What is differentiation?

1. Differentiation helps us find the gradient of a function at a specific point.

2. For straight lines, the gradient remains the same at every point, but for curves the
gradient changes as you move along the graph.

3. Differentiation is useful because the gradient doesn't just come as one specific value, but
rather, a whole new function.
4. For example, if we differentiate the function Y=X^2, we get a whole new function called
"2x".

5. To find the gradient of any point along y=x^2, just plug in the x-coordinate of that point,
into this new function.
6. For example, the gradient at coordinates (3,9) is just 2 times 3, which is six.
7. As for the point （-4,16), it's just 2 times -4, so the gradient there is negative 8.
How to find the derivative of this expression using chain rule?

1. First, we’re going to bring the power of 5 down to multiply with the bracket.
2. Rewrite the same expression inside it, and then subtract the power by 1.
3. Here, 5 minus 1 is 4.
4. When doing chain rule, we’ll multiply our answer with the derivative of whatever inside
the bracket.
5. In this case the derivative of 3X squared is 6X, because we bring down the 2 to multiply
3, and the derivative of 4X is just 4.
6. After that, we can multiply the 5 and the (6X + 4) to get (30X + 20) at the front and that’s
it.
How do we use differentiation to find stationary points?
1. The stationary points of any curve appear when the gradient is equal to 0.
2. Let's use this example, with the graph of this quadratic function.
3. At the stationary point, the curve is neither "increasing' nor "decreasing” but it's actually
flat, or 0.
4. Differentiation helps us find the gradient of a curve, in the form of a new function.

5. So we differentiate the original quadratic, which gives us a 4x+8.

6. Since we know the gradient at the stationary point is equal to 0, we make 4x+8 equal to
zero..
7. From there, we rearrange for x and get x=-2.

8. This is the x-coordinate of the stationary point.

9. To get the y-coordinate, just substitute x=-2 into the quadratic function.
10. We end up with y=-3, so the coordinates are (-2,-3).
 How to differentiate a constant number
1. So you might have heard about differentiation, which gives you an expression for the
curve’s gradient.
2. To differentiate something, we usually bring the power of x down to multiply, and then
subtract the original power by 1.
3. But, what happens when we try to differentiate just … a constant?
4. Well. we can first express that constant as itself multiplied by x to the power of zero.
5. So in this case, saying “7 times x power 0” is actually the same as saying 7 times 1.
6. When we differentiate this, bringing the power of zero down multiplies the power of zero
down multiplies the whole term by zero, giving us a derivative of zero.
7. This makes sense when we see that the graph of any constant is a horizontal line.
8. The slope is flat, so it has a gradient, or dy/dx, of zero.
 What is Integration?
1. integration helps us find the area under a graph.
2. To do this, we use the "integral" of a function, between upper and lower bounds.
3. These "bounds" decide where to measure the area under the graph

4. For example, if we integrate from x=2 to x=4, we find the area between those two points.
5. Likewise, if we integrate from x=1 to x=5, we'll get a different area.
6. Adding "dx" to the end, shows that we're integrating towards the x-axis.
 What is the value of a definite integral?
1. A definite integral helps us find the area under a graph, between two points.
2. Let's use this example to understand.
3. to integrate x squared, take the power, add 1 to it, and then divide by the new power,
which is 3.

4. This is because when integrating, we are doing the "reverse" of differentiation.

5. next, plug in the upper and the lower bounds into 'x', one at a time.
6. In this case, it's a 4 and 2.
7. 4 cubed over 3 is 64/3, and 2 cubed over 3 is 8/3.

8. These resulting values represent the area under the graph, up to x=4 and x=2.
9. to find the area between them, we take the upper bound's area and subtract the lower
bound's area.
10. This removes the area outside that we're not interested in.
11. After subtracting, our final answer is 56/3.
 What does integration do?
1. Integration helps find the area under a graph from one point to another.
2. We do this by placing the integral symbol next to a function, and then specifying the
lower and upper limits.
3. These “limits” describe the start and the end of where we’re finding the area under the
graph.
4. We add “dx” at the end to note that we’re integrating towards the x-axis.
5. For example, this integral here describes the region from x=0 to x=4.
6. This other one describes the area from x=1 to x=5.
7. To find the value of an integral, you have to evaluate it, which is done differently
depending on the function.
 Why do functions look like this?
1. A function is a math machine that takes in an input and produces an output.
2. This is usually written using function notation, but you may see some functions written
like this with “y equals to something” with 'y' as the output and 'x' as the input.

3. So why do we have two ways of writing functions?

4. Having a list of several equations starting with “y equals….” can be confusing.
5. Because of this it's clear to use the 'f(x)’ notation instead, which takes ‘x’ as an input and
describes the output.
6. Having the notation like this allows us to name different functions like f(x), g(x), and so
on.
 What is a logarithm?
1. A logarithm is a way of counting how many times you need to multiply a number, by
itself, to get another number.

2. To understand how this works, take this logarithm, for example.

3. The small '2' here is called a 'base'.

4. So this logarithm is a statement asking us, "how many times do you need to multiply the
base, 2, by itself, so that you get 8?”
5. And because we know that 2 to the power of 3 is 8, the answer is 3.

6. Similarly, log-base 2 of 16 is asking us: "how many times do you multiply 2, in order to
get 16?”
7. 2 to the power of 4 is 16, so our answer here is 4.
 These are three ways to solve quadratic equations.
1. The general form of a quadratic equation looks like ax^2+bx+c = 0.

2. The first method of solving is called factorization.

3. It involves expressing the quadratic as a multiplication of two brackets.
4. In order to get a zero from the result of a multiplication, one of the things you used to
multiply needs to be a zero.
5. So in this case, we can equate both of the brackets on the left hand side in order to get
two different answers equal to zero.
6. From there, we get two different answers for X.

7. The second method is completing the square.

8. This involves expressing the quadratic in the form you see here.

9. Then, we just rearrange the equation until only x is left on one side.
10. The final method is by using the quadratic formula.

11. Here, we read the numbers 'a’, 'b' and 'c' from the quadratic expression, put into the
formula.
12. And then simplify to get our final answers.
 How do you solve this quadratic equation?

1. Well, we can factorize this into two brackets.

2. Inside, we have to place the correct terms that expand to give us the original expression.
3. First place an “X” in either bracket to obtain the X squared.
4. Next, we’ll have to figure out what multiplies to become 6 and adds to become 5.
5. In this case, those numbers are -2 and -3.

6. Because we have two brackets multiplying to become 0, at least one of them had to be a
0.
7. In this case, we can set each bracket as equal to 0, and then obtain 2 possible answers.
 Here are three easy steps to factorize quadratics.
1. Generally, quadratics come in the form of ax^2+bx+c.

2. Step 1 is listing out pairs of factors for the numbers a and c.

3. A pair of factors for a certain number, will multiply together to give that number.

4. For example, in this expression, +3 has a factor pair of 3 and 1.

5. Negative 10 has the factor pairs of +1 and -10, as well as +2 and -5.
6. But for each of these pairs, you can swap the positions of the "+" and the "-” signs, giving
you four pairs in total.
7. Step 2 is to perform the cross method.

8. Choose your factor pairs for a and c, and cross multiply them as shown here.
9. Write the result of each multiplication off to the side.
10. When we add up these results, we need to find the
combination that matches the number beside the "x" over here.
11. -15 +2 is -13, so yes, this combination of factor pairs works.

12. Step 3 is to write out the answer.

13. This gives us two brackets, and we place our factor pairs according to the cross method
we did earlier.
14. Don't forget to put back "x" in each of the first terms.
 What is a radian?
1. A radian is a unit of measurement for angles just like degrees.

2. To understand how this works, let's use a circle with a radius of 1, that's the line from the
centre, to the edge of the circle.
3. An angle of 1 radian forms when the arc length, which is this part of the circle, has the
exact same length R as the radius.
4. In this case, that's a length of 1.
5. Radians will look like this, where the arc length is now 2.
6. Same thing with 3 radians, the arc length is 3.

7. When we get to 3.14, or pi radians, we get the angle of a straight line.

8. This is 180 in degrees, so this tells us that pi radians is equal to 180 degrees.
9. Likewise, when we get to 2pi radians, we get the angle of a full circle.
10. This is 360 degrees, so 2pi radians is equal to 360 degrees.
 What is arc length?
1. An arc is the circle's edge, from a specific sector of that circle.

2. We can calculate the arc length by taking the radius of the circle, ‘r’, and multiplying it
with the angle of the sector, theta.
3. For example, to get the arc length of this sector here, we take the radius, 5cm, and
multiply it by the angle in the sector, pi/4.
4. This gives us a total of 3.93cm.

5. When calculating this, keep in mind that theta must be in radian form.
6. Keep in mind that theta must be in radian form.
7. Radians are just a unit of measurement for angles, other than degrees.
8. To convert from degrees to radian, multiply the angle in degrees with pi, and divide by
180.