International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022, pp. 2336~2347

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2336-2347  2336

Interaction of FACTS devices with loads dynamics in the

transport networks and interconnection

Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi1, Muntadher Ali Abd2

1
Diyala's General Directorate of Education, Baquba, Iraq
2
Baghdad Al-Karkh Directorate of Education, Baghdad, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper introduced analysis and improvement of power networks stability.
It focused on the impact of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) device
Received Oct 23, 2019 interaction with the other components of the network. It investigated the
Revised Jul 21, 2022 impact of dynamic charges on the ability of FACTS to eliminate power
Accepted Aug 11, 2022 oscillations problems. A small-signal analysis, frequency analysis and non-
linear time simulations using EUROSTAG made it possible to study these
problems. Other, research has shown that the damping loops of the power
Keywords: oscillations effects using classical techniques of sensibility are not robust in
relation to the variations of load models. Thus, this paper proposed a method
FACTS devices based on the sensitivity of the eigenvalues and it takes into account the
Interaction variations of the load models. The method calculates an optimal phase
STATCOM compensator based on a weighted average of the sensitivity of the target mode.
Influence indices It considers the variations of sensitivity as a function of the uncertainty in the
Power stabilizers load model. According to the obtained results, this method is effective in most
stability problems.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi
Diyala's General Directorate of Education
Baquba, Diyala Province, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The power system, it is the set of all components that can provide energy to a consumer and therefore
includes the transport network with the detail of all its components (production plants and distribution
network). The management of such a system is very complex and poses many problems, the weak link in the
chain being the transport network. It must be ensured at all times that the transport network fulfills its role as
best as possible considering that it is easier to distribute quality energy downstream (to consumers) if its
upstream transport is satisfactorily achieved.
Regulations are of vital importance for safe, reliable operation, and economic modern energy systems.
To improve the quality of energy electrical engineers, they are inventing and exploiting more and more new
devices and new advanced regulations for various applications. This is the case of the devices flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS) that truly constitute a new technology in the field of networks electric. It is an
inevitable development, especially in the new context liberalization of the electricity market, but it should be
recalled that, as in all areas, evolution is often accompanied by certain risks.

2. THE FACTS CONCEPT

The problems of the above-mentioned networks becoming more present from year to year, Electric
Power Research Institute (EPRI), which represents a consortium dedicated to the research in the electric

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2337

networks and gathering American electric companies, launched in 1988 the flexible AC transmission system
(FACTS) concept. It is a long-term project that aims to make networks more flexible. FACTS technology uses
power electronics and more particularly thyristor or (GTO thyristors) which allow control speeds to be
significantly higher than mechanical systems which are still widely used, and a much lower level of
maintenance because mechanical systems wear out much faster than static systems [1], [2].
The objectives of the FACTS project are to be able to control the power transits in the networks and
to increase their load capacity up to their maximum thermal limit. To fix ideas, we can take a simple example.
As shown in Figure 1 the AC transport line, Let's consider the power transit on an AC line. This line is shown
the losses being assumed to be zero. The transmitted power P is a function of the amplitudes of the voltages E1
and E2 at the ends of the line, the phase shift d 12 between these two voltages and the impedance X of the line,
as shown in (1).
𝐸1 𝐸2
𝑃=𝐸 sin 𝛿12 (1)
𝑥

From (1), the power transit can be controlled by adjusting one, two or even three of the equation parameters.
Moreover, thanks to their short response time to changes in the networks, FACTS devices have appeared as
elements that can contribute to the damping of very oscillations. Low frequency to replace or supplement
traditional power stabilizers or “PSS” [3]−[5].

Figure 1. AC transmission line

2.1. Types FACTS devices [6]

The group of FACTS devices is vast in count. Among these, we can say:
− Thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC), the TCSC, allowing to modify the line impedance with
great flexibility [7]−[10].
− Static phase shifters (SPS), where thyristors are used on adjustable transformers, providing control of the
transmission angle [11], [12].
− Static var compensators (SVC), where the compensation is of the shunt type, which allows the control of
the reactive energy demand and the line voltage thanks to the synchronous switching of batteries. and
inductors [13].
− The Advanced Static or STATIC Compensator Static-type reactive energy compensator, developed in
recent years thanks to the development of high-performance high-power aperture thyristor (GTO) [14].
− The unified power flow controller (UPFC), whose concept is very recent. This compensator combines the
functions of the shunt compensator, the series compensator and the phase shifter [15].

2.2. Concept of interactions

2.2.1. Harmonic interactions [16]−[18]
This type of interaction can come from the insertion of FACTS devices such as SVC, STATCOM,
TCSC and/or the insertion of high voltage DC (HVDC) converters (high voltage DC rectifiers and high voltage
inverters). It is characterized by generation or amplification harmonics in the voltage and current signals.
HVDC converters are one of the major causes of harmonic generation in large power grids. Power electronics
devices interact with regulations. The study of such phenomena requires a program of harmonic analysis or
rapid transient time study that can be completed by the study of eigenvalues (small signal theory) [19].

2.2.2. Regulatory interactions

The regulations associated with many devices that are encountered in large power grids, that is to say
the regulations FACTS devices, HVDC converters, Adjustable series capacitors, voltage regulators (AVR) and
power generators and power stabilizers (PSS), have natural oscillation modes at sub-synchronous frequencies
(typically from 1 Hz to 35 Hz) [20], [21]. Depending on the “electrical distances” between the devices, these
regulations can interact with each other, sustaining oscillations or even causing dynamic instability [22].
Another type of regulatory interaction is the interaction between a regulation and a natural oscillation mode of
a network element. For example, the introduction of one FACTS device near another could degrade the
damping of a natural oscillation mode of the latter. This may result in the appearance of a new oscillation mode
Interaction of FACTS devices with loads dynamics in the … (Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi)
2338  ISSN: 2088-8694

related to the interaction of two FACTS device regulations. In addition, a regulatory interaction may also have
an effect different from the two effects mentioned above. Indeed, the introduction of a system based on power
electronics can cause the amplification of a resonance effect via a regulatory interaction. For example, the
presence of a TCSC near a series capacitance can cause a resonance effect [23], so that the introduction of a
SVC near a TCSC accentuates this resonance effect [24], via an interaction of regulation between these two
devices FACTS. It can be noted here a certain ambiguity as for the type of interaction which comes into play,
which accentuates the complexity of the study of the phenomena involved. Finally, interactions between the
FACTS device regulations between them or interactions between the FACTS device and the machine power
stabilizer regulations can lead to a degradation of the power oscillation damping [25], [26]. This is especially
true when these FACTS devices are used precisely to dampen inter-region oscillation modes. This problem of
regulation interaction is attracting more and more attention with increasing the number of power electronics-
based devices in power grids and associated controls; increase which is only beginning. Above all, the
complexity of these phenomena makes the study delicate. If the phenomena 'torsional or harmonic interactions
and resonance phenomena are known for a long time, they take a new dimension today with the insertion of
FACTS devices. Thus, we will be interested here more closely in this last type of interaction. The following
sub-sections introduce some cases of interaction that took place in real power grids or that were identified in
stability studies.

2.2.3. Interactions between PSS and other generator regulators

Interactions occurred between PSSs and turbine controls at the Reece hydropower plant in Tasmania
(Australia). The power station has two generators with a nominal power of 120 MVA each. PSSs, with
electrical power as an input signal, were installed in 1994. The commissioning tests, for different load
conditions, showed no major problems. A few days later, the two generators found themselves with a saturation
of reagent and very close to their maximum production. This caused oscillations on the reactive powers of the
two generators between 5 and 45 MVAR. The frequency of the network oscillated between 48 and 52 Hz which
required the triggering of the two generators.

2.2.4. Interaction between transformers with load controllers

In many power grids, transformers connecting different levels of voltage in the transmission network
are equipped with load controllers known in the Anglo-Saxon terminology under the name of load tap changers
(LTCs), as shown in Figure 2. These devices help increase network transfer capacity and voltage adjustment e
~disconnecting the generation of the load. Regulator transformers in charge, devices whose dynamics are
sometimes neglected in some studies of dynamic stability or voltage of electrical networks, can interact with
each other at different levels causing oscillations. The example following illustrates such a phenomenon
(CUT98). Consider the simple radial network of Figure 3. When the transformation ratio r1 of HTB/HTA
transformer decreases, high voltage controlled VH and medium voltage VM increase.

Figure 2. LTCs two-level network

However, when the transformation ratio r2 of the transformer HTB/BTB decreases in the purpose of
supporting the voltage VM, the voltage VH on the HTB side also decreases. In addition, when VH increases, the
current in the HTB line decreases by the same power, reducing hence the reactive losses due to the reactance
of the line Xl. For these reasons, the coordination of the two LTCs must ensure that the LTC HTB/HTA is
faster than the HTB / BTA level. This will ensure a better setting with a minimum of switching possible.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2336-2347
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2339

Figure 3. Radial network with two on-load regulator transformers

2.2.5. Interaction FACTS-PSS-charge dynamic

Some solutions are starting to appear in order to address in this sense, which proposes coordination
techniques for regulations based on theories of optimization and mathematical programming as well as on the
methods of optimal control. Another factor, which seems interesting to us to take into account in the study of
these phenomena of regulatory interactions, is that concerning the influence of the models of load on dynamic
stability analysis of electrical networks. The loads is a combination of different static or dynamic devices and
a composite load model combining static–dynamic. Dynamic loads exhibit time-dependent responses which
are determined by the previous conditions of both the system and the load itself.

2.3. Influence indices

The insertion of a FACTS device in a power system must not therefore lead to a degradation of its
performance (or at least as little as possible). The sensitivity indices allow us to select the insertion node of the
FACTS device in order to avoid these interaction phenomena as much as possible. However, the FACTS device
will be active in the power system, and the insertion of another FACTS device (or other elements of the power
systems) into the network may lead to interaction phenomena. In order to guard against these phenomena, we
propose to delimit zones according to the influence of STATCOM in the power system. An area under strong
influence will then be declared “inviolable”. In addition, in some cases, the insertion of a FACTS device into
a given node of the network can be unavoidable. A good adjustment can make it possible to limit the importance
of the phenomena of interaction, or even to bring about phenomena of beneficial interaction. The application
of the indices of influence would then make it possible to clear zones where one will refrain from positioning
any other new element of network under penalty of seeing the phenomena of interaction to be amplified and
possibly, to see them take a harmful aspect.
- Definition of influence indices
The purpose of this part is to find an influence index of the FACTS device on the network nodes. Such
an index must therefore be calculated for each node of the network. A strong index would indicate that the
node would be in an area under strong influence of the FACTS device. The insertion of another FACTS device
encode would then involve phenomena of interaction between the two devices. On the contrary, a null index
would mean that the FACTS device has no influence on the node. The insertion of a new FACTS device on
this node would therefore not result in interaction phenomena between the two devices. The influence indices
must therefore be calculated at each node of the network. But the phenomena of interaction are “conveyed” by
the modes of the system. Also, if a mode is observable at a node, then a STATCOM inserted in this node will
be able to interact with network devices via this mode [27]. It is therefore necessary to characterize each node
of the network.

2.4. Literature review

In the literature dealing with electrical energy systems, many situations where network regulations
have had unexpected behavior as a result of interaction with other regulations or simply with the network itself
and its various components (generators, charges,) have been processed. The phenomenon of interaction of
FACTS devices regulations, little discussed a few years ago, is of increasing interest to researchers and
industrialists in the field of networks. Electric, indeed, these devices were little used, especially in Europe, for
reasons related to the costs of installation and maintenance. They are now starting to gain ground in the context
of the opening of the electricity market with all that this could lead to new network architectures as we
mentioned in the introduction.
One of the first studies dates from 1989 and was presented by Ramos and Tyll [28]. It presents the
dynamic performance of a Brazilian radial network on which three SVCs were to be implemented. This study
has shown that instability can occur if there is no coordination between the regulations of these SVCs. Another
study was conducted as part of a project to implement SVCs in the US Southwester Network. It made it possible
to highlight the potentiality of a negative interaction between the SVCs regulations and those of the HVDC
converters relatives.

Interaction of FACTS devices with loads dynamics in the … (Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi)
2340  ISSN: 2088-8694

2.5. Aims and objectives of the study

Environmental concerns and trade pressures have led the trend of energy networks of growth towards
quality objectives. This resulted in the increase in the number of regulations involved in the networks and by
a better exploitation of conventional and unconventional devices in networks. Indeed, generators are
increasingly equipped with power damping loops as well regulators of FACTS devices whose fields of action
develop from day to day. However, these regulators, although often effective, are not immune to possible
interactions with each other but also with other elements of the network. In this chapter, we put the focus on
this phenomenon, through some examples of studies but also real cases, where interactions between regulators
had a negative impact on dynamic performance electrical networks.
These phenomena can come inter alia from the interaction of FACTS devices with each other, but
also with other elements such as, for example, voltage regulation of machines, and the power stabilizers that
may be associated with them. Other elements that can interact with FACTS are dynamic loads. Through an
illustrative example, we demonstrated the importance of the load model in the analysis dynamic performance
of electricity networks. Very few studies have been conducted in that sense in the past. As a result, we have set
ourselves the goal in this research work to study the interactions that may result from the insertion of FACTS
devices into networks in the presence of dynamic loads.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Analysis of interaction phenomena
When inserting a FACTS device into a power network in the presence of PSS, or when simultaneously
inserting several FACTS devices into a single network, it is possible to see the interaction phenomena altering
the network stability. The objective of this paper is to highlight phenomena of interaction between FACTS
device and network elements including the PSS, as well as between FACTS devices between them, then to
analyses them. For this, we will use the test one network zone 2 machines.

3.2. STATCOM (a static synchronous compensator) interactions-network elements

To determine the influence of the insertion of a STATCOM according to its positioning, the two
parallel interconnection lines have been replaced by a single equivalent interconnection line. In addition, we
have “moved” the STATCOM along this line, the latter being divided into 4 sections of the same impedance,
as shown in Figure 4. Of course, such a division of the line has no physical meaning since it is difficult in
practice to create new facilities solely for the purpose of installing a FACTS device. However, by this study,
we seek to highlight the influence of the distance between the elements participating in interaction phenomena.

Figure 4. Substitution of interconnection lines by an equivalent line

For each positioning of the STATCOM, we have noted the damping rate of the only mode of
oscillation between regions. Figure 5 shows the values of these damping rates for the insertion of a single
STATCOM in the network and the insertion of two STATCOMs. In both cases, depreciation rates were
determined for the five STATCOM positions. The abscissa '0' corresponds to the STATCOM on LB3, the
abscissa '0.25' to the STATCOM on LB1/4. With the observation of this figure, it appears that, when the
STATCOM is connected to the node LB3 or LB 13, the rate of damping of the mode inter-regions undergoes
a clear degradation by the phenomena of interaction between the STATCOM and the machine regulations. On
the other hand, when the STATCOM is in the middle of the line, there is no significant degradation. Figure 6
shows the voltage at the STATCOM connection node when it is installed at node LB3. The tension support
appears very clearly. At the same time, there is an oscillation on the voltage which persists longer in the
presence of the STATCOM. Figure 7 shows the degradation of the inter-region mode damping when this
STATCOM is inserted on the node LB3. After the short circuit, the stable state is found after more than 150
seconds in the presence of STATCOM against less than 60 seconds for the network without STATCOM.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2336-2347
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2341

Figure 5. Cross-region depreciation rate following the positioning of the STATCOM

Figure 6. Voltage at the STATCOM connection node as a function of time

Figure 7. Active power transit between LB 13 and LB3 nodes as a function of time

3.3. Use of FACTS devices in damping power oscillations

After highlighting interaction phenomena when using STATCOMs in support of voltage, we will
focus here on the use of these devices to dampen the inter-region oscillation mode of our test network, and no
longer in tension support. We will return first to the influence of the insertion of STATCOM in the network
alone before analyzing the interaction of a STATCOM with a PSS, then two STATCOMs. So the results depend
of type of FACTS devices and position and Influence and interaction with each other in the network.

3.3.1. Interactions STATCOM-PSS

After being interested in the interactions between the STATCOM and the machine protocols. We will
analyze here the interaction of a PSS and a STATCOM. The latter will successively be placed on the node LB
13 and the node LB3.

3.3.2. Insert STATCOM on the node LB 13

The results obtained in this case in the form of eigenvalues and depreciation rates and the results
obtained in the presence of the only PSS and the only STATCOM in order to highlight possible interaction
phenomena. Only oscillation modes undergoing significant modifications are reported in this table. It appears
here that the inter-region mode l3 is significantly less depreciated than for the STATCOM alone (0.16 against
Interaction of FACTS devices with loads dynamics in the … (Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi)
2342  ISSN: 2088-8694

0.31). It is not surprising to see a phenomenon of harmful interaction between PSS and STATCOM leading to
a modification of the eigenvalues associated with the inter-region mode since these two devices have been
adjusted in order to dampen this mode.
The l1 mode is more damped than for the PSS alone (0.55 against 0.47), although the STATCOM has,
in principle, little action on this mode. The mode lsta4 linked to STATCOM sees, meanwhile, its depreciation
rate increase (0.61 against 0.51). Finally, the depreciation rate of the PSS2 mode linked to the PSS is slightly
improved (0.16 against 0.14). However, the examination of the factors participation teaches us that STATCOM
and PSS both take art to these three modes of oscillation. Thus, the variations in the eigenvalues associated
with these three modes are the result of the PSS-STATCOM interaction which, if the latter was detrimental in
the case of the interregional mode, shows a positive effect for these three modes.
Figure 8(a) illustrates the degradation of the inter-region mode. The degradation of the damping of
the inter-region oscillation mode with respect to that obtained in the presence of the STATCOM alone appears
clearly. This longer oscillatory response is found on the voltage as shown in Figure 8(b).

Figure 8. The effect of STATCOM and PSS-STATCOM on active power transfer and voltage: (a) transit of
active power between LB 13 and LB3 nodes and (b) voltage at node LB 13 as a function of time

3.3.3. Insert the STATCOM on the node LB3

We then did the same job by connecting the STATCOM to the LB3 node. Here again, we find that
the damping of the inter-region mode is significantly degraded (0.15 against 0.31 in the case of STATCOM
alone). As for the local mode l1, it is this time also a significant decrease in its depreciation rate (0.23 against
0.47 for the network with PSS). The interaction that had proved beneficial for this mode when connecting the
STATCOM on the node LB 13 appears harmful here. The same goes for the mode lpss2, which sees its
depreciation rate fall from 0.14 for the network with PSS to 0.08 in the presence of the STATCOM. Whereas
we had only noticed a weak interaction phenomenon, which is more positive, in the case of the STATCOM on
the node LB13, we are here in the presence of a phenomenon of interaction between PSS and STATCOM
causing a very net depreciation of this mode. The lsta4 mode, meanwhile, sees a very significant improvement
in its depreciation rate (0.75 against 0.50 for the STATCOM inserted alone in the network). As before, the
PSS-STATCOM interaction is positive for this mode of oscillation. However, we can note that this interaction
phenomenon is more “violent” than for the STATCOM connection to the LB13 node. Finally, the oscillation
mode l4, which was not concerned with an interaction phenomenon when the STATCOM is connected to the
node LB13, is this time subject to a PSS STATCOM interaction phenomenon whose action is beneficial since
its depreciation rate reaches 0.57 against 0.35 for the network with PSS and 0.30 for the network with
STATCOM. The PSS-STATCOM interaction phenomena are therefore more “virulent” for the STATCOM
connected to the node LB3 with respect to the STATCOM connected to the node LB13.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2336-2347
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2343

Figure 9(a) shows the degradation of inter-region damping during the simultaneous insertion of PSS
and STATCOM. The degradation of the damping mode lpss2 can be observed on the excitation voltage of the
generator G1, which generator accommodates the PSS. Thus, from Figure 9(b), we can notice, in comparing
the excitation voltages of the machine G1 in the case of the network with PSS and in the case of the network
with PSS and STATCOM the presence of the oscillation linked to this mode.

Figure 9. The effect of STATCOM and PSS-STATCOM on active power transfer and voltage (a) transit of
active power between nodes LB 13 and LB3 as a function of time and (b) machine excitation voltage G1
according to time

3.3.4. STATCOM-STATCOM interactions

Finally, we inserted the two STATCOMs together in the network. One is connected to node LB3, the
other to node LB13. The results obtained by the small-signal study indicates the inter-regions mode undergoes
a modification of its damping rate (0.23 against 0.31 for STATCOMs inserted alone in the network). Indeed,
the FACTS devices both acting on this mode, it makes sense to note a STATCOM-STATCOM interaction
resulting in an evolution of the eigenvalues associated with this mode. Finally, it should be noted that, although
its damping ratio is constant, the lsta4 mode, a mode related to STATCOM regulation, is subject to a
phenomenon of interaction between the two FACTS devices since the eigenvalues associated with that see a
strong evolution.
In large electrical networks, electromechanical oscillations of low frequency persist over long periods
of time and, therefore, limit the transit of power. We distinguish local modes, which see the participation of a
few machines close to each other, and inter-regional modes, which correspond to exchanges of power across
lines interconnection between groups of machines. With the growing interconnection of power systems, the
potential for very weakly damped inter-regional oscillations has greatly increased. FACTS devices have the
advantage of responding quickly to changes in networks and can be located near the interconnection lines.
However, their insertion causes phenomena interaction with network elements (machine regulations, PSSs, and
other FACTS devices), whether these FACTS devices are used conventionally or to dampen power oscillations.
These interactions can degrade the damping of certain modes of oscillation and even lead to instability, or to
reveal new modes of oscillation. It therefore appears necessary to coordinate the various FACTS schemes and
certain elements of the network such as PSSs.

3.4. Application of influence indices

Influence indices were applied for the 2 networks already used for the study of sensitivity indices. It
is therefore the test network 4 machines 2 zones and the real network 29 machines. We will focus on three
configurations of this test network: insertion of a STATCOM in the network alone, in the network with PSS
and in the network in the presence of another STATCOM.

Interaction of FACTS devices with loads dynamics in the … (Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi)
2344  ISSN: 2088-8694

3.4.1. Inserting the STATCOM into the network alone

The influence indices were determined in this test network for the STATCOM inserted successively
on each node of the network. For each positioning of the device FACTS, the indices were calculated for all the
nodes of the network. We will present here only the zones of influence determined after insertion of a
STATCOM on the node LB1.

3.4.2. STATCOM connected to node LB1

The index is very high at the STATCOM connection node Figure 10. The STATCOM is very
influential on its node of connection because it interacts with the regulations of the machines. In addition, we
find high indices for the LB2 and LB3 nodes which are the most proximal nodes of the STATCOM. Finally,
the influence decreases with the electric distance.

Figure 10. Areas of influence of STATCOM connected to node LB1 into the network alone

3.4.3. Insertion of the STATCOM in the presence of a PSS

We will focus here on the influence of STATCOM when it is inserted in the network with PSS. The
PSS is added to the voltage regulation of the machine G1.
− Influence of the STATCOM; The determination of the influence indices was carried out for all the positions
of the STATCOM. We will present here the influence zones determined for the STATCOM connected on
node LB 1 and on node LB3/4.
− STATCOM connected to node LB1; Figure 11 shows the zones of influence of the STATCOM when it is
connected to node LB1. At the STATCOM connection node, the influence index is maximum. Once again,
the influence of STATCOM on the nodes of zone A is important. As soon as one moves away from node,
the index of influence decreases very markedly. The results obtained are therefore logical.
− STATCOM connected to node LB3/4; The STATCOM is now connected to the LB3/4 node, i.e., to a node
located on the interconnection line. Figure 12 gives the zones of influence of the FACTS device.

Figure 11. Areas of influence of STATCOM connected to node LB1 in the presence of a PSS

The STATCOM, deviating from the zone A, escapes little by little to the zone of action of the PSS.
Also, the influence index is lower at the connection node than in the previous case. The interaction phenomena
between the PSS and the FACTS device and between the machine controls and the FACTS device are less
violent, and the influence of the latter lower on the disconnect node. On the other hand, because of its more
“central” positioning, the STATCOM sees its influence on the distant nodes more important than in the

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2336-2347
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2345

previous case. Indeed, the electric distance between STATCOM and the most distant node (LB1) is weaker
than between STATCOM and the node (LB I) in the previous case.

Figure 12. Areas of influence of STATCOM connected to node LB3/4 in the presence of a PSS

3.4.4. Insertion of the STATCOM in the presence of a first STATCOM

The network is now equipped with a first STATCOM. This one is connected to the node LB3. We
will present here the results obtained for the connection of the STATCOM on the node LB1 and on the node
LB3.
− STATCOM connected to node LB1; The influence zones of STATCOM are given in Figure 13. The
influence is maximum for the node LB3 hosting the first STATCOM. Indeed, the interaction phenomena
between the two FACTS devices are important. The influence is also high at the connection node of the
second device FACTS. Finally, the influence is weaker for the distant nodes, namely those of zone B.
− STATCOM connected to node LB3; STATCOMs are now both connected to the LB3 node, as shown in
Figure 14. The maximum influence is obtained at the connection node of the two STATCOMs, reflecting
the interaction phenomena between the two FACTS devices. Moreover, we can observe that the influence
is higher for the nodes LB1 and LB11 because we are presence of interactions between the regulations of
the machines GI and G II and FACTS devices.

Figure 13. Areas of influence of the STATCOM connected to node LB3 in the presence of a first STATCOM

Figure 14. Areas of influence of the STATCOMs connected to node LB3

4. CONCLUSIONS
In the context of the insertion of FACTS devices in the transport and interconnection networks, we
focused our work on the study of the regulatory interaction phenomena related to the insertion of FACTS
Interaction of FACTS devices with loads dynamics in the … (Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi)
2346  ISSN: 2088-8694

devices. After highlighting these interaction phenomena FACTS-regulation machines, FACTS-PSS and
FACTS-FACTS, we focused on coordinating the interacting devices through two optimization techniques: a
method of the “minimax” type and a decentralized linear quadratic method. We have thus highlighted the limits
linked to coordination. Indeed, if the interaction phenomena are very violent, a coordination of the interacting
elements can result in the under-exploitation of these devices. We then developed sensitivity indices derived
from the concepts of controllability and observability. These are calculated before insertion of the FACTS
devices and make it possible to predict the importance of the interaction phenomena according to the
positioning of the FACTS device.
As a result of this work, several areas of study can be identified, a) generalization of the use of
sensitivity indices to all FACTS devices (FACTS series and universal), b) distinction between “harmful
interaction” and “beneficial interaction”. It is a question of not rejecting by the application of the sensitivity
indices a positioning of the device FACTS that would result in the improvement of the dynamic stability by a
phenomenon of beneficial interaction, c) coordination by grammars. The coordination techniques envisaged in
this paper call for a modal study which can be very cumbersome. So, we can consider realizing the coordination
by using the concord of the controllability grammars by quantifying the minimum energy needed to recover
the equilibrium state after the incident, d) setting of FACTS devices from the energy concept (energy
dissipation function). The regulation structure based on this approach uses the Lyapunov principle, namely that
each subsystem (FACTS, PSS, ...) must have the derivative of its energy function less than or equal to zero.
Thus, the regulation structure is decentralized and does not require decoordination. It does not depend on the
structure of the network, nor the state of charge of the network, nor the place of the disturbance (default), e)
setting of FACTS devices from Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) techniques. The work to be done is so bulky,
f) the degradation of inter-region damping during the simultaneous insertion of PSS and STATCOM, g) it
necessary to coordinate the various FACTS schemes and certain elements of the network such as PSSs, h) the
influence indices are very high at the STATCOM connection node, the influence decreases with the electric
distance, i) the interaction phenomena between the PSS and the FACTS device and between the machine
controls and the FACTS device are less violent, and the influence of the latter lower on the disconnect node.

REFERENCES
[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, in IEEE
Power Engineering Society, 1999.
[2] A. Edris, “FACTS technology development: an update,” IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 4-9, Mar. 2000, doi:
10.1109/39.825623.
[3] M. J. Gibbard, D. J. Vowles and P. Pourbeik, “Interactions between, and effectiveness of, power system stabilizers and FACTS
device stabilizers in multimachine systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 748-755, May 2000, doi:
10.1109/59.867169.
[4] A. F. Bati, “Optimal interaction between PSS and FACTS devices in damping power systems oscillations: part I,” 7th International
Multi- Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, 2010, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/SSD.2010.5585535.
[5] A. F. Bati, “Optimal interaction between PSS and FACTS devices in damping power systems oscillations: Part II,” 2010 IEEE
International Energy Conference, 2010, pp. 452-457, doi: 10.1109/ENERGYCON.2010.5771723.
[6] Y.Besanger “Study of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) systems and their behavior in transmission and interconnection
networks,” Bibliographic Report, LEG, 1994.
[7] S. G. Helbing and G. G. Karady, “Investigations of an advanced form of series compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 939-947, Apr. 1994, doi: 10.1109/61.296276.
[8] E. V. Larsen, K. Clark, S. A. Miske and J. Urbanek, “Characteristics and rating considerations of thyristor controlled series
compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 992-1000, Apr. 1994, doi: 10.1109/61.296283.
[9] V. Mahajan, “Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator,” IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2006, pp. 182-
187, doi: 10.1109/ICIT.2006.372373.
[10] M. Karami, N. Mariun, and M. Z. A. A. Kadir, “On basic definition of optimal allocation of FACTS devices in power system,”
IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), 2009, pp. 418-421, doi: 10.1109/SCORED.2009.5442982.
[11] L. Gyugyi, “Converter-based FACTS controllers,” IEE Colloquium Flexible AC Transmission Systems - The FACTS, 1998, pp. 1/1-
111, doi: 10.1049/ic:19980967.
[12] M. R. Iravani, P. L. Dandeno, K. H. Nguyen, D. Zhu and D. Maratukulam, “Applications of static phase shifters in power systems,”
in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1600-1608, July 1994, doi: 10.1109/61.311204.
[13] Davidson, C. and M.M. de Oliveira, Technical description of static compensators (STATCOM), in Flexible AC Transmission
Systems : FACTS, B.R. Andersen and S.L. Nilsson, Editors. 2020, Springer International Publishing: Cham. p. 207-251.
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35386-5.
[14] Ayala-Chauvin M, Kavrakov BS, Buele J, Varela-Aldás J., “Static reactive power compensator design, based on three-phase voltage
converter,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 8, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14082198.
[15] L. Gyugyi, “Unified power flow controller for flexible AC transmission systems,” IEE Proceedings C (Generation, Transmission
and Distribution), Vol.139, Issue 4, July 1992, p. 323 – 331, doi: 10.1049/ip-c.1992.0048.
[16] C. S. Lefebvre, A. M. Gole, J. Reeve, L. Pilotto, N. Martins, and S. Bhattacharya, “Working group on dynamic performance and
modeling of DC systems and power electronics for transmission systems. Report on test systems for AC/DC interaction studies,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2027-2034, Oct. 1995, doi: 10.1109/61.473347.
[17] N. L. Shore, G. Andersson, A. P. Canelhas, and G. Asplund, “A three-pulse model of DC side harmonic flow in HVDC systems,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1945-1954, Jul. 1989, doi: 10.1109/61.32694.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2336-2347
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2347

[18] Arshad and B. G. Stewart, “Modelling harmonic propagation in HVDC system power cables,” 2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation
Conference (EIC), 2021, pp. 202-205, doi: 10.1109/EIC49891.2021.9612376.
[19] A. E. Hammad, “Analysis of second harmonic instability for the Chateauguay HVDC/SVC scheme,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 410-415, Jan. 1992, doi: 10.1109/61.108935.
[20] D. A. Woodford, “Electromagnetic design considerations for fast acting controllers,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.
11, no. 3, pp. 1515-1521, Jul. 1996, doi: 10.1109/61.517511.
[21] C. Jakpattanajit, N. Hoonchareon, and A. Yokoyama, “A new coordinated control scheme of PSS and FACT devices for improving
power system oscillations in multi-machine system,” International Conference on Power System Technology, 2010, pp. 1-8, doi:
10.1109/POWERCON.2010.5666459.
[22] M. R. Iravani, et al., “Modelling and analysis guidelines for slow transients. II. Controller interactions; harmonic interactions,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1672-1677, July 1996, doi: 10.1109/61.517533.
[23] K. Clark, B. Fardanesh, and R. Adapa, “Thyristor controlled series compensation application study-control interaction
considerations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1031-1037, Apr. 1995, doi: 10.1109/61.400825.
[24] M. R. Shaik and A. S. Reddy, “Optimal placement and sizing of FACTS device to overcome contingencies in power systems,”
International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES), 2016, pp. 838-842, doi:
10.1109/SCOPES.2016.7955559.
[25] F. D. Freitas, A. S. Silva, and A. A. Costa, “Coordinated setting of stabilizers for synchronous generators and FACTS devices in
power systems, peres “Decentralised Load-Frequency Control, Symposium ClGRE IEE Proceedings, vol.132, issue.5, 1985.
[26] R. M. Hamouda, M. R. Iravani, and R. Hackam, “Coordinated static VAR compensators and power system stabilizers for damping
power system oscillations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1059-1067, Nov. 1987, doi:
10.1109/TPWRS.1987.4335301.
[27] V. Tejaswini and D. Susitra, “A review on optimal placement and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices in electrical
power systems,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 900-908, 2019, doi:
10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp900-908.
[28] A. J. P. Ramos and H. Tyll, “Dynamic performance of a radial weak power system with multiple static VAr compensators,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1316-1325, Nov. 1989, doi: 10.1109/59.41681.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi is currently a lecturer in Diyala's

General Directorate of Education, Baquba, Diyala Province, Iraq. He received his BSc in
Electrical Engineering from University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq in 2000. He, also,
received MTech. Power systems and control from Acharya Nagarjuna university, India in
2015. His research interests are in power system, control and Electronic Engineering. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Muntadher Ali Abd is currently a lecturer in Baghdad Al-Karkh Third

Directorate of Education, Baghdad, Iraq. He received his BSc in Power Technology
Engineering from Al-Mamoun University College, Baghdad, Iraq. He, also, received MTech.
Power systems and control from Acharya Nagarjuna university, India in 2015. His research
interests are in are in power technology and related fields. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Interaction of FACTS devices with loads dynamics in the … (Kamal Mohammed Saleh Al-Azzawi)