International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022, pp. 2478~2487

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2478-2487  2478

Computation of maximum power point tracking of PV module

using modified Newton Raphson technique

Siddhartha Behera1, Manoj kumar Sahu2, Twinkle Hazra2, Rabindra Behera3, Sunila Kumar Swain3,
Itishree Sahu4, Sritam Parida3, Sarat Kumar Swain5
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, GITA, Bhubaneswar, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, CAPGS, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, IGIT Sarang, Dhenkal, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India
4
Department of Civil Engineering, CAPGS, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
5
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GITA, Bhubaneswar, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been a popular terminology
among those researchers who deal with one of the most available renewable
Received Jun 9, 2022 energy resources called solar power. Many researchers have evolved and
Revised Sep 9, 2022 proposed a lot of techniques for tracking maximum power. But each
Accepted Sep 22, 2022 technique has its pros and cons. Some techniques suffer from complexity as
far as implementation is concerned, whereas other techniques lack accuracy.
In current research work, it has been investigated the MPPT using Newton
Keywords: Raphson (NR) method, which has not yet received a good attention by
researchers. After observing its limitation, this method is modified (i.e.,
Buck converter abbreviated as modified Newton Raphson method (MNRM)) to make it
Modified Newton Raphson suitable for extracting the maximum power from PV module. The feasibility
method and precision of this method depends upon accurate measurement of
MPPT temperature and irradiation. By using MNRM, the presumption of initial
Solar power value is close to the voltage corresponding to maximum power, so it
State flow leads faster converging to solution through a few rounds of
iterations. In order to validate it, a MATLAB/Simulink model is developed
and simulated. The proposed method is incorporated in PV module-fed buck
converter so as to explore superior performance.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Manoj Kumar Sahu
Department of Electrical Engineering
Centre for Advanced Post Graduate Studies (CAPGS), Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT)
Chhend, Rourkela-769015, Odisha, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
A photovoltaics PV cell is smallest unit of solar power generating unit and its basic characteristic
(I~V) is mostly non-linear in nature. The connection of PV cells in series and parallel is known as PV module
and the grouping PV modules in series and parallel is known as PV array. The modeling of PV cell is
presented by Salmi et al. [1]. Since DC-DC converter is major component in solar power unit, so the
comprehensive review of various DC-DC converters is detailed and analyzed [2]. The maximum power point
tracking MPPT is common phenomenon among researchers in the field of solar technologies and the various
techniques of MPPT are focused and compared [3]. In this literature, the comparison includes the positive
aspects of each technique and its limitation. Also, it has been discussed about their performances and
complexities about their implementation. Anand and Fernandes [4] have elaborated on implementation and

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  2479

power management of solar photovoltaic system. In literature [5]−[7], the researchers have presented the
design, simulation and implementation of grid-tied solar power controller integrated with micro-inverter for
power supply. The design and simulation for grid connected solar PV system connected with battery backup
is presented [8]. For improvement of power quality [9], it is implemented the solar PV system associated
with battery storage system based micro-grid operation. The researchers [10], [11] have successfully
implemented solar PV-based multi-level inverter for power conditioning in distribution system and induction
motor drives for water pumping system respectively. It is also presented analog, multiplier MPPT controller
and optimal controller for solar PV based dc power supply for improvement of performances [12], [13]. The
comparative study of maximum power point tracking under variable size perturbations is presented [14] and
findings are placed. The concept of fuzzy logic controller [15] is applied in case of photovoltaic system for
micro-grid system. A novel algorithm of particle swarm optimization (PSO) is extended solar PV system for
better performance [16]. Nasir et al. [17] have critically investigated for rural electrification in developing
nations, The application of single phase to three phase inverter and smart inverter are extended solar PV
system [18], [19]. Here it has been focused the method of connectivity of solar inverters. Ogudo and
Umenne [20] has presented design for buck-boost converter interfaced with solar PV based power supply.
The output voltage of this converter is non-inverting type. A novel adaptive maximum power controller [21]
is proposed for photovoltaic system and the parameters of controllers are automatically tuned to meet the
performance requirement of PV system. On the other hand, it is proposed a model predictive controller [22].
This is exclusively for bidirectional DC/DC and AC/DC converters. This indicates that both variable output
DC/AC and regenerative power feedback/power reversal are possible. Above all, the whole literature review
comprises various controllers and modified Newton Raphson method MPPT methods [23]−[30]. In current
research work, the MPPT technique is developed using MNRM that leads to faster convergence to the
solution, which is later treated as tracking value. This MNRM is incorporated in PV module-fed buck
converter and the whole system is simulated with MATLAB/ Simulink.

2. ANALYSIS OF PV MODULE
The solar PV array is formed by connecting the PV modules in series and parallel combinations to
acquire the required current and voltage rating. The sum of the individual power rating of the module is equal
to the rating of the PV array [31].The basic goal of full power point tracking is to interpret the voltage and
current from the solar panel, measure the power, and then display the power to its limit. Multi-stage DC-DC
converter manages MPPT, and PWM controls grid current from Inverter. The inverter circuit provides all the
activities in a single phase that involve MPPT and grid current power [32]−[37].
The mathematical model of PV system is described by (1) the photo current.

𝐼𝑝ℎ = [ 𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝐾𝑖 (𝑇 − 298)] 𝐺 ⁄1000 (1)

The saturation current is (2).

𝑞 𝐸𝑔𝑜(1⁄𝑇𝑛 − 1⁄𝑇)
𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑟𝑠 (𝑇⁄𝑇𝑛 )3 exp [ ] (2)
𝑛𝐾

The reverse saturation current (3).

𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐼𝑟𝑠 = 𝑞𝑉 (3)
(𝑛 𝑁 𝑜𝑐 )
𝑒 𝑠 𝐾 𝑇 −1

The output current 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑑 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ

𝑞(𝑉+𝐼 𝑅𝑠 ) (𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠 )
or 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑜 [exp{ } − 1] − (4)
𝑛 𝐾 𝑁𝑠 𝑇 𝑅𝑠ℎ

The power is 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
𝑞(𝑉+𝐼 𝑅𝑠 ) (𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠 )
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑉[𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑜 {exp ( ) − 1} − ] (5)
𝑛 𝐾 𝑁𝑠 𝑇 𝑅𝑠ℎ

Where
Iph= photo-current (A)
Isc= Short-circuit current (A)
ki = Short circuit coefficient of the cell(at nominal temperature
25 degrees centigrade and at G= 1000 W/m2) = 0.0032

Computation of maximum power point tracking of PV module using modified … (Siddhartha Behera)
2480  ISSN:2088-8694

T : Operating temperature (degree kelvin) Tn : Nominal temperature (degree kelvin) = 298

G: : Solar Irradiation (W/m2) q : Electron charge (C) = 1.6e-19 coulomb
Voc : Open-circuit voltage (V) n : Ideality factor of the diode =1.3
K : Boltzmann’s constant (J/K) = 1.38 e-23 Ego : Band gap energy of the semiconductor (eV) =1.1
Ns : Number of cells in connected in series Np : Number of PV modules connected in parallel
Rs : Series resistance (Ω) Rsh : Shunt resistance (Ω)
The parameters of a specific module are given as follows and considered in forthcoming simulation work.
Isc =8.21A, ki = 0.0032, Voc =32.09, Ns=54. Np=1, Rs= 0.221 Ω, Rsh = 415.405 Ω, G <=1000 W/m2.
In Figure 1, the characteristic of power, current and load conductance (Y) of PV unit with respect to
its terminal voltage (Vpv) without MPPT are shown. The load conductance (Y=I pv/Vpv) goes on decreasing
from maximum towards zero with respect to gradual increase in terminal voltage of the circuit from zero to
open-circuit condition(Voc).The load resistance is reciprocal of load conductance. So higher load conductance
leads to lower load resistance and vice-versa. With reference to peak power, there corresponds to current
(Imp), voltage (Vmp) and conductance (Ymp). So Ymp is the load conductance that corresponds to maximum
power. Between peak power to open-circuit voltage, the power falls drastically, as the conductance tends
towards zero. Similarly, from short-circuit position (i.e., v=0) to peak power, there is gradual change in
increase of power. The I~V characteristic is complex in nature and upon close attention of graph of current
and power with respect to voltage, it is noticed that the current fall is significantly small between v=0 to V mp
and it is approximated as current source. Beyond Vmp, there is drastically fall in current, but the voltage
difference between v=Vmp and Voc is small, so characteristic beyond v= Vmp is approximately treated as
constant voltage characteristic.
The MPPT concept has been popular among researchers since more than a decade to explore the
possibility of maximizing power at different load. The researchers have evolved various techniques for
tracking the point of maximum power and the review paper [3] pertaining to this concept is illustrated. All
these techniques lead to determination of tracking maximum power point so as to maximize power for
particular load or to utilize the power as per researcher’s choice. In current research work, the tracking of
maximum power point is accomplished using MNRM and hence to accomplish desired task, a control
strategy is developed which is explained in next section.
The buck converter is known as a prominent member among family of DC-DC converter having
action similar to DC-DC chopper. This is also utilized now-a-days as a tool in extracting power from solar
power unit. With controlled switching of the buck converter, output power can be controlled for desired
value. It is assumed that input and output voltage remain constant over the cycle.

Figure 1. Curves of current, power and conductance with respect to voltage of PV unit at irradiation
(G=1000 W/m2) and temperature (T=30 °C), scale: Ypv-(1:10) , Ipv (1:10), Ppv (1:1)

3. CONTROL STRATEGY
3.1. Determination of Vmp by modified Newton Raphson method
In the determination of Vmp (i.e., voltage corresponding to maximum power) is necessary to know
the boundary between constant current and voltage region. Though various techniques have been evolved by
researchers earlier, but in this case, the MNRM technique is utilized to solve this problem.

f(Xk )
Xk+1 = Xk − (6)
f′ (Xk )

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  2481

Where Xk and Xk+1 is the kth and (k+1)th iteration value of the f(X) = 0; It is needed the substitution of initial
value of the solution X0 in above equation. The iteration is continued till the difference |X k+1 – Xk| is very
small, which is order less than 1e-3. For the solution of non-linear equation f(X), there arise two major
constraints. One is the substitution of proper initial value, without which there may occur divergence of the
solution of f(X) instead of convergence. The second constraint is that many a times, during iteration of above
equation, it may so happen that the derivative of f(X k) in denominator of above equation may be zero. So,
this may lead to non-arrival /failure to the solution.
Now these two problems can be attended using following ways. For a fixed PV module, the open-
circuit voltage, Voc is highest and fixed with its highest irradiation and lowest temp. The main objective
considering lowest temp is that the Voc would increase with decrease in temperature. Secondly, the voltage
Vmp which corresponds to maximum power lies very close to open-circuit voltage Voc than to it short-circuit
position (V=0). Also, the variation in temperature has a least significant impact than variation in irradiation.
So based upon above facts, the Voc corresponding to highest irradiation and normal temperature can be
determined from mathematical model of PV module or its experimental setup. The accuracy of determining
Voc is dependent upon the accurate measurement of parameters for PV module. So, this Voc can be used as
initial value in solving NR Method and as this value is very close to V mp and as a result, there will be faster
convergence of solution for its non-linear equation. This is the way to attend the 1st problem. The solution
for 2nd problem is that in order to overcome the problem for the derivative of f(X k) getting zero in the
denominator of (6), it is added with a tolerance (ɛ), for which the equation in is modified as (7).

f(Xk )
Xk+1 = Xk − (7)
f′ (Xk ) + ɛ

Where ‘ɛ’ a small value that varies between 1e-4 to 1e-6.

The initial value of variable for solution is the V oc (i.e., the maximum possible open-circuit voltage
Voc) and it is treated as X0. The inclusion of attending problems with above two ways in NRM is referred as
MNRM and it would act as full proof for solution. It has been frequently observed that if the substitution of
initial value X0 is close to real solution, then it occurs faster converging to solution.

3.2. Development of mathematical model non-linear equation form for solution of Vmp
The determination of Vmp that corresponds to maximum power is determined by computing
dP/dV=0 using (5).

dP/dV = d(IV)/dV = I + V(dI/dV) = 0 (8)

Substituting value of ‘I’ from (4) into (8) and it is simplified as (9).

(1 + c V) exp (c V) = k (9)

Iph +Io −Ish Iph

where k = ≈
Np Io Np Io
q ( 1+ Rs / RL ) q
and c = ≈
nKNs T nKNs T

Since Iph is function of T and G and these two variables are determined by proper sensor, then constants‘k’and
‘c’are determined and this leads to solution of non-linear equation. In (9) is simplified as (10).

f(V) = (1 + cV) exp(cV) − k = 0 (10)

In (10) is the non-linear equation that undergoes MNRM for solution of getting V mp that corresponds to
maximum power.

3.3. Flow-chart for implementation of control strategy

The flow-chart for above control strategy is shown in Figure 2. Initially, the measurement of
temperature and irradiation is to be measured and these two parameters are necessary to determine the Vmp,
voltage corresponding to peak power, from MNRM. This voltage is assumed as reference voltage of buck
converter. The buck converter is to be operated under close-loop control during constant voltage region (i.e.,
between v= Vmp and Voc) of I~V characteristic of PV unit. The load voltage and the current through filter
inductance are considered as two feedbacks of close-loop control scheme. The error from comparison of
reference voltage with actual one is processed through PI controller and then limiter to generate reference

Computation of maximum power point tracking of PV module using modified … (Siddhartha Behera)
2482  ISSN:2088-8694

current. This reference current is then compared with those of filter inductance and then processed through
hysteresis current controller to generate gate pulses of switching device.
For implementation of control strategy, the flow-chart shown in Figure 2 is transformed to
MATLAB/Simulink/State flow. The complex logical thought process associated with MNRM is put into
State flow block of Simulink. The Simulink model for whole control strategy is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Flow-chart of control strategy

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  2483

Figure 3. Close-loop control circuit of PV-fed Buck converter usingmodified Newton Raphson method

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The simulation results from conventional PV module without any close-loop is presented in Table 1.
It shows that the variation of current, power and load conductance with respect to variation in voltage. The
results of simulation from close-loop control of PV-module fed buck converter is given in Table 2. It shows
the load voltage and power with respect to variation in load conductance.
The results of power from Tables 1 and 2 are plotted in Figure 4. It shows the power profile with
respect to load conductance under open-loop and close-loop. Similarly, from the results of Table 2, it was
plotted a graph for load voltage and power with variation in load conductance in Figure 5. From the
observation, it shows that the load voltage remains constant during power from its zero to its maximum value
and the load conductance (x-axis) corresponding to maximum power is Y mp. But after the peak power, the
close-loop controller fails to oblige. The observation is critically investigated and findings are noted as follows.

Table 1. Power and load voltage of PV module with respect to variation in load conductance
(without MPPTand buck-converter) (i.e. at T=30 °C, G=1000 W/m2, Vref=26.87 V)
Sl. No Load conductance (Y)mho Power without MPPT and buck converter(W) Load voltage (V)
1 0.010 9.58 30.97
2 0.020 19.00 30.83
3 0.040 37.30 30.54
4 0.05 46.2 30.4
5 0.066 60.6 30.15
6 0.100 87.85 29.64
7 0.200 155.0 27.84
8 0.294 187.3 25.24
9 0.33 185 23.59
10 0.5 133.7 16.35
11 1 67.24 8.2

Table 2. Power and load voltage of PV modulewith respect to variation in load conductance
(with MPPT and buck-converter) (i.e. at T=30 °C, G=1000 W/m2, Vref=26.87 V)
Sl. No Load conductance (Y) mho Power with proposed method (W) Load voltage (V)
1 0.010 7.18 26.8
2 0.020 14.05 26.74
3 0.040 28.09 26.53
4 0.05 35.11 26.46
5 0.066 45 26.1
6 0.100 71.87 25.97
7 0.200 121 24.6
8 0.294 171 24.17
9 0.33 174.0 22.85
10 0.5 132.84 16.3
11 1 66.91 8.18

Computation of maximum power point tracking of PV module using modified … (Siddhartha Behera)
2484  ISSN:2088-8694

Figure 4. Output power of PV module (Ppv) under Figure 5. Voltage and power profile with respect to
open loop and (Pload) under close-loop (i.e. output variation in load conductance of PV module-fed
voltage of PV module-fed buck converter) with buck converter under close-loop operation
respect to variation in load conductance

The close-loop control of buck converter with input having PV unit is stable under during V=V mp to
Voc of I~V characteristic of PV module, which can be characterized as constant voltage (CV)
characteristic/region and it is equivalent to Y=0 to Y mp of Figure 5. But in case of constant current
characteristics (i.e., from V=0 to Vmp of I~V module), the constant current causes filter inductor to saturate
early and thus fails to boost the voltage across load. This region is same as falling power with variation in
load conductance in Figure 5. So, the former one, which is the constant voltage region of PV module, is
considered to interface buck converter with PV unit for stability. Also, the load conductance to be considered
in this region must lies in the range (i.e., between Y=0 and Y=Y mp) so as to facilitate the satisfactory
operation of close-loop control. The design of filter inductance and capacitance is based upon switching
frequency and load condition. As the switching frequency is small and variable due to its operation under
hysteresis current controller, so upper range of switching frequency is considered to design filter parameters.
The design values of filter inductance and capacitance across load are considered as 10 µH and 500 µF
respectively. The waveforms of current through filter inductance, filter capacitor, load resistance and voltage
across load are shown in Figure 6 for two cycles under steady-state condition during close-loop operation
with load resistance of 10 Ohm. The current through the filter inductance (I Lf) is the summation of currents
through filter capacitor (ICf) and load resistance (Io).

Figure 6. Waveforms of currents through filter inductance, filter capacitor, load resistance and voltage across
load under steady-state condition during close-loop operation

5. CONCLUSION
A new concept of tracking maximum power using MNRM is successfully implemented. Here the
issue of assumption of initial condition is sorted out using open circuit voltage of PV module, which is very
close to the voltage (Vmp) corresponding to maximum power. As the assumption of initial value in MNRM is
close to the voltage corresponding to maximum power, hence it leads faster converging to solution through a

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  2485

few iterations. But the specialty of this technique is to monitor continuously the measurement of temperature
and irradiation of PV unit and the performance of this technique is dependent upon accuracy of sensors
tracking above two parameters (i.e., temperature and irradiation). Also, the other feature of this proposed
method is that the close-loop operation is implemented for the load conductance varying from zero to Ymp or
during constant voltage region of PV module that corresponds to maximum power. Beyond this range, the
controller fails to take any action, which is the limitation of the proposed scheme. This scheme is applicable
mostly for standalone dc load, where the matter of stabilizing accurate output voltage is not a matter of great
concern.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author thanks to Biju Patnaik University and Technology, Odisha for providing necessary research
facility for carrying out this research work.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Siddhartha Behera is working as a Ph.D. scholar in Electrical Engineering

Department at the GITA Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. He received his BE in Electrical
Engineering from Centurion University, Bhubaneswar, MTech. in Power Electronics and Drives
from IGIT Sarang, Odisha, India. His areas of interests are Power Electronics of Semiconductor
Devices, Solar PV System, and Electrical Drives. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Manoj Kumar Sahu is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of

Electrical Engineering, Centre for Advanced Post Graduate Studies, Biju Patnaik University of
Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India. He received the award of Ph.D. from Utkal University,
Odisha, India, in 2014. MTech. in Power Electronics and Drives from KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha in 2007 and B.E. in Electrical Engineering from UCE Burla (At Present
VSSUT, Burla), Sambalpur, Odisha, India in 1997. His research interests are electrical
machines, machine drives, power electronics, improvement in multilevel converter topology and
its application, power quality improvement, application of renewable energy technologies,
power system distribution, and electrical vehicle. He is a Member of IEEE (USA), IE (India)
and ISTE (India) and has published more than 30 papers in reputed journals and conferences. He
has delivered many key note address and expert talks in various reputed international
conferences and workshops. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  2487

Twinkle Hazra is working as a Ph.D. scholar under the Department of Electrical

Engineering, Centre for Advanced Post Graduate Studies, Biju Patnaik University of
Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India. She has completed her MTech. from OUTR(formerly
CET), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India in the year 2021 and B.Tech. from Govt. college of
Keonjhar, Odisha, India in the year 2019. Her research interests are Power System, power
electronics, improvement in multilevel converter topology and its application, power quality
improvement, application of renewable energy technologies, and power system distribution. She
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Rabindra Behera is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of

Electrical Engineering, IGIT, Saranga, Dhenkal, Odisha, India. He received the award of Ph.D.
from Sambalpur University, Odisha, India, M.E. in Power System Engineering from UCE Burla
(At Present VSSUT, Burla), Sambalpur, Odisha, India. He is handling AICTE fund for project
and is involved in TEQIP (MHRD) work of the institute. His areas of interests are Power
System Engineering and Control System Engineering. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Sunila Kumar Swain is working as an Engineer in the Power Distribution Sector

in Odisha. He received BE in Electrical Engineering from UCE Burla (At Present VSSUT,
Burla), Sambalpur, Odisha, India and MTech. from Berhampur University, Odisha, India. At
present he is doing Ph.D. research work in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IGIT,
Saranga. His areas of interests are Solar Energy Technology, and Various Power Electronics
Devices. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Itishree Sahu is doing her research work in Centre for Advanced Post Graduate
Studies, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India. She has completed her
B.Tech. from SERC, BPUT, Odisha, India in the year 2012. Her research interests are
Renewable Energy System, Hydro Electric based Power Plant, Water resource Engineering,
Geographical Information System. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Sitam Parida is working as a Ph.D. scholar in Electrical Engineering Department

at the IGIT Saranga, under BPUT, Odisha, Rourkela, India. He received his B.Tech. in
Electrical Engineering from Govt. College of Engineering, Bhawanipatna, Odisha, India in the
year 2019. MTech. in Power System Engineering from IGIT Sarang, Odisha, India in the year
2021. His areas of interests are Power System Engineering, Solar PV System, Faults in Power
Grid, Load Forecasting, and Distribution of Electrical Power. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Sarat Kumar Swain is working as a Professor and HOD in Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Department at the GITA Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. He received his
Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Siksha “o” Anusandhan University and B.Sc.
(Engineering) in Electrical Engineering from UCE Burla (At present VSSUT, Burla),
Sambalpur, Odisha, India. He has 16 years of academic experience and 15 years of industrial
experience in autonomous and worked in reputed companies like Klockner Moeller, Germany.
He has published many papers in referred journals. His areas of interests are Power electronics
of semiconductor devices, Solar PV System, Electrical Drives, and Automation. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Computation of maximum power point tracking of PV module using modified … (Siddhartha Behera)