State Level Technical ONLINE Paper Presentation Competition 2023

Electric Vehicles

Vedant Jitendra Patankar

Veena Vijay Mahadik

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Abstract:
The global warming has become a very important issue during the last decade. The worldwide
research is oriented to obtain efficiency improvements on energy consuming and sustainable
energy sources utilization. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are able to achieve this goal. In
addition the utilization of high efficiency electric machines, using high energy permanent
magnet, allows an increased reduction of fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. This
paper deals about various topologies of the permanent magnet machines and some commercial
vehicles adopting these motors are described.
History

Electric vehicles (EVs) have a rich history dating back to the 19th century. In the late 1800s, inventors like
Thomas Edison and others experimented with electric cars. The first commercially successful electric car was
the Flocken Elektrowagen, built in Germany in 1888. However, internal combustion engine cars became more
dominant in the early 20th century.

Interest in electric cars revived in the late 20th century due to concerns about pollution and oil dependency.
The General Motors EV1 in the 1990s and the introduction of the Toyota Prius in 1997 marked important
milestones.

Since then, advances in battery technology, environmental concerns, and government incentives have led to a
surge in EV popularity. Companies like Tesla have played a significant role in making EVs more mainstream.
Today, EVs are seen as a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions and promote
sustainable transportation.

Working of Electric Vehicle

The core of an electric vehicle is its battery pack, typically composed of lithium-ion cells. This battery is akin
to a gas tank, but it stores electrical energy.Charging an EV is as simple as plugging it into an electrical
source.Once charged, the electric energy is converted from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) by
an onboard inverter. This AC power is what drives the electric motor.The electric motor, often situated near
the vehicle's wheels, is the workhorse of an EV. When you accelerate, the electric motor draws energy from
the battery, converting it into rotational force that turns the wheels, propelling the vehicle forward.Many EVs
employ regenerative braking, a process where the electric motor reverses during braking, converting kinetic
energy back into electricity to recharge the battery.The entire system is carefully managed by the vehicle's
computer, which controls the power output to the electric motor, allowing for various driving modes and
optimal energy utilization.Unlike traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, EVs produce zero tailpipe
emissions, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

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Comparison between Fuel and Electric Vehicle

1. Energy Source:
- Fuel Vehicles: They run on gasoline, diesel, or other combustible fuels, relying on internal combustion
engines.
- Electric Vehicles: EVs are powered by electricity stored in batteries or generated from external sources,
such as charging stations.

2. Environmental Impact:
- Fuel Vehicles: Emit greenhouse gases and pollutants, contributing to air pollution and climate change.
- Electric Vehicles: Produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them environmentally friendly, especially if the
electricity source is renewable.

3. Fueling/Charging Infrastructure:
- Fuel Vehicles: Widespread fueling stations are available, making refueling convenient.
- Electric Vehicles: Charging infrastructure is expanding but can be less widespread, requiring planning for
longer trips.

4. Operating Costs:
- Fuel Vehicles: Generally have higher fuel and maintenance costs due to the need for oil changes, filters,
and more.
- Electric Vehicles: Tend to have lower operating costs as electricity is cheaper than gasoline, and they have
fewer moving parts, reducing maintenance.

5. Range:
- Fuel Vehicles: Typically have longer driving ranges on a full tank of fuel.
- Electric Vehicles: Range can vary, with some EVs having shorter ranges, but newer models offer
competitive ranges.

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Advantages of Electric Vehicle

1. Environmental Benefits:Zero Emissions: EVs produce no tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions, making them more environmentally friendly.
2. Lower Operating Costs:Lower Fuel Costs: Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline, resulting in
significant savings on fuel expenses.
Reduced Maintenance: EVs have fewer moving parts, which means lower maintenance costs
compared to traditional vehicles.
3. Energy Efficiency:Electric motors are highly efficient, converting a higher percentage of energy from
the power source into vehicle movement.
4. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels:EVs can be charged using electricity from various sources,
including renewable energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels for transportation.
5. Reduced Oil Consumption:EVs reduce the demand for oil, potentially decreasing the geopolitical and
economic impacts associated with oil dependency.

Disadvantages of Electric Vehicle

1. Charging Infrastructure: While charging infrastructure is expanding, it may still be less accessible in
some areas, making it inconvenient for people without home chargers.
2. Charging Time: Charging an EV takes longer than filling a gas tank, particularly with standard home
chargers. Fast chargers are available, but they're not as common.
3. Range Anxiety: Some drivers worry about running out of battery power before reaching a charging
station, leading to range anxiety.
4. Upfront Cost: Although EV operating costs are lower, the initial purchase price is often higher than
that of traditional vehicles.
5. Battery Degradation: Over time, an EV's battery capacity can degrade, leading to reduced range and
performance. Battery replacement can be expensive
Marketing Strategies of Electric Vehicle
Environmental Benefits: Emphasize the eco-friendliness of electric vehicles (EVs), such as reduced
emissions and their contribution to a cleaner environment.
Cost Savings: Highlight the potential savings on fuel and maintenance costs compared to traditional gas-
powered vehicles.
1. Technology: Feature advanced technology, such as autonomous driving capabilities, smartphone
integration, and over-the-air updates.

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2. Safety: Highlight the safety features unique to EVs, like low center of gravity, fewer moving parts, and
regenerative braking.
3. Sustainability: Showcase the use of sustainable materials and manufacturing processes in the
production of EVs.
4. Social Responsibility: Emphasize the role of consumers in reducing carbon emissions and contributing
to a more sustainable future.

BENEFITS OF ELECTRTIC VEHICLE

Electric vehicles have very low maintenance costs because they don’t have as many moving parts as an
internal combustion vehicle. The servicing requirements for electric vehicles are lesser than the
conventional petrol or diesel vehicles. Therefore, the yearly cost of running an electric vehicle is
significantly low.

Tax and financial benefits

Registration fees and road tax on purchasing electric vehicles are lesser than petrol or diesel vehicles.
There are multiple policies and incentives offered by the government depending on which state you are in.
To find out more about electric vehicle incentives

Convenience of charging at home

Imagine being at a busy fuel station during peak hours, and you are getting late to reach your workplace.
These problems can easily be overcome with an electric vehicle. Simply plug your vehicle in at your home
charger for 4-5 hours before you plan to go. If you are able to get a charger where you park at home, it is
very convenient to plan your journeys in advance. What if you forget to plug in your machine someday?
Then you can easily take the help of fast chargers or even battery swapping services if you are on a two-
wheeler on the road.

No noise pollution

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 Electric vehicles have the silent functioning capability as there is no engine under the hood. No engine
means no noise. The electric motor functions so silently that you need to peek into your instrument panel
to check if it is ON. Electric vehicles are so silent that manufacturers have to add false sounds in order to
make them safe for pedestrians.

Key Components of an All-Electric Car

Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to charge the
traction battery pack.

DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the
lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.

Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's wheels.
Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.

Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port and converts it to DC
power for charging the traction battery. It also communicates with the charging equipment and monitors
battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge while charging the pack.

Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction
battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.

Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine,
electric motor, power electronics, and other components.

Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.

Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction motor to
drive the wheels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, electric vehicles are poised to play a pivotal role in the transition to more sustainable and eco-
friendly transportation. As technology continues to improve, costs decrease, and infrastructure expands, EVs
are likely to become even more accessible and appealing to a broader range of consumers.

Electric vehicles have a number of benefits, but some tradeoffs do apply. Here are some of the benefits of
electric vehicles:

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1. Electric cars are efficient, quiet, and torque-rich.
2. Electric vehicles are 75 percent efficient at turning input energy into moving energy (kinetic energy), while
gas-powered vehicles with internal combustion engines are only 25 percent efficient.

However, electric vehicles can be expensive, tend to be heavy, and are plagued by a limited public charging
infrastructure 12.
In conclusion, electric vehicles are a promising technology that can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
improve air quality. However, they are not without their challenges. The high cost of electric vehicles and the
limited availability of charging infrastructure can make them less accessible to some consumers. Additionally,
the environmental benefits of electric vehicles depend on how the electricity used to charge them is
generated. Nevertheless, as technology continues to improve and more charging infrastructure is built, electric
vehicles will likely become an increasingly attractive option for many drivers

Referances
R.A. Daziano et al.-Electric vehicles rising from the dead: data needs for forecasting consumer response
toward sustainable energy sources in personal transportation Energy Policy(2012)

 R.A. Daziano- Conditional-logit Bayes estimators for consumer valuation of electric vehicle driving range
Resour. Energy Econ.(2013)
 D. Diamond - The impact of government incentives for hybrid-electric vehicles: evidence from US states

Energy Policy(2009)
 K. Funk et al.Electric versus conventional vehicles: social costs and benefits in FranceTransport. Res. Part
D(1999)
 M. Khouja-The single-period (news-vendor) problem: literature review and suggestions for future research
Omega (Westport) (1999)

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