Republic of the Philippines IM No.

: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE BSABE COURSE NO. ABE 110
PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION COURSE AB ELECTRIFICATION AND
TITLE CONTROL SYSTEM
YEAR LEVEL BSABE 3 TIME FRAME WK NO. 8 IM NO. 4
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Chapter 4 – Residential Electrical Distribution System

II. LESSON TITLE

Residential Electrical Distribution System

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

1. Introduction to Residential Electrical Distribution Systems
2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
3. Components of Residential Electrical Distribution Systems
4. Design and Layout of Electrical Distribution Systems

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Understand the components and operation of residential electrical distribution
systems
2. Design and layout an efficient and safe electrical distribution system for a
home
3. Apply electrical safety standards and practices in residential settings
4. Evaluate and implement energy-efficient technologies and practices
5. Troubleshoot and maintain electrical systems to ensure reliability and safety

V. LESSON CONTENT

CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES

4 -1 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Electric Conductors- are substance or materials use to convey or allow the flow of electric
current.

Materials considered as electric conductors are:

1. Silver
2. Copper
3. Aluminum
4. Nickle
5. Brass
6. Zinc
7. Platinum
8. Iron
9. Led

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10. Tin

Insulators- are substance or materials that resist the flow of electric current.

Various kind of insulators:

1. Rubber 7. Latex
2. Porcelain 8. Asbestos
3. Varnish 9. Paper
4. Slate 10. Oil
5. Glass 11. Wax

6. Mica 12. Thermoplastic

Resistance- are already discussed, is due to friction below the flow of current, and the conductor
as well as the insulator. There is no such thing as perfect insulator because conductors, insulator
and resistor are resistive materials.

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Example:
1. Finding the current in a circuit

Given: Voltage=5V , Resistance=500Ω, I=?

Formula:

I=V/R = 5/500= 0.01A.

So, by applying 5V potential a current of 0.01A flows through the 500 ohms resistor.

2. Finding the voltage in a circuit

Given: Resistance=100Ω, I=2A, Voltage =?

Formula:

V=IR = 2*100=200V

So, the battery voltage for the circuit is 200V.

3. Finding the resistance in a circuit

Given: I=2A, Voltage = 5V, Resistance =?

Formula:

R=V/I = 5/2=2.5Ω

So, a resistance of 2.5 ohms has to be connected in series with the battery source.

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Good Conductors-are those substance with extremely low resistance to current flow.

Example:
1. A 20-meter length of cable has a cross-sectional area of 1mm2 and a resistance of 5 ohms.
Calculate the conductivity of the cable.
Data given: DC resistance, R = 5 ohms, cable length, L = 20m, and the cross-sectional area of
the conductor is 1mm2 giving an area of: A = 1 x 10-6 metres2.

That is 4 mega-siemens per meter length.

2. Calculate the total DC resistance of a 100 meter roll of 2.5mm2 copper wire if the
resistivity of copper at 20oC is 1.72 x 10-8 Ω meter.
Data given: resistivity of copper at 20oC is 1.72 x 10-8, coil length L = 100m, the cross-
sectional area of the conductor is 2.5mm2 which is equivalent to a cross-sectional area of:
A = 2.5 x 10-6 metres2.

That is 688 milli-ohms or 0.688 Ohms.

Good Insulators- are those extremely high resistance to current flow and moderate resistance to
load resistors.
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Conductor insulator- are made in numerous types designated by letters according to kind of
insulation used; also served as physical shield of the wire against heat, water, or other elements
of nature.
 Insulation is rated by voltage from 300 to 15000 Volts. If the insulation used is above the
specified rating, the risk of breakdown is high which might cause short circuit and arcing
that may result to fire.
 Ordinary conductor wires for building are normally rated 300 to 600 volts.
Wires and Cables

Wire and Cable are either:

1.Stranded Wire

2.Solid wire

 Wires- are those electrical conductors 8mm² (AWG No.8) and smaller in size

 Cables are those that are larger than the wires

 Stranded Wires-consist of group of wires twisted to form a metallic string

 Cord-is the term given to an insulated stranded wire

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Mil-Prior to the adaption of the metric system (SI) all electrical wires and cable series were
expressed in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge). The word mil that is equal to 1/1000 of an
inch was used to describe or measure a round wire diameter. If a wire has a
diameter of one mil, it has cross sectional area of one circular mil.

TABLE 4-1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED INSULATED CONDUCTORS FOR

GENERAL WIRING

TRADE NAME TYPE LETTER OPERATING APPLICATION

TEMPERATURE PROVISION
Moisture and Heat KWH 75% Dry and Wet
Resistant Rubber Location
Thermoplastic T 60% Dry Location
Moisture Resistant TW 60% Dry and Wet
Thermoplastic Location
Moisture and Heat THHN 90% Dry Location
Resistant
Moisture and Heat THW 75% Dry and Wet
Resistant Location
Thermoplastic
Moisture and THWN 75% Dry and Wet
Heat Resistant Location
Thermoplastic
Moisture and XHHW 90% Dry Location
Heat Resistant
Cross Linked
Thermosetting
Polyethylene 75% Wet Location
Silicon Asbestos SA 90% Dry Location
Asbestos and AVA 110% Dry Location
Varnish Cambric

The following formula and conversion factor is presented for reference in computing the are of
wires and cable sizes.

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2
Circular mil=d ; Square mil=3.1416 r ²

CONVERSION FACTOR

Square mil = Square inch × .000001

Square inch = Square mil ×.1,000,000
Square mil = Circular mil × 0.7854
Circular mil = Square mil × 1.273
Millimeter = Inches × 25.4
Square millimeter = Circular mil × 0.00050607

TABLE 4-2 TABLEOF CIRCULAR MIL- AREA EQUIVALENT

4-2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES

1. Amored cable- is fabricated assembly of insulated enclosed in flexible metal sheath.

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2. Metal Clad cable- a factory assembled cable of one or more conductors each
Individually insulated and enclosed in metallic sheath in interlocking type of a smooth
corrugated tube.

3. Material Insulated Cable- a factory assembly of one or more conductors insulated with
a highly compressed refractory mineral insulation enclosed in a liquid gas light
continuous copper sheath

4. Non-metallic Sheath Cable- is a factory assembly of two or more isolated conductors

having a moisture resistant flame retardant and non-metallic material outer shoot.

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5. Shielded Non-metallic Sheated Cable- a factory assembly of two or more insulted

conductors in an extruded core of moisture resistant of flame-retardant material covered
with an overlapping spiral metal tape

6. Underground Feeder and Branch Circuit Cable- a misture resistant cable used for
underground connections including direct burial in the underground as feeder or branch
circuit

7. Service Entrance Cable- a single multi-conductor assembly provided with or without

an overall covering; primarily used for service wires

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8. Power and Control Tray Cable- is a factory assembly of two or more isolated
conductors with or without associated bare or covered grounding under a metallic
sheath

9. Flat Cable Assemblies- an assembly of parallel conductors formed integrally with an

insulating material web designed especially for field insulation in metal surfaces or
raceways

10. Flat Conductor Cable- consist of 3 or more flat copper conductor placed edge
separated and enclosed with in an insulating assembly.

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11. Medium Voltage Cable- a single multi- conductor solid dielectric insulated cable at
2000 volts or higher.

Types of wires

4 -3 AMPACITY OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR

AMPACITY- is defined as the ability of a wire or a conductor to carry current without
overheating. Conductor resistance to a current flow, generate not only heat but also contribute to
the voltage drop expressed in the following equation:
Voltage drop in wire= Circuit current x Resistance of wire
Power loss in wire= Circuit current x Voltage drop
P=I x (I x R)
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P=I ² R

Power Loss

 is equal to the component resistance times the current squared (PL=RI²).

 this power loss being converted into heat, must be dissipated
 a small wire diameter can safely carry more current in proportion to its weight

Conductors Ampacity

 is determined by the maximum operating temperature that its insulation can withstand
continuously without overheating.

 current flow and conductor's resistance normally generates heat. Thus, the operating
temperature depends upon the amount of current flow, wire resistance, and environment.

 Environment refers to either enclosed or open condition on which the wire is placed.

 The ampacity or ability of the conductor to carry load, increases, as the sizes of conductor
increases

Derating of Conductor's Ampacity

 means that the full amount of allowable ampacity is reduced to a certain percentage due
to the environmental condition it is exposed of and the number of wire placed inside the
conduit

 the current rating of wire in a free air environment is higher that those placed inside the
conduit

4 -4 RACEWAY

Raceway

are channel designed for holding wires cables that are euther of metal, plastic, or any insulating
medium

The common types of raceways for household wiring installation are:

1. The conduits

2. The connectors and other accessories

Other Types of Raceways

Aside from conduits the connectors, there are other type of raceway such as

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1. Conduit coupling, elbows, and other fittings

2. Conduit supports, such as clamps, hanger, etc.

3. Cable trays, cable bus, etc.

4. Metal raceways

5. Nonmetal raceways and other

4 -5 CONDUIT

Conduit pipe

Is the most common electrical raceway used in all types of construction. With respect to the type
of materials used, conduit may be classified into:

1. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum, etc.

2. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like

With Respect to its make, Conduit may be Classified as:

1.Rigid metal

2. Flexible metal

3. Rigid non-metal

4. Flexible non-metal

The Purpose of Electrical Conduit are:

1. To provide a means for the running wires from one point to another

2. To physically protects the wires

3. To provide a grounded enclosure

4. To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault in wiring

5. To protect the wiring system from damage by the building and the occupants

6. To protect the building and the occupants from damage by the electric system

Connector

A metal sleeve usually made of copper that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends of
conductors of making a joint is otherwise called splicing sleeve.

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4-6 OUTLET AND RECEPTACLES

Outlet receptacles
 An outlet is a point in the wiring system at which current taken supply utilization
equipment. In a simple term, an outlet is any point that supplies an electric load.
 An outlet usually consists of a small metal or non-metal box into which a raceway and or
cable ends.

Different kinds of outlets

1. Convenience outlet

2. Lighting outlet

3. Receptacle outlet

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Convenience Outlet or Attachment Cap is a device that is by insertion into a receptacle

establishes connection between the conductor of the flexible cord and the conductor connected
permanently to the receptacle.

Wall outlet
the common wall outlet is called convenience outlet and to call it wall plug is incorrect. A
plug is another name for the attachment cap on the wire coming from a device or appliances

Lighting outlet
is an outlet where one or more receptacle is installed

Receptacle Outlet
 is an outlet where one or more receptacle is installed
 Aside from the outlets, there are also other wiring accessories such as:

1. The Junction Box

is an outlet. By definition, it does not supply current to utilization device.

2. Pull Box
is a box with a blank cover that is inserted one or more runs or raceway to facilitate
pulling-in the conductors

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3. Receptacles

 are contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of a single attachment plug.
 are included in the general classification of wiring devices. It includes all receptacles and
their matching cap (plug), wall switches, small dimmers, and outlet box mounted lights.

4. Switches and the like

a switch is a device that opens or closes the circuitry in an electric current

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Example:
Prior to the adoption of the Metric System (SI), all electrical wires and cable sizes were
expressed in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge). The word mil that is equal to
1/1000 of an inch was used to describe or measure a round wire diameter. If a wire has
a diameter of one mil, it has a cross sectional area of one circular mil. Wires and
2
cables were expressed in square millimeter written as mm for short
Prior to the adoption of the Metric System (SI), all electrical wires and cable sizes were
expressed in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge). The word mil that is equal to 1/1000 of an
inch was used to describe or measure a round wire diameter. If a wire has a diameter of one mil,
it has a cross sectional area of one circular mil. Wires and cables were expressed in square
millimeter written as mm2 for short.
Illustration: What is the equivalent size in square millimeter of a cable 250 MCM?
1. MCM stands for thousand circular mils.
250 MCM = 250,000 circular mils
2. Square millimeter = Circular mil x .0005067
` = 250,000 x .0005067
Illustration: What is the equivalent size in square millimeter of a cable 250 MCM?
1. MCM stands for thousand circular mils.
250 MCM = 250,000 circular mils
2. Square millimeter = Circular mil x .0005067
` = 250,000 x .0005067
= 126.67mm^2

BRANCH CIRCUIT
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 Refers to the complete path traverse by an electric current.
 In short, electric circuit is the entire housing wiring installation.

BRANCH CIRCUIT
 Is defined by the National Electrical Code (NEC) as: “the circuit conductors
between final over current protective device and the outlets.
 Meaning, the branch circuit is only the wiring installed between the circuit over a
protective device i.e. fuse or circuit breaker, and the outlets.

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Branch circuit comprises the following:

1. The source voltage
2. The wiring and
3. The load

Good Circuitry design is based on the following consideration:

1. Flexibility of the Circuit

Means that the installation can accommodate all probable pattern arrangement and
location of the loads for expansion or future development.
2.Reliabilty and Efficiency of Service
Means to have continuous service and supply of power that are all dependent on
the wiring system.
Reliability of electric power in a facility is determined by two factors.
1.The utility service
2.Building electric system
3. Safety
Means that independent service can be used in lieu of emergency equipment as
back up for normal service.
4. Economy
Refers to the initial costs as well as the operating costs. These two cost
factors stand ➢ in an inverse relationship to one another.
Over design is as bad as under sign. It is wasteful both on initial and
operating cost.
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The Effect of Acquiring Low-Cost Equipment

1. High energy cost
2. Higher maintenance cost
3. Shorter life

5. Energy consideration
Is a complex one considering the following factors:
1. Energy laws and codes
2. Budget
3. Energy conservation techniques
4. Energy control
5. Space allocation

Must consider the following:

1. Energy maintenance
2. Ventilation
3. Expand ability
4. Centrality
5. Limitation of excess

Branch circuit is classified into:

1. General purpose branch circuit

Supplies outlets for lighting and appliances, including receptacles.

2. Appliance branch circuit

Supplies outlets intended for feeding appliances. Fixed lighting, however, is not supplied.

3. Individual branch circuit

Is designed to supply a single item.

PROTECTION OF THE BRANCH

 Branch circuit should be protected from over current. Hence an overall current
protecting device shall be installed in all branch circuits.
 The function of the over-current protective devices is to open the circuit
(disconnected the line) when the current rating capacity of the equipment being
protected is exceeded. The circuit protective device represents the source of voltage.
 The Panel Board wherein the over current protective devices a part, the busbars
become the source of voltage as we look upstream from the over current devices.

CAUSE OF OVER CURRENT

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There are two principal causes of over current.

 Over-load equipment in the or in conductor
 Short circuit or ground fault
 Both were the result of excessive current flow in the circuit. The primary function
of the over current device is to protect the branch circuit and the load device
against excessive current supply.
 When the over current overprotective device senses an excessive flow of current
in creating damage to the circuit or to the equipment.
 The over current device automatically opens the line to release the excessive
current. The action of the over current protective device is called ‘clearing’
because it clears the circuit of the fault or over current load.

The current overprotective device is installed in circuit to protect the following:

 The wiring
 Transformer
 Lights
 Appliances and other equipment
 The protection of conductors, the National Electric Code provides that
“Conductors shall be protected against over current in accordance with their
ampacities”
 The circuit breaker position is easier to detect. It could be closed, tripped or open
right at the handle. On the contrary, the busted fuse could not be detected easily
because the melted fusible element is inside the fuse casing.
 The circuit breaker can be manually tripped so that in many cases, it also acts as
the circuit switch.

Advantages of Fuse over the Circuit Breaker

 One major advantage is its reliability and stability. The fuse can stay on its position
for years and act when called on to act as design.
 The cost of the fuse is much lower than that of the circuit breaker.
 Circuit breakers has several moving parts which requires maintenance and periodic
testing to be in a good condition all time.

Panel board

 is defined by the National Electrical Code as “A single panel or group of panel limits
designed to assembly in a form of a single panel.”
 is designed for mounting in a cabinet or cutout box installed in or against a wall or
portion accessible only to the font
 Is popularly known as panel or electrical panel.
 Is simply the box wherein the protective devices are grouped from which they are fed. If
the devices are of fuses, it is called Fuse Panel and if the devices are circuit breakers, it is
called Breaker Panel

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Fuse and Breaker however, are very rarely mixed in a panel, except that a circuit breaker
panel sometimes has a main switch and a fuse for overall protection of the panel. Basically, a
panel consists of a set of electrical busbars where the circuit protective devices are connected.
PANEL BOARD

Principle Applied in Installing Panel Board

 The approach shall be accessible and more convenient.
 The panel board is centrally located to shorten the home wiring runs.
 It must be installed near the load center, as in most cases panel boards are mounted near
the kitchen and the laundry where the heavy-duty loads are expected.
 To limit voltage, drop on the branch circuit, the panel board shall be located in such a
manner that no circuit (wiring connections) exceed 35 meters long.
 In the event that a circuit more than 35 meters long cannot be avoided. No. 10 AWG wire
 shall be used for runs up to 50 meters long and No. 8 AWG for longer circuits.
Emergency Electric Supply System
 The National Electrical Code requires an entirely separate emergency standby electric
supply system on commercial and industrial establishments.
 The concept of emergency standby system is to replace normal power supply to selected
or entire loads within the building in case of utility power outage.
 The emergency standby source of electricity includes all devices, wirings raceways and
other electrical equipment ready to supply electric power to the entire establishment or to
a selected load. These loads include egress light on stairs, doors, exit and lobby area.

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 Signal equipment such as public address and fire alarm shall remain functional during the
emergency and one or more elevators are required by the Code.
 Over current is any current of the rated capacity of the equipment or the rated ampacity of
the conductor
 Electrical equipment has its own rated ampacity. Similarly, electrical conductors have
also their respective allowable ampacity.
EMERGENCY ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM

Application of over current protection is also governed in the following rules:

 The over current protection device should be installed on the line or supply of the
equipment being protected.
 The over current protection device shall be placed in all underground conductors of the
protected circuits.
 All equipment shall be protected in accordance with the carrying capacity.
 That the over current protection device should be readily assembled and protected from
physical damages and away from easily ignited materials
 Conductor size shall be reduced in a circuit or less the smallest wire is protected by the
over current protection device.
FUSE, BREAKER, AND PANEL BOARD
FUSE

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 is defined as an over current protecting with a circuit opening fusible element
which opens when there is over current in the circuit.
 is a onetime protective device to be replaced after the fault is cleared.

 is the simplest and most common type of circuit protective device used in most
house wiring installation.
Generally, fuse consist of a fusible link or wire that easily melt at low temperature classified into
two.
 The Cartridge type which is enclosed in an insulting fiber tube

 The Plug Fuse type enclosed in a porcelain cap

FUSE

CIRCUIT BREAKER
 Is an over current protecting device designed to function as a switch.
 Is equipped with an automatic tripping device to protect the branch circuit from
overload and ground fault
 Can be manually tripped, so that, in many cases, it also acts as circuit switch.

TRIP OR TRIPPING
➢ refers to the cutting off or disconnecting the current supply

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Advantages of circuit breaker over the fuse

 the circuit breaker act as a switch aside from its being an over current protecting device
 Unlike the fuse that has to be discarded after it was busted due to an over current flow, the
breaker trips off automatically and after correcting the fault it is again available for switch
on
 Circuit breaker can be multiple poles installed with 2, 3, poles which will simultaneously
protect and switch one to three lines. The fuse on the other hand, is a single pole, installed
on a single wire that could only protect a single electric line.

BATTERY SUPPLIED
 Storage batteries are connected to a converter to activate immediately in case of power
outage to supply current to standby emergency lights.
 Where all emergency load could be supplied with direct current DC.
 When the emergency equipment is totally separated from the formal equipment and is
normally deenergized.

BATTERY SUPPLIED

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220)
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 Republic of the Philippines IM No.: ABE110
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Current Supply by Generator

➢ When emergency loads are large enough that batteries could not be economically feasible,
and where 8 to 15 seconds starting to discoverable, a generator set is employed.
Two Separate Electric Services
➢ The National Electrical Code allows the use of two separate electric services. One for
normal, and the other for emergency source, provided that, they are independent coming
from different utility transformers or feeders entering the building at different points and
directions using separate service drops.

CURRENT SUPPLY BY GENERATOR

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be
reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220)
15