International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022, pp. 2109~2119

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2109-2119  2109

Fault detection in an interconnected power system using

optimal number of phasor measurement unit

Kiruthika Krishnan1, Srivani Iyengar2

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajarajeshwari college of Engineering, Bangalore, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Fault identification in a power system is crucial. In recent days, there have
been multiple microgrids connected to the power system. And if many buses
Received Apr 5, 2022 are connected, then there is a need for an increase in the phasor measurement
Revised Sep 8, 2022 unit. By using an optimization technique, the number of phasor measurement
Accepted Sep 23, 2022 unit PMUs can be reduced by placing them optimally. In this paper, the fault
detection algorithm is implemented using a reduced number of PMUs with
the help of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The optimal
Keywords: locations of PMUs are identified using the PSO algorithm. Here, the
reduction in the count of PMUs and the PMUs are designed in MATLAB as
Fault detection algorithm a model. This is done using the Simulink and dashboard block sets. The
IEEE-9 Simulink IEEE 9 and IEEE 30 test systems are used here for the analysis and tests.
MATLAB dashboard The IEEE 9 bus system is constructed in simulation and then the PMU is
PMU constructed using the data taken from the phasor measurement blocks. This
PSO algorithm data is used in the dashboard block set to represent the PMU-based fault
detection system.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Kiruthika Krishnan
Assistant Professor in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Rajarajeshwari college of Engineering
14, Ramohalli Cross, Kumbalgodu, Mysore Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560074, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The broad adoption of new high-voltage transmission in today's power networks has demanded the
development of a reliable wide-area protection system (WAPS). Because transmission lines cover such a
broad region, the odds of a fault happening in them are likewise very significant, jeopardizing system
reliability [1]. WAPS are used in modern power grid networks to monitor and detect anomalies across broad
portions of the system, ensuring the system's dependable operation. As a result, transmission line fault
analysis is an important aspect of power system functioning. In this way, this paper gives a strong method for
finding, classifying, and locating transmission line faults based on the study of the symmetrical parts of
voltage and current phasors.
The fundamental shortcoming of much of the earlier work [2]–[5] in fault analysis in power systems
is the substantial reliance on network configuration. As mentioned in [6], [7], the wavelet transform is used in
conjunction with soft computing approaches for fault analysis. These strategies, however, are extremely
dependent on system parameters and cannot be used when the topology of the system changes. Soft
computing approaches like neural networks and fuzzy logic [8], [9] have sparked a lot of interest in power
system failure analysis because of their capacity to learn and recognize fault events. Neural networks have
been used to improve real-time transmission line protection in many areas of power system operation [10]–

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

2110  ISSN: 2088-8694

[13]. However, they depend on system parameters, and it is hard to train a neural network to recognize faults
in large, interconnected power systems.
The introduction of phasor measurement units (PMUs) has transformed power system measurement
and control studies are presented in [14]–[25]. Tshenyego et al. [14] have described a wide range of
strategies for incorporating PMUs into power system protection. Phadke et al. [15] proposed a fault detection
approach based on voltage and current phasor sequence components, but their work is limited to a two-bus
system and does not include fault classification or localization algorithms. However, such strategies may be
slow, and the suggested algorithm's correctness and durability in practical line models have not been verified.
Other recent studies [25] have focused on the best location of PMUs in electric grids in order to reduce
investment costs and measurement uncertainty. He et al. [23] performed adaptive fault analysis by
partitioning the system into backup protection zones and then detecting the presence of a fault using the
values of the zero and positive sequence current components. However, the study does not show that line
faults can be distinguished from other transient events. But the study does not show that it is possible to tell
line faults apart from other temporary events.
Rajaraman et al. [25] used data from a PMU device positioned on only one bus in the transmission
system to achieve accurate fault analysis. This method is cost-effective and mitigates the effects of
measurement errors. The fault analysis technique is implemented after the voltage and current phasors on all
buses in the system are computed using data from a single PMU device.
There are no articles available with fault detection using a lower number of PMUs. In this paper, the
IEEE 9 bus system is used for the implementation of a proposed fault detection algorithm using the reduced
number of PMUs calculated from the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PMU location
depends totally on the observability. Here the equations are given for the objective function where the cost of
the PMU and whether the PMU is placed or not is decided by the decision variable. The formulation is given
(1)-(4).

𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑊𝑗 𝑌𝑗 (1)

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑌 ≥ 𝐷 (2)

𝑌 = [𝑌1 , 𝑌2 … 𝑌𝑛 ]𝑇 (3)

𝑌𝑗 𝜖[0,1] (4)

Here,
Wj-weight value or cost value of PMU
Yj-PMU placed or not decision variable
n-total number of bus
j-bus location

1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑃𝑀𝑈 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑗

𝑌𝑗 = { (5)
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

The entries in C are defined as (6):

1, 𝑖𝑓 1 = 𝑗
𝐶𝑖,𝑗 = {1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 (6)
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

And D is a vector whose entries are all ones as shown in (7):

𝐷 = [1 1 … 1]𝑇 (7)

Here, the objective function is taken as the minimization of the cost of the PMU. The particles are
the binary number of the PMU placed or not. If it is placed, it will be one, and if not, it will be zero. The
velocity function is modified with a weight function to make the iteration faster in convergence. The
algorithm is as follows:
− Step 1: The PMUs are initialized with random function, which uses the uniform distribution
− Step 2: Calculate the fitness value from the (1) and evaluate the constraints from (2), by using the (3)-(7)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2111

− Step 3: Take all the values of fitness for each particle as its own personal best. In that personal best check,
which one is best in entire particles. Name it as global best
− Step 4: calculate the velocity using the given (8)
− Step 5: this velocity is added with the previous particle position to get near the solutions. It uses the (9)
− Step 6: now increment the iteration and proceed from step 2 till the end of the final iteration reached.

Vk+1 =aVk +b1 r1 (p1 -xk )+b2 r2 (p2 -xk ) (8)

xk+1 =cxk +dvk+1 (9)

Here Vk+1 is the current value of velocity, a is the weight factor, b1 and b2 are the learning factor which can
be selected as 1 or 2 any random value. Then the r1 and r2 values are random values which is taken between
0 to 1. Here xk is the binary number taken in Y in (4).

2. METHOD
The current transformers (CT) and potential transformers (PT) are used to measure the three-phase
current and voltage, respectively. Figure 1 shows conventional fault detection System single line diagram
The connection to CT is on the line and the PT is one of the buses. The analogue values of currents and
voltages are converted to phasors. This data is sent to the phasor data concentrator (PDC). The negative
sequence component will be added if there is an asymmetric fault. In symmetrical faults, these sequence
components are absent. In symmetric fault conditions, the positive sequence current phasor magnitude
becomes higher. Both the faults are possible to detect. The PMU is not installed in all the buses here. So, the
data is taken from the optimal PMU placement location. Then it is compared with the threshold value. If any
one of the conditions is true, then the fault is confirmed. According to Rajaraman et al. [25], the value for is
1.5 pu.
Figure 1 show the conventional fault detection system used in [25]. Figure 2 shows the single line
diagram of the proposed system. Figure 3 shows the IEEE 30 bus system. This is after placement of PMUs
optimally using the PSO algorithm. So, it can be seen that after optimally placing the PMUs, the total number
of PMUs is reduced from 9 to 3. So, there may be a significant cost reduction in implementing the fault
detection algorithm. Figure 4 represents the proposed block diagram of fault detection system. Figure 5
shows the fault detection algorithm. The first stage is to check the negative sequence values. The Figure 4
shows the Fault detection algorithm implementation block diagram using PMU. Figure 5 shows the working
algorithm of proposed fault detection using only 3 PMUs.

Figure 1. Conventional fault detection system single line diagram

Fault detection in an interconnected power system using optimal number of phasor … (Kiruthika Krishnan)
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Figure 2. Proposed fault detection system IEEE 9 single line diagram

Figure 3. Proposed fault detection system IEEE 30 single line diagram

Figure 4. Proposed block diagram of fault detection system

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Start

Measure the bus voltages and current

phasors form optimal PMUs

Calculate the +ve -ve and zero

sequence of phosor quantities

If -ve sequence components

of all bus voltage phasors NO
exists or maximum magnitude NO fault
of all positive sequence
current phasors > 𝜏𝐵

YES
Calculate the -ve sequence
components of all the line currents

Is maximum magnitude of ‘-ve’

sequence current phasor > 𝜏𝑖
NO
or Unbalanced
maximum magnitude ‘+ve’ loading
sequence current phasors > 𝜏𝐵

YES
Fault detected
The bus with minimum value of positive
sequence voltage
Phasor is considered as faulted bus

Figure 5. Proposed algorithm for fault detection

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The optimal placement by using the algorithm presented the proposed solutions section. The IEEE 9
bus and IEEE 30 bus systems are used here for optimal placement of PMU and the Table 1 shows the results
of the location of PMU placed. The Figure 6(a) shows the implementation of the algorithm in Figure 4. Then
the continuation of the implementation is given in Figure 6(b). Then the simulation is figure is shown in
Figure 6. It shows the simulation of IEEE 9 bus system implementation with fault. Validation of fault
detection algorithm by using the optimal placement of PMU in IEEE 9 bus system. In the IEEE 9 bus system,
3 numbers of PMUs are connected. In Table 2 IEEE 9 and IEEE 30 bus system conventional fault detection
technique used [25]. In this paper proposed a fault detection technique to reduce the PMU 3 and 10.

Table 1. Results of optimal placement

Test system Optimally placed PMUs (Bus numbers)
IEEE 9 Bus 4,7,9
IEEE 30 Bus 1,6,7,10,11,12,15,18,25,27

Table 2. Comparison with conventional method

System under consideration Technique used Number of PMUs used
IEEE 9 Conventional fault detection technique [25] 9
Proposed fault detection technique 3
IEEE 30 Conventional fault detection technique [25] 30
Proposed fault detection technique 10

Fault detection in an interconnected power system using optimal number of phasor … (Kiruthika Krishnan)
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(a)

(b)

Figure 6. Implementation of algorithm to find fault detection: (a) for no fault condition and
(b) for unbalanced condition

The IEEE 9 bus system is implemented in Simulink shows in Figure 7. The optimal PMU locations
identified from PSO algorithm are buses 4, 7, and 9. In the paper [25] they used 9 PMU to detect the fault. In
this paper only three PMUs to detect the fault. Case study: 1) Fault near bus 4, 2) Fault near bus 7, and 3)
Fault near bus 9. Each case study carries three scenarios. Scenario 1 shows the AG (LG) type fault. The
scenario 2 shows the ABG (LLG) fault and scenario 3 shows the AB fault (LL) fault.
The results of phasor values from the algorithm and the results of voltage and current for each case
are shown in Figures 8–25. Figures 8, 10, and 12 show the result of phasor values from the algorithm for
cases 1, scenario 1, 2, and 3. It shows that the neutral current of buses 4, 7, and 9 is high, and then the lowest
voltage is on the 4th bus. So, the fault is identified at bus 4.

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Figure 7. Proposed MATLAB simulation circuit using Simulink and dashboard

The Figures 9, 11 and 13 show the results of voltage and current for cases 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
They show the effect of the fault after 0.5 sec. Figure 14, 16, and 18 shows the result of phasor values from
the algorithm for case 2, scenario 1, 2 and 3. It shows that the neutral current of buses 4, 7, and 9 is high, and
then the lowest voltage is on the 7th bus. So, the fault is identified at bus 7.
The Figures 15, 17, and 19 show the results of voltage and current for cases 2, 1, and 3 respectively.
They show the effect of the fault after 0.5 secs. Figures 20, 22, and 24 depict the algorithm's phasor values
for case 3, scenarios 1, 2, and 3. It shows that the neutral current of buses 4, 7, and 9 is high, and then the
lowest voltage is on the 7th bus. So, the fault is identified at bus 7.
The Figures 21, 23, and 25 show the results of voltage and current for cases 3, 1, 2, and 3
respectively. They show the effect of the fault after 0.5 secs. Finally, the new fault detection algorithm with a
reduced number of PMUs is working perfectly and the implementation is shown using the MATLAB
dashboard blockset. Here,
V4p – positive sequence voltage value of 4th bus V7n – Negative sequence voltage value of 7th bus
V4n – Negative sequence voltage value of 4 bus th
V9p – positive sequence voltage value of 9th bus
V7p – positive sequence voltage value of 7 bus
th
V9n – Negative sequence voltage value of 9th bus
V7n – Negative sequence voltage value of 7 bus th
I4p – positive sequence current value of 4th bus
V9p – positive sequence voltage value of 9 bus
th
I4n – Negative sequence current value of 4th bus
V9n – Negative sequence voltage value of 9 bus th
I7p – positive sequence current value of 7th bus
V4p – positive sequence voltage value of 4th bus I7n – Negative sequence current value of 7th bus
V4n – Negative sequence voltage value of 4th bus I9p – positive sequence current value of 9th bus
V7p – positive sequence voltage value of 7 bus
th
I9n – Negative sequence current value of 9th bus

Figure 8. Results of phasor values from the algorithm Figure 9. Results of voltage and current for case 1,
for case 1, scenario 1 scenario 1
Fault detection in an interconnected power system using optimal number of phasor … (Kiruthika Krishnan)
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Figure 10. Results of phasor values from the Figure 11. Results of voltage and current for case 1,
algorithm for case 1, scenario 2 scenario 2

Figure 12. Results of phasor values from the Figure 13. Results of voltage and current for case 1,
algorithm for case 1, scenario 3 scenario 3

Figure 14. Results of phasor values from the Figure 15. Results of voltage and current for case 2,
algorithm for case 2, scenario 1 scenario1

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Figure 16. Results of phasor values from the Figure 17. Results of voltage and current for case 2,
algorithm for case 2, scenario 2 scenario 2

Figure 18. Results of phasor values from the Figure 19. Results of voltage and current for case 2,
algorithm for case 2, scenario 3 scenario 3

Figure 20. Results of phasor values from the Figure 21. Results of voltage and current for case 3,
algorithm for case 3, scenario 1 scenario1

Fault detection in an interconnected power system using optimal number of phasor … (Kiruthika Krishnan)
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Figure 22. Results of phasor values from the Figure 23. Results of voltage and current for case 3,
algorithm for case 3, scenario 2 scenario2

Figure 24. Results of phasor values from the Figure 25. Results of voltage and current for case 3,
algorithm for case 3, scenario 3 scenario 3

4. CONCLUSION
The optimal placement of PMUs is done with the PSO algorithm. The test systems used here are
IEEE 9 and IEEE 30. It shows that the algorithm works for lesser number of buses and higher number of
buses. The construction of the IEEE-9 bus system is done using MATLAB/Simulink. The tests are carried
out for faults on different buses like bus 4, 7, and 9. Different faults like LG, LL, and LLG faults are created.
Then, only using three PMU, the faults are detected using the fault detection algorithm. Then the dashboard
block set is used to display the results.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Kiruthika Krishnan Assistant Professor in Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Department, Rajarajeshwari college of Engineering, Bangalore since 2019. She received the
B.E., (I&C) degree in Madras university, 2004, M.Tech. (Power Electronics) degree from
Visveswaraya Technological University in 2013. She has published Three papers in
International Conference proceedings. Her areas of interest power system protection and
control, fuzzy logic, electrical and electronics measurement, sensors and instruments analysis
and renewable energy systems. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Srivani Iyengar received B.E. (E&E) degree from Bangalore University,

Bangalore in 1986, M.E. (Power system) degree from Bangalore University, Bangalore in
1990 and PhD in 2011 from National Institute of Technology, Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal,
Mangalore, India. Dr. S.G. Srivani joined RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, India in
1990 as lecturer and presently working as Professor & HOD in the department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering. She is a life member of Indian Society for Technical Education
[ISTE] and member of IEEE. She has published more than 120 technical research papers in
various National and International Journals and conferences. Her areas of interest include
power system protection, signal processing, power quality, Renewable energy sources, Grid
integration, smart grid, Power electronics applications industrial drives and energy harvesting,
Fuzzy logic and ANN Applications to power system. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected], or [email protected].

Fault detection in an interconnected power system using optimal number of phasor … (Kiruthika Krishnan)