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VPython Quick Reference
Arithmetic + - * / ** (exponentiate) % (modulus)
Shortcuts += -= *= /=
Comparisons == != < <= > >=
Logic and or not True False
Math functions cos(t) acos(x) log(x) (natural log) sin(t) asin(x) exp(x) (ex) tan(t) atan(x) atan2(y,x) (angle in polar coordinates) abs(x) sqrt(x) pow(x,y) (xy) round(x) floor(x) ceil(x) int(x) (round normally, down, up, or toward zero) max(x,y,...) min(x,y,...) factorial(n) combin(m,n) pi (3.14...) random() (pseudo-random number between 0 and 1) Control if balance >= 1000: while t < 10: for i in range(100): structures print("You're rich!") t += dt print("I love VPython!") elif balance > 0: doStuff() print("Keep saving pennies!") else: print("You're broke.") Function def startStop(): def hypotenuse(a, b): definitions global running return sqrt(a*a + b*b) running = not running Formatting "{:.3f}".format(theNumber) # round to 3 decimal places numbers Lists (arrays) x = [] # create an empty list for i in range(100): x.append(initialValue) # build the list x[0] = aValue # first entry has index 0 x[99] = x[98] + dx # last entry is 99; x[100] doesn't exist 3D shapes box(pos=vec1, size=vec2, color=vec3) sphere(pos=vec1, radius=num1, color=vec2) cylinder(pos=vec1, axis=vec2, radius=num1, color=vec3) spaceVector = vector(x,y,z) colorVector = vector(r,g,b) Scene attributes scene.width = w # in nominal screen pixels scene.height = h scene.resizable = False # turns off user resizing scene.background = aColor scene.center = vector(x,y,z) scene.range = r # from center to edge scene.fov = theta # field of view in radians (make tiny for 2D look) scene.autoscale = False # turns off auto-scaling scene.userzoom = False # turns off zoomability scene.userspin = False # turns off rotatability Animation while y > 0: rate(60) # try to run at 60 iterations per second ball.pos = vector(newx, newy, newz) Leaving a trail ball = sphere(make_trail=True, trail_type="points", interval=10) ball.clear_trail() Plotting a graph graph(title="A Graph", xtitle="t (s)", ytitle="x (m)", width=450, height=300, align="right", background=color.white) xDots = gdots(color=color.green, size=1, interval=10) xDots.plot(t,x) # add a point to the graph xDots.delete() # delete all dots and start over GUI widgets button(text="Start/stop", bind=startStop) xSlider = slider(left=10, length=200, min=0, max=5, step=1, value=2, bind=adjustx) readout = wtext(text="25") scene.append_to_caption("\n\n") # \n is new line