Republic of the Philippines IM No.

: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM BSABE COURSE NO. ABE 110

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE AB ELECTRIFICATION AND

CONTROL SYSTEM
YEAR LEVEL BSABE 3 TIME FRAME WK NO. 2-4 IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Chapter 1- Electrical Terminology

II. LESSON TITLE

Basic Electrical Engineering

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

1. Explain the basic electrical concepts of current, voltage, resistance,
and electrical polarity.
2. Define the ohm’s law.
3. Described the basic relationship of voltage, current, and resistance in
a series circuit.
4. Apply Ohm’s law to determine unknown quantities.
5. Described the characteristics of parallel circuit.
6. Discuss the relationship of work and power.
6. Discuss the principle of voltage drop across conductors.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOME

Understand and apply the fundamental concepts and principles of electrical engineering,
including voltage, current, resistance, power, and energy.

V. LESSON CONTENT

ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

ELECTRICITY
Is a form of energy generated by friction, induction, or chemical change, having
magnetic, chemical, and radiant effects?

PRIMARY METHODS OF PRODUCING ELECTRICAL ENERGY

1. FRICTION BETWEEN MOVING OBJECTS- Clouds driven by strong winds can

gather electrostatic charger which are released to the earth in the form of lightning.

2. PRESSURE (Piezoelectricity)- certain types of crystals produce a voltage when

subjected to pressure.

3. HEAT (Thermoelectricity)- voltage is produce when the junction of two unlike

metals are heated. Thermocouples use the principles of thermoelectricity.

4. CHEMICAL ACTION- Batteries and fuel cells rely on chemical reaction to produce
voltage.
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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

5. LIGHT (PHOTOELECTRICITY)- Solar or photocells convert radiant energy to

electrical energy.

6. MAGNETISM- Magnetism produces voltage by operating on the principle of

electromagnetic induction

ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS BEINGWIDELY USE DUE TO THEFOLLOWING

REASONS

 Clean form of energy- absence of smoke, ashes, dust, etc.

 Easily convertible to light, heat, mechanical energy etc.
 Easily and economically transportable by means of running cables.

ELECTRICAL IS GENERATED IN BULK AMOUNT IN VARIOUS

GENERATINGSTATIONS NAMELY,

HYDRO POWER STATION- Potential energy of water is converted into electrical energy.

THERMAL POWERSTATION- Heat energy obtained by burning coal or oil is converted into
electrical energy

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reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
NUCLEAR POWERSTATION- Thermal energy obtained from atomic fission or fusion is
converted into electrical energy.

ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS ALSO GENERATED BY OTHER METHODS SUCH

AS:

DIESEL STANDBY GENERATOR- Internal combustion engine run on liquids fuels

like diesel, kerosene etc. driving a generator.

SOLAR-FARMS- Lights energy obtained from the sun converted by solar cells.

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
WIND-FARMS- Force due to the flow of the wind converted by windmills.

1-2 DEFINITIONS

 VOLTAGE- is the electrical pressure that causes the electron to move through
conductor.

 AMPERE- is the standard unit used in measuring the strength of an electric current.

 WATT- is the rate or measure power use or consumed.

 CIRCUIT- refers to the wire installation that supply current to light and convenience
outlet.

 RESISTANCE- is the friction or opposition of the flow of current by the wires and
transformer.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE

 COMPOSITION OF THE CONDUCTOR- this refers to a conductor having free

electrons that have a low resistance.

 LENGTH OF WIRE-the longer the wire, the higher the resistance

 CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF WIRE- the bigger the cross-sectional area of wire,
the lower its resistance.

 TEMPERATURE- metal offers high resistance to high temperature (heat)

1-3 ELECTRIC CURRENT

Is the flow or rate of flow of electric force in a conductor?
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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Where:
I= current in amperes, A
q= charge in coulomb, C
t= time in second, S
 Source of voltage
 A closed loop of wiring
 An electrical load
 A means of opening and closing the circuit

ELECTRICAL CURRENT IS CLASSIFIED AS:

 Direct current (DC)- flows in one direction

 Alternating current (AC)- the AC electricity, constantly reverses its direction of flow.
“The AC electricity is dangerous, because it involves high voltage transmission line.”

ALTERNATING CURRENT OR VOLTAGE- is a current or voltage that changes in strength

according to a sine curve. An alternating current AC reverses its polarity on each alternation. The
AC goes through one positive loop and one negative loop to form one complete cycle that is
continuously repeated.

ADVANTAGE OF AC

 It is easily produced.

 It is cheaper to maintain.

 It could be transformed into higher voltage.

 It could be distributed to far distance with low voltage drop.

 It is more efficient compare with the direct current.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

 Not a force, despite its name

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
 Couse’s electric charge to flow in an electrical system having potential difference.

 May be generated by means of mechanical, magnetic, pressure, thermal, radiation, or

chemical effects.

RESISTANCE

In hydraulic system, the flow of the fluid is impeded or resisted by friction

between the wall of the pipe, fittings, and other turns of offset. In the same manner, the
flow of current in a circuit (electrical wiring installation) is also impeded or resisted by
the wire, transformer, and other devices.

I =V / R
Where:
I= current
V= voltage
R= resistance

 Base on the physical dimension of the conductor and material with which the
conductor is made up for, resistance can be accounted as

R=p L/ A , P=RA /L
Where:
R= resistance in ohm, Ω
L= length of conductor in meter, m
A= area of cross-section of the conductor in mm^2 or m^2
P= resistivity or specific resistance of the conductor material expressed in
Ωmm^2/m or in Ω° m

Example 1: If the resistance of an electric iron is 50 Ω and a current of 3.2 A flows through
the resistance. Find the voltage between two points.

Solution:
If we are asked to calculate the value of voltage with the value of current and resistance, then
cover V in the triangle. Now, we are left with I and R or more precisely I × R.
Therefore, we use the following formula to calculate the value of V:
V=I×R
Substituting the values in the equation, we get
V = 3.2 A × 50 Ω = 160 V
V= 160V
Example 2: An EMF source of 8.0 V is connected to a purely resistive electrical appliance
(a light bulb). An electric current of 2.0 A flows through it. Consider the conducting wires
to be resistance-free. Calculate the resistance offered by the electrical appliance.
Solution:
When we are asked to determine the value of resistance when the values of voltage and current
are given, we cover R in the triangle. This leaves us with only V and I, more precisely V ÷ I.
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
Substituting the values in the equation, we get
R=V÷I
R=8V÷2A=4Ω
R=4Ω

Material Resistivity at 20ºC (Ωºm) Temperature coefficient of Resistance at 20ºC (per ºC)
CONDUCTOR
Aluminum 2.38 x 10-8 4.03 10-3
Copper 1.72 x 10-8 3.93 x 10-3
Gold 2.24 x 10-8 3.4 x 10-3
Iron 9.71 x 10-8 6.4 x 10-3
Lead 22 x 10-8 3.87 x 10-3
Mercury 98 x 10-8 9.8 x 10-4
Chrome 100 x 10-8 4 x 10-4
Platinum 10.6 x 10-8 3 x 10-3
Silver 1.63 x 10-8 3.8 x 10-3
Tungsten 5.51 x 10-8 5 x 10-3

SEMICONDUCTOR
Carbon (graphite) 1.5X 10 -5
Germanium (pure) 5 X 10-1
Silicon (pure) 3 X 103
INSULATOR
GLASS 107 -1010
QUARTS 7.5 X 1017

 The reciprocal of the resistance is called conductance. It presented by the

symbol G and its units is mho or Siemens.

G=I / R
In general, the resistance of a material changes with temperature. For most of the
materials the resistance increases with increase temperature.
Rt =Rj (I +ꭤ T )
Rt= resistance at specified temperature in ohm
Rj= resistance at reference temperature in ohm
ꭤ= temperature coefficient of resistance, per °C
T= temperature difference between specified and reference °C

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
1-4 COMPARISON OF AC AND DC ELECTRICITY

Under the principle DC electricity. Power is the product of Voltage and Current

Watts=Volts x ampere
Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of voltage and amperes is equal to the
quantity called volt-ampere.

Volt Ampere=Volt x Ampere

And to convert volt ampere to watts or power, a power factor (pf) is introduced.
Watts=Volt x Ampere x power factor
W =V x I x pf

1-5 THE OHM’S LAW

Is the relationship between the current, voltage, resistance.
States that the current flowing in a circuit varies directly with electrical pressure and inversely
with the position.

 The higher the voltage, the larger the current

 The higher the resistance, the lower the current

Where:
I= current flow (ampere)
E= electromotive force or quantity of electrical pressure (volts)
R= Resistance (ohms)
Examining the ohms law, it will be noted that the current is inversely proportional to the
resistance. Thus, as resistance decreases, current increases.

SUMMARY OF OHMS LAW FORMULA

Voltage=Current ×resistance
E=I × R
Current =Voltage/ Resistance
I =E /R
Resistance=Voltage /Current
R=E/ I
Power=voltage ×current
P=E × I
BY FURTHER ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION OF THE FORMULA

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reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
2
2 E
P=I × R , P=E × I , P=
R

, I= , I= √
P E P
I=
E R R
E P
R= , E=I × R , R= 2
I I
P
E= , E=I × R , E=√ PR
I

1-6 SEREIS AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT

TWO FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

1.SEREIS CIRCUIT- In a series connection, a single path exists for a current

flow, that is, the element is arranged in a series one after the another with no
branches.

RT= R1+R2+R3+………………………….+Rn
Where:
RT = total circuit resistance
R1=resistance of resistor 1
R2=resistance of resistor 2
R3=resistance of resistor 3
Rn=resistance of nth resistor

ET =E1+E2+E3+……………………+En
Where:
ET =total voltage
E1=voltage across component 1
E2=voltage across component 2
E3= voltage across component 3
En=voltage across nth component

IT =I1=I2=I3=……………………=In
Where:
IT =total current
I1=total current through component 1
I2=total current through component 2
I3=total current through component 3
In=total current through nth component

2.PARALLEL CIRCUIT-
The parallel circuit is sometimes referred to as multiple connections where the loads are
place across the same voltage constituting a separate circuit. Parallel circuit is the
standard arrangement for house wiring connection wherein the lights constitute one
parallel grouping, and the convenience outlets constitute the second parallel grouping.

1/Rr= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+………………………….+1/Rn

Where:
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reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
RT = total circuit resistance
R1=resistance of resistor 1
R2=resistance of resistor 2
R3=resistance of resistor 3
Rn=resistance of nth resistor

ET =E1=E2=E3=……………………=En

Where:
ET =total voltage
E1=voltage across component 1
E2=voltage across component 2
E3= voltage across component 3
En=voltage across nth component

IT =I1+I2+I3+……………………+In

Where:
IT =total current
I1=total current through component 1
I2=total current through component 2
I3=total current through component 3
In=total current through nth component

1-7 VOLT TRANSFORMATION

The transformer is a simple static device consisting of a magnetic core wherein the
primary and secondary winding are made. The voltage is directly proportional to the number of
windings or turns. Thus, if a 120 AC will be connected to the left side containing 100 turns, 240
volts would be on the right side containing 200 turns.
The input side is classified as the primary while the output side is classified as the
secondary. Under this condition, the transformer is said to be 120/240 volts step up transformer
with 120 primary and 240 secondaries.
The same transformer could be used as step down transformer by reversing the supply
and load. The 240 volts will be the primary and the 120 volts the secondary.
1-8 POWER AND ENERGY
Power and energy are to frequently interchangeable used. Power is technical term
for the common word work, and wok, is the product power and time.

What is power? – Power is the rate at which energy is used or alternatively, the rate at
which work is done. Power implies continuity.

What is energy? – in electrical term, energy is synonymous with fuel. It is a associated with
work
Energy can be expressed in gallons, liters, barrels, or tons of oil, coal, kilowatt
hour is consumed with electricity and cost of operation.
2
2 E
P=I × R , P=E × I , P=
R

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
pesoperKwh
cost =watts ×hours used ×
1000

Electrical power can be changed to mechanical power by an electric motor. If exactly as

much power could be delivered by the motor as is supplied by to it, then for each 746 watts of
electrical power supplied to the motor, 1 horsepower of mechanical power would be delivered.

746 watts=1 horsepower

Actually, a motor is not 100 percent efficient. The power delivered is never equal to the powered
supplied. Some losses always occur due to internal motor resistance, bearings friction, and air
friction.
The powered supplied to the motor must be generated than powered delivered to provide for
these losses.
input=output +losses
output =input−losses

The percent efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the output power to the input power, and is
always less than 100 percent.
output power
percent efficiency = ×100
input power

1-9 VOLTAGE AND VOLTAGE DROP

Comparatively, in series circuit– Current is the same throughout, but voltage differs. In
Parallel Circuit, the voltage is the same, but the current differs.
Voltage drop is the loss of electrical potential in a conductor due to its resistance. The
effects of
voltage drop across conductors can be observed each time the lights in home dims as a toaster or
electric iron is connected. This effect is produced when a flow resistance device is connected
directly to the line or feeder.
Another one important principle that is worthy to note is, “The sum of the
voltage drop around a circuit is equal to the supply voltage”. The voltage
drops on wire carrying current is:

Voltage drop∈wire=Carried Current x Resistance of Wire

The power loss in the wire conductor can be calculated as the product of the voltage and
the current. It is equal to the component’s resistance times the current squared.

P=I x (I x R): P=I ² R

The power loss in the conductor wire is transformed into heat. Comparatively, a 1200
watts’ appliance rating has 10 amperes current flow on a 120 volts’ current supply compared to 5
amperes only 240 volts’ current supply. Therefore, it is certain to say that the bigger wire is
required on 120 volts than in a 240-volt current supply.

TABLE 1.2. DECIMAL MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES

MULTIPLICATION FACTOR PREFIX SYMBOL

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
18
10 Exa E
15
10 Peta P
12
10 Tera T
09
12 Giga G
06
10 Mega M
03
10 Kilo K
02
10 Hector H
10 Deca Da
−1
10 Deci d
−2
10 Centi c
−3
10 Mili m
−6
10 Micro µ
−9
10 Nano n
−12
10 Pico p
−15
10 Femto f
−18
10 Alto a

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