2x − 6y + 7 = 0 represents a


circle, and find the center and radius of the circle.

5
3 Symmetry

Sometimes the part of the graph to the left of the y−axis is the mirror
image of the part to the right of the y−axis. The reason is that if
the point (x, y) is on the graph, so is (−x, y), and these points are
reflections of each other about the y−axis. In this situation, we say
that the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

Test the equation for symmetry.


1. y = x4 + x2
2. x = y 4 − y 2
3. y = x3 + 10x

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