MODEL SECONDARY SCHOOL, MAITAMA, ABUJA.

(2022/2023 SESSION)

SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE FOR MATHEMATICS (WEEK ONE)

THEME: LOGICAL REASONING.

CLASS: SS2(B,C&E)
DATE: 10/01/2023
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STATEMENT
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Recognise true and false statements
2. Give examples of negation, converse, inverse and ccontra-positiveof simple statement
3. Write the truth values of a compound statement, involving any of the five logical operations.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: Truth table chart.
B. LESSON PRESENTATION:
STEP 1: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDENTS PRIOR IDEA:
Students are familiar with simple and compound statements.
MODE: ALL STUDENTS
TEACHER ACTIVITY: The teachereexplainsthe meaning of logic
LOGIC: philosophers generally divide logic into two parts philosophical and formal logic,
philosophical logic is the hypothesis that problems result from confusion in the use of language
and ambiguous meanings.
Formal logic also called mathematical logic deals with the use of symbols.
A statement in logic is a verbal assertion that is either true or false. The truth or falsity of a
statement is called its truth value. We shall denotes statement with capital letter P and Q
Example : consider the following verbal assertions
1. John is old
2. What is your name?
3. Kubwa is in Abuja.
4. Goodness me!
 Answer
1. Is a statement since it either true or false that john is old.
2. Is not a statement.
3. Is a statement since it is true that Kubwa is in Abuja
4. Is not a statement
SSTUDENTS’ACTIVITY: The teacher guides the students to identify the following sentence
Which of the following verbal assertion is a logical statement?
1. Old men are weak.
2. 5 is happy
3. Where are you from
4. Oh my God!
5. Uncle Ahmed is my friend.
STEP 2: EEXPLORATION Teacher explores the lesson ( simple and compound statement)
MODE: ALL STUDENTS
TEACHER ACTIVITY: A simple statement contains only one part. E.g.
P= worshipping God entails holiness.
The letter P used to represent statements are called logical variables. Hence a simple statement
contains
Single logical variables.
A compound or composite statement is one that is composed of two or more parts.
Example: Q= Mr Benson is tired and hungry. This is a compound statement with sub-statements.
For compound statements, we use the letter Q
Q=Liman is rich and his people are enjoying.
STUDENTS’ ACTIVITY: The teacher guides students to distinguish between simple and
compound statement
STEP 3. DISCUSSION: Teacher explains the principle.
A truth statement is said to have a truth value T, while a false statement is said to have a truth
value F
Example 1
The following are statement:
1. Nigeria is an Africa country
 2. The Earth is conical in shape
3. If I run I not be late.
The following are not statement in the logical context.
1. Who is he?
2. What a lovely man!
3. Take the pencil away.
Any statement that can be separated into two or more statement is called a compound statement.
MODE: ALL STUDENTS
TEACHER ACTIVITY: IMPLICATION STATEMENT
Consider the example,
P: A student who is lazy
q: A student fails his examination
Then the compound statement, if p then q means that p gives a condition under which the
statement q will be true. A statement of this type is called an implication. That is p implies q and
written as p→ q .
Therefore the compound statement will be A student who is lazy → He failshis examinations
2.Either Musa takes the drug or he will have stomach upset.
If the temperature is low then it will rain.
From the above example they are called compound statement.
STUDENTS ACTIVITY: write the following statements as implications
1. All planes landing at this airport have a pilot on board.
2. All squares are rectangles.
First break the statement into two, and then combine the two statement as imlpcation
STEP 4. APPLICATION:
MODE : ALL STUDENTS
TEACHER ACTIVITY:
The truth or falsity of a logical statement is called its truth value. A table showing the truth or
falsity of statement is called a truth value table. We shall represent truth with T and false by F.
STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Teacher guides students.
STEP 5. EVALUATION: Teacher evaluate her lesson
MODE: ALL STUDENTS.
TEACHER ACTIVITY:
Determine the truth value of each of the statement
1. The earth moves around the sun or the moon moves around the earth.
2. The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.
STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Students attempt to the question
ASSIGNMENT.
Determine the truth value of each of the statement.
If the earth moves around the sun then the moon moves around the earth.
3. Write the following statement as implications
a) It’s a bird if it flies
b) Abubakar goes to the village every weekend
c) All people have heads
d) I love Abuja.

REFERENCE: New concept Mathematics 2, STAN Mathematics 2.

THEME: LOGICAL REASONING.

CLASS: SS 2(B,C&E)
DATE: 11/01/2023
DURATION: 80 MINUTES
PERIOD: DOUBLE
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
UNIT TO TOPIC: LOGICAL OPERATION AND TRUTH TABLE.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Construct truth table for compound statement.
2. State as an example the meaning of the logical operators
3. List the five logical operations and their symbols
 4. Write the truth values of a compound statement, involving any of the five logical
operations.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: Truth table chart.
B. LESSON PRESENTATION:
STEP 1: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDENTS PRIOR IDEA. Students are familiar with simple
and compound statement.
MODE: ALL STUDENTS.
TEACHER ACTIVITY:
Word which combines simple statement to form compound or composite statement is called
logical connectives.
Logical operation
1. CONJUNCTION : (˄)
Any two statement can be combined together with the word ‘’and’’ to form a compound
statement.
Hence the conjunction of two statement P and Q is denoted by p˄Q ie P and Q.
Example. It is dark and it is raining.
STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Teacher guides the students to identify the following statement.
Consider the propositions:
Maitama is in Abuja and 3×2 =15
3. Agbor is in Abuja and 3×2=6
4. Agbor is in Abuja and 3×2=9
5. Agbor is not in Abuja and 3×2=6.
From the above, the truth value of 1. Is false since the first part is true while the second part
is false
1 &2 is false. 3 are false because both parts are false. Only 4. Is true because both parts are
true.
STEP 2: EXPLORARION:
MODE: All students
Teacher Activity:
Truth value table for conjunction
P Q P˄Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Teacher guides students
STEP 3. DISCUSSION:
Mode : All students
Teacher Activity:
2. Disjunction (˅)
Any two statements can be combine with the word’’ OR’’ in the sense of and / or to
form a composite statement, which is called the disjunction of the two statements. It is
denoted by P˅Q and pronounces it p or q
Example;
P= she is old, Q= she is weak.
If P is true or Q is true or both P and Q are true, then P˅Q is true otherwise P˅Q is false. Which
means that the disjunction of two logical statements is false only if each component is false.
The truth table for disjunction
P Q P˅Q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Teacher guides students.
STEP 4. APPLICATION:
MODE: ALL STUDENTS
TEACHER ACTIVITY: Truth value and truth value table.
3. Negation
Suppose that p is any logical statement, its negation is usually written ˷ the negation of any
statement is the reverse of such a statement.
Example:
P=cats have seven lives
 p= it is false that cats have seven lives.
If p is true, then it must be that p is false. Also if p is false, then p is true.
P P
T F
F T

STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Teacher guides students.

STEP 5. EVALUATION: Teacher evaluate her lesson
MODE: ALL STUDENTS.
TEACHER ACTIVITY: construct the truth value table for ( p ∧q ¿ ∨∼ q ¿
First begin by listing all possible combination of the truth values for p and q
Begin with table for ~p
P q p
T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T
Table for q
P q q
T T F
T F T
F T F
F F T
Then p ∧q

P q p p ∧q

T T F F
T F F F
F T T T
F F T F

Finally,
P q p p ∧q q ( p ∧q ¿ ∨∼ q ¿
T T F F F F
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F F T F T T

STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Teacher guides the students on the above example

ASSIGNMENT.
Let p represent a true statement, and let q represent a false statement. Find the truth value for the
following statement.
a)b p , ( b ) p ∧ q , ( c ) p ∨ q
b) Make a truth table for
1. ( p ∧ q)∧ p
REFERENCE: New concept Mathematics 2, Man Mathematics

Theme: LOGICAL REASONING.

DATE: 12/O1/2023
Topic: Conditional Statement and indirect proofs.
Class: SS2(B,C&E)
Duration: 40 minute
Specific objectives: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Construct truth tables for compound.
2. Construct truth tables for conditional statement
3. Construct truth table for biconditional statement.
Instructional Resource: Truth table chart
STEP 1. Identification of prior idea.
Mode: All students
Teacher Activity:
Conditional Statement
A conditional statement relates one logical statement with another. For two propositions P and Q,
we write a conditional statement as P⇒Q and pronounce it as P implies Q or P only if Q or P is
sufficient for Q or Q is necessary for P.
Example:
Let p stand for the statement ‘Lagos is a city in Nigeria’ and q stand for the statement ‘Lagos is a
city in Africa’. This two statement can be combined as ‘ if Lagos is a city in Nigeria then Lagos
is a city in Africa.
Truth value table of a conditional statement.
P Q P⇒Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Student Activity: Teacher Guides students

STEP 11: EXPLORARION.
Mode: All students
Teacher Activity:
2. Biconditional Statement, A biconditional statement is a statement of the form ‘’P if and only
if Q’’ or ‘’p iff Q’’. It is usually denoted by P ↔Q
If P and Q have the same truth value, then P if and only if Q is true. If P and Q have opposite
truth value then the biconditional statement is false.
Example
1. The square root of 9 is 3 iff 7-2=8
2. The square root of 9 is 6 iff 7-2 = 5
3. The square root of 9 is 3 iff 7-2 =5
4. The square root of 9 is 6 iff 7-2 =8
From the above 3, 4 are true, while 1, 2 are false.
Students Activity : Teacher guides students.
STEP 111: DISCUSSION.
Mode: All Student
Teacher Activity:
The truth value table for biconditional statement.
P Q P⇒Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Students Activity: Teacher guides the students in constructing a truth table.
STEP IV: APPLICATION.
Mode: All Students
Teacher Activity
Construct the truth table for the compound statement.
P˄Q ⇒P˅Q
P Q P˄Q P˅Q P˄Q ⇒P˅Q
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F F T
Students Activity: Teacher guides students to construct truth tables
STEP V: EVALUATION. Teacher evaluates her lesson.
Mode: All students
Teacher Activity. Teacher assesses students by giving them class work.
Question: let P= he is tall and Q= he is handsome.
Write each of the following statement symbolically using P and Q
1. He is tall but not handsome
2. He is neither tall nor handsome
3. It is false that he is short or handsome
 4. He is tall or he is short and handsome..
Assignment
Exercise 7.3 page 81. New concept mathematic 2.question 1&2
REFERENCE: New concept Mathematics 2, STAN Mathematic

THEME: Logical Reasoning

TOPIC: Conditional Statement and Indirect Proofs.
CLASS: SS2(B,C&E)
DATE: 13/ 01/2023
SUBJECT: Mathematics
DURATION: 40 Minute
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1. Use the truth table to prove that, a contrapositive is equivalent to the conditional
statement.
2. Use the truth table to prove that a converse is equivalent to an inverse of a conditional
statement.
3. Apply contrapositive and inverse statement in proving theories.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Truth table chart.
STEP 1: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDENTS IDEA. Students already have knowledge of
the lesson been presented
Mode: All Students
Teacher Activity:
Converse statement, whenever a logical statement, say P, implies another, say Q and
conversely Q implies P without any change in the truth value, then we have a converse
statement.
Example 1. Let P: a triangle is equiangular
Q: a triangular is equilateral.
If a triangle is equiangular, then it is equilateral. ie P ⇒Q.
Also if a triangle is equilateral then it is equiangular ie Q ⇒P
STUDENTS ACTIVITY: Teacher guides the students on the above example
STEP 11: EXPLORATION
Mode: All Students
Teacher Activity:
Inverse Statement. If P= Jones is the best students
Q= Jones won an award
Then, P; Jones did not win an award
As P ⇒Q, also P ⇒ Q. This is called an inverse statement.
Students Activity: Teacher guides the students.
STEP 111: DISCUSSION
Mode: All students
Teacher Activity:
Contrapositive, it is a method of showing that one statement implies another, ie Q ⇒R.
In contrapositive we show that R ⇒P Q, once this is done, we conclude
that Q ⇒R. The validity of a proof by contrapositive follows the fact that ( r ⇒P
q) ⇒ (Q ⇒R) is a tautology.
Students Activity : Teacher guides the students.
STEP IV: APPLICATION
Mode: All Students.
Teacher Activity;
Example: P= Jones is the best student.
Q: Jones won an award.
Therefore, ˷P: Jones is not the best student
˷P: Jones did not win an award.
Let ˷Q↔ ˷P: If Jones did not win an award, then he is not the best student.
This statement is called a contrapositive statement.
STEP V: EVALUATION
Mode: All Students
Teacher Activity:
Construct the table of value on (P˅Q)= P˄ Q
P Q P˅Q (P˅Q)
T T T F
T F T F
F T T F
F F F T

AND
P Q P Q P˄
Q
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
ASSIGNMENT.
Construct the table on P˄(Q˅R) =(P˄Q)˅(P˄R)
2. P˅(Q˄R) =(P˅Q)˄(P˅R)
Write the contrapositive of each of the following
a) If the politicians is popular among the rural folk, he will be elected
b) If he is humble and prayerful, he will meet Gods favour
c) If Bala has determination, he will succeed.
REFERENCE: New Concept Mathematics 2 and STAN mathematics 2