International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022, pp. 2148~2158

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2148-2158  2148

Distributed power flow controller based on fuzzy-logic

controller for solar-wind energy hybrid system

Vemuri Sowmya Sree, Coppisetty Srinivasa Rao

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuramu, India
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G. Pullaiah College of Engineering and Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The demand of electricity globally led to the concept of renewable energy
resources for power generation that are eco-friendly and freely available
Received Jan 3, 2022 from nature. The solar photovoltaic systems and wind-based power
Revised Sep 13, 2022 generators are considered as primary renewable resources and are called as
Accepted Sep 30, 2022 Distributed Generation units as they are scattered in nature. These are
operated with bidirectional converters by providing auxiliary services at grid
side and load side in either mode of microgrid operation. Besides, the DC
Keywords: power generation units’ integration gets converted into AC system by means
of inverters. These types of systems not only increase voltage and current
Distributed power flow harmonics, power frequency deviations but also drive the distribution system
controller to risky operating zone. This emphasizes the stipulation of advanced control
Fuzzy logic controller schemes for microgrid architecture. Consequently, power electronic
MATLAB/Simulink converters introduce harmonics in the system and affect the system
Power quality performance. To report these expanded issues, the authors recognized an
Solar-wind system advanced custom power device entitled distributed power flow controller.
The proposed hybrid solar-wind energy system is first studied with a
distributed power-flow controller. Later the system is examined by replacing
proportional integral controller with fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for shunt
control of distributed power-flow controller. To validate the investigations,
MATLAB/Simulink software is used.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Vemuri Sowmya Sree
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Anantapuramu 515002, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The swift escalation of power electronic equipment and its appliance have vividly altered the
distinctiveness in the distribution system. The redundant serious power-quality problems are created in recent
distribution system due to power electronic device based nonlinear components. Fascinatingly, it is renowned
that the same power electronic devices have the capability to shield utility grid and load either from power
quality problems. The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device and custom power device (CPD) are
considered as the vital compensation devices to be installed in power system for finest control of active and
reactive power flow [1]. The development of the FACTS has allowed for the implementation of various
novel ideas that are making the power system more dependable, flexible, and providing greater control over
power flow without affecting the generating schedule.
In an effort to optimize the performance of the power system network, the authors of this research
suggest an unique device termed as distributed-power flow controller (DPFC), which is an improved version
of the unified power flow controller (UPFC). The primary distinction between DPFC and UPFC is the lack of

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2149

DC connectivity between the converters. The third harmonic frequency component in DPFC connects the
two converters so that power may be traded dynamically. As an added advantage, the suggested approach
provides superior performance against voltage and current deviations [2]. This paper presents the
development and testing of a simulation model of the proposed system in the MATLAB/Simulink
environment to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested control strategy.
Section 2 describes the suggested dynamic system in light of the preceding material. A variety of
DPFC control techniques, such as the proportional- integral controller and the fuzzy logic controller, are
discussed in section 3. Section 4 presents the work's extensive examination of the Simulation findings, while
section 5 presents the work's conclusions.

2. PROPOSED DYNAMIC METHOD

Figure 1 shows a block schematic of a hybrid energy system that combines solar PV arrays with
wind turbines. In [3]−[8], the event of a failure at the point of common coupling (PCC), both the output
power and the grid power would be affected. As a result, in the event that power quality difficulties
manifested at the load, a specialized device designated as a DPFC would be implemented. In this study, the
converters of a DPFC are controlled using a proportional integral controller and a fuzzy logic controller.

Figure 1. Block diagram of proposed photovoltaic-wind hybrid system

2.1. Wind-energy conversion system

Wind energy conversion system key components are permanent magnet synchronous generators,
wind turbines, power electronic converters. The function of the wind turbine is to convert the kinetic energy
of the wind into mechanical power [9]. The mechanical energy produced by a wind turbine may be expressed
as (1).
1
𝑃𝑚 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝐴𝑟 𝑉𝑤3 (1)
2

−18.4
151
𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) = 0.73 ( − 0.58𝛽 − 0.002𝛽 2.14 − 13.2) 𝑒 𝜆𝑖
(2)
𝜆𝑖

𝟏
Where 𝝀𝒊 = 𝟏 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑 (3)
−
𝝀−𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝜷 𝜷𝟑 +𝟏

𝝎𝒓 𝑹𝒓
and TSR(𝝀) = (4)
𝑽𝒘

Assume constant rotor pitch angle and power coefficient Cp = 0.59 according to Betz's Law. Yet, realistic
performance coefficients (Cp) vary from 0.2 to 0.4.
− Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) mathematical model
It is not required to have a separate frame, gearbox, couplings, and shaft lines when using a PMSG
with a gearless or single-stage gear configuration [10]-[15]. The mathematical formulation of permanent
magnet synchronous generator in synchronous reference frame is indicated by (5)-(7).

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𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑑
𝑉𝑔𝑑 = 𝑅𝑠𝑔 𝑖𝑔𝑑 + 𝐿𝑠𝑔 − 𝜔𝑒 𝐿𝑠𝑔 𝑖𝑔𝑞 (5)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑞
𝑉𝑔𝑞 = 𝑅𝑠𝑞 𝑖𝑔𝑞 + 𝐿𝑠𝑔 + 𝜔𝑒 (𝐿𝑠𝑔 𝑖𝑔𝑑 + 𝜆𝑚 ) (6)
𝑑𝑡

The electromagnetic torque is given as

3𝑝
𝑇𝑒 = 𝜆𝑚 𝑖𝑔𝑞 (7)
22

2.2. Concept of solar PV system

The ideal PV cell is a source of current linked parallel to a diode [16], [17]. In accordance with
Kirchhoff's Current Law,

I ph = I d + I RP + I (8)

I = I ph − ( I RP + I d ) (9)

The photo - voltaic module's current has been seen as

I = I ph − ( I RP + I d ) (10)

2.3. Distributed power flow controller (DPFC)

The DPFC is derived out from UPFC in this research. The DPFC replaces shunt and series
converters' common dc links. With the aid of third harmonic component, active power switch over occurs
between a shunt and a series converter. The DPFC's series converter uses distributed FACTS (D-FACTS)
[18]−[22]. Figure 2 represents the internal circuit of DPFC [23].

Figure 2. Internal circuit of distributed power flow controller

3. CONTROL STRATEGIES OF DPFC

DPFC management systems help to reduce power quality concerns including sag, swell, and
harmonics. The controllers must be able to identify and investigate system issues in addition to correction of
current and voltage harmonics. In this study, DPFC that incorporates proportional integral controller and
fuzzy logic controller is used to alleviate power quality issues such sags, swells, and harmonics. The system's
performance is monitored using MATLAB/Simulink.

3.1. DPFC with proportional integral controller

Proportional controllers have been used in a power system network to regulate converters for
instance grid connected inverters, dc-dc converters, as well as specialized power devices. The controller's
performance is impacted by changes in system variables. The PI controller generates pulses for the DPFC
shunt controller in the suggested technique. Figure 3 shows a proportional integral controller's fundamental
construction [24]. The proportional integral controller output is the sum of the proportional and integral
controller outputs. For PI controller, the process inputs are u(t) and the reference inputs are r(t) [25], [26].

u(t) = Kp e(t) + Ki  e(t) dt

(11)

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Apply LaPlace transform on both sides

 Ki 
U(s) =  Kp +  E( s )
 s  (12)

In order to sort out and reduce the steady-state error, the proportional integral controller is utilized.

Figure 3. Basic structure of PI controller

3.2. DPFC with fuzzy logic controller

The FLC is based on fuzzy-set theory and human reasoning processes. Figure 4 depicts the FLC
structure with three essential blocks: fuzzification, rule-base interfacing, and defuzzification. The
membership functions used in FLC are triangular membership functions for simplicity as shown in Figure 5.
In [27], [28] fuzzification is processed with continuous universe of discourse and Defuzzification is
processed using the centroid method
The DC voltage of shunt controller and a reference value are compared in DPFC and error is then
provided for FLC to produce required power for regulation of shunt controller. Constructing fuzzy control
rules originates with developing rules that correlate the input variables to the attributes of the model. Table 1
gives the rules for constructing FLC [29].

Figure 4. Basic structure of fuzzy logic controller

Figure 5. Input and output membership functions

Table 1. Rule base of FLC

e Δe NGL NGM NGS ZE PSS PSM PSL
NGL NGL NGL NGL NGL NGM NGM ZE
NGM NGL NGL NGL NGM NGM ZE PSS
NGS NGL NGL NGM NGS ZE PSS PSM
ZE NGL NGM NGS ZE PSS PSM PSL
PSS NGM NGS ZE PSS PSM PSL PSL
PSM NGS ZE PSS PSM PSL PSL PSL
PSL ZE PSS PSM PSL PSL PSL PSL

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The effectiveness of a DPFC device using a proportional integral controller and a fuzzy logic
controller is the subject of this study. MATLAB/Simulink is used to create these representations. Firstly, the
suggested PV-wind system is constructed and connected into the grid without a DPFC device. The hybrid
setup is then used to implement the DPFC device with its proportional-integral controller and FIC. In this
study, we investigate at the load-point simulation results of a DPFC device using two distinct controllers. The
load point of a system is confronted with a variety of power quality difficulties at varying times.

4.1. Simulation results without DPFC device

Figure 6 illustrate the simulation outcomes of the load voltage and load current waveforms the
proposed PV-wind hybrid system without DPFC. The power output at the load point is shown in Figure 7.
Harmonic spectra of load voltage at various times are shown in Figures 8 and 9. The voltage sag harmonic
(%THD) occurs at t=0.2 seconds, while the voltage swell harmonic (%THD) occurs at t=0.6 seconds.

Figure 6. Load voltage and load current waveform before DPFC connected

Figure 7. Load active power before DPFC connected

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Figure 8. VL Sag Harmonic spectrum

Figure 9. VL Swell harmonic spectrum

4.2. Simulation results of proportional integral controller-DPFC

Figure 10 shows the simulation outcomes of voltage and current at load point of a PV–Wind hybrid
system using a DPFC and a PI controller. The power output at the load point is shown in Figure 11. The
harmonic spectra of the load voltage are shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13 at two distinct times. At t=0.2 sec
(voltage sag harmonic), the %THD is 4.36%, while at t=0.6 sec (voltage swell harmonic), it is 3.80%.

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Figure 10. Load voltage and load current waveform with DPFC

Figure 11. Load active power with DPFC

Figure 12. VL sag harmonic spectrum

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Figure 13. VL swell harmonic spectrum

4.3. Simulation results DPFC device with fuzzy logic controller

The load voltage and load current waveforms for DPFC with FLC is shown in Figure 14 and it can
be seen that the FLC-DPFC device has effectively compensated for the varying voltage and current levels in
the system. Figure 15 shows that required active power of the load i.e., up to t=0.5 sec it is 150 KW and after
t=0.5 sec it is 200 KW. The load voltage harmonic spectra are shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17 at various
times. THD% values are 1.89% at t=0.2s (voltage sag harmonic) and 1.69% at t=0.6s (voltage swell
harmonic).

Figure 14. Load voltage and load current waveforms for DPFC with FLC

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Figure 15. Load active power for DPFC with FLC

Figure 16. VL sag harmonic spectrum

Figure 17. VL swell harmonic spectrum

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4.4. Comparative analysis

Table 2 compares the harmonic distortion levels produced from different compensatory approaches.
Figure 18 depicts the performance of suggested controllers in percent THD. Table 2 and Figure 18 show that
DPFC with FLC reduces voltage sags and swells better than DPFC with FLC under different situations.

Table 2. Load voltage waveforms - %THD

%THD With DPFC DPFC with PI Controller DPFC with FLC
% THD for Load Voltage (Sag) 9.31 4.36 1.85
% THD for Load Voltage (Swell) 6.06 3.80 1.69

Figure 18. Load voltage %THD values

5. CONCLUSION
This article investigated a DPFC device for reducing power quality concerns such as sags and
swells. DPFC has a comparable structure to UPFC and may affect system parameters. The DPFC has three
control loops: shunt, central and series. The system under investigation is a PV-Wind Hybrid. Swells and
sags near the load approximate dynamic performance. The effectiveness of a DPFC device has been studied
using proportional integral and fuzzy logic controllers. Time intervals of 0.2 seconds and 0.6 seconds are
used to measure harmonic content. The simulation outcomes show that the fuzzy logic controller outperforms
the standard PI controller in terms of compensation and harmonic distortion.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Vemuri Sowmya Sree graduated with B.Tech from G. Pulla Reddy Engineering
College(Autonomous), Kurnool in 2011 and an M.Tech from the same institution in 2015.
Currently, she is pursuing a Ph.D. at J.N.T.U. Ananthapuramu and working as an Assistant
Professor at G. Pullaiah College of Engineering and Technology in Kurnool. She can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Coppisetty Srinivasa Rao received his B.Tech from J.N.T.U. Hyderabad in

2002, his M.Tech. from BIT, Mesra in 2004, and his Ph.D. from J.N.T.U. Kakinada in 2010.
He is now the Principal of G. Pullaiah College of Engineering and Technology in Kurnool.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2148-2158