Relational Data Management

Scalable Data Engineering

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Organizational Stuff

Lecture videos
▪ We try to upload the videos till Friday, the week before the exercise

Exercises
▪ Will start from Mon, 21st Oct with the actual first exercise on Relational Data Management
▪ Please prepare the exercises, the exercise appointments are meant to ask questions and work at your
solutions
▪ There will be no sample solution provided
▪ There won’t be any grading of the exercises

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The Relational Model

The Relational Model

▪ Developed by Codd (IBM) in 1970
▪ Considered ingenious but impractical in 1970
▪ Conceptually simple
▪ Computers lacked power to implement the
relational model
▪ Today, microcomputers can run sophisticated
relational database software

[Codd, E.F. (1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared
Data Banks". Communications of the ACM 13 (6): 377–387.]

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Relational Model – Foundations

Foundations Example
▪ A domain D is a set of atomic values with a ▪ Domain
specific data type - D1 = {a,b,c}, D2 = {0,1}
- Domains: Integer, String[20], Date, … ▪ Cartesian product
▪ Relation R is defined on a relational schema RS - D1  D2 = { (a,0), (a,1), (b,0), (b,1), (c,0), (c,1) }
- Relational Schema RS: Set of attributes ▪ Possible relations
{A1,…,Ak}
- R1= { (a,0), (b,0), (c,0), (c,1) }
- Attribute Aj: Domain Dj = dom(Aj)
- R2 = 
- Relation: Subset of the cartesian product of the
domains R  D1  D2  ...  Dk, k  1 R1 A B
▪ Tuple: Element of a relation
▪ Cardinality of a relation: number of tuples in a a 0
relation
b 0
In general
▪ Database schema = Set of relational schemas c 0
▪ Database = Set of relations c 1

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Primary Key Concept
Notation
▪ Given a relational schema RS and X  RS, then t[X] denotes the tuple restricted to the attributes in X

Primary Key
▪ A primary key is a special column (or combination of columns) designated to uniquely identify each tuple
within a relational schema (RS)
▪ A set of attributes X  RS is called a primary key, if following conditions are met:
- Uniqueness: for all relations R of the relational schema RS applies that
 ti, tj  R: ti[X] = tj[X]  i = j
- Definedness:  ti  R: ti[X]  ‘NULL’
R PNr Salary
- Minimality:  Z  X (ZX), still satisfying the conditions above
1 1700
Please note
▪ Key property also applies to data that will be stored in the relation in the future 2 2172
▪ Key candidates: Several subsets of a relational schema may qualify as key
4 1700
(one has to be chosen)
▪ Attributes of the key are underlined

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Foreign Key Concept

Foreign Key
▪ A foreign key is a column or group of columns in a relational table that provides a link between data in two
relational schemas.
▪ Y  RS1 is foreign key of a relation R1 with reference to a relation R2, if following conditions are met:
- X  RS2 is primary key in R2

- Definedness:  ti  R1: ( ti[Y] = ‘NULL’   tj  R2: ti[Y] = tj[X] )

- Minimality:  ZY (ZY), so that the first two conditions are satisfied

R1 PNr Salary Department R2 Name Building

1 1700 IT IT A
2 2172 Sales Sales B
4 1700 NULL Development A

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SQL – Foundations

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SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language)

▪ Descriptive Query Language

Consists of
▪ DQL (data query language)
▪ DML (data manipulation language)
▪ DDL (data definition language):
▪ DCL (data control language): access right management

SQL Standard
▪ SQL/86, SQL/89, SQL/92 (=SQL2), SQL/99, SQL:2003 (=SQL3), SQL:2006
▪ Part 1: SQL/Framework (Standard Description)
▪ Part 2: SQL/Foundation
▪ Part 3: SQL/CLI (call level interface)
▪ Part 4: SQL/PSM (persistent storage modules)

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Data Types

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Data Types

Standard Data Types

▪ e.g. INTEGER, FLOAT, DOUBLE PRECISION,
DECIMAL(precision, scale), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n),
BIT(n), DATE, TIME, …
▪ Atomic/no structure
▪ Can be evaluated by the database system

Large Objects (LOB, large object)

▪ e.g. CLOB for text data, BLOB for binary data
▪ Semantics hidden from database system, e.g.,
movies, images, …
▪ Cannot be analyzed by database system, e.g. no
comparison operators (<, =, >)
▪ Often stored separately

Structured Data Types

▪ XML types, JSON, Object-relation types

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Type Casting

Type casting
▪ Type conversion can be applied explicitly
▪ CAST-Operator
- Syntax: CAST(<value> AS <data-type>)
▪ Also conversion between numerical data types and strings possible

Example
SELECT 1/2, CAST(1/2 AS DOUBLE), CAST(1 AS DOUBLE)/2, 1.0/2

1 2 3 4
---- ---- ---- ----
0 0 0.5 0.5

INTEGER DOUBLE
implicite type conversion
(INTEGER → DOUBLE)

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Data Definition Language (DDL) and
Data Manipulation Language (DML)

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Database Objects

Relation (TABLE)
▪ Unordered set of tuples
▪ Permanent or temporary

View (VIEW)
▪ Virtual relation
▪ e.g. simplifiction of queries, user-defined view on
data

Index (INDEX)
▪ Primary or secundary
▪ Data structure to store / find data
▪ Additional: preserving uniqueness and sorting

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SQL-DDL

Definition of Database Objects (DDL)

▪ e.g. table
▪ Creating using CREATE command

CREATE TABLE REGION (

R_REGIONKEY INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
R_NAME CHAR(25) NOT NULL,
R_COMMENT VARCHAR(152)
)

▪ Deleting using DROP

DROP TABLE REGION

▪ Changing using ALTER

ALTER TABLE REGION ADD COLUMN AREA INT

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SQL-DDL (2)

Integrity Constraints (constraints)

▪ Primary Key, Foreign Key, Distinct values (UNIQUE), value-based (CHECK)
▪ ALTER TABLE <table> ADD CONSTRAINT <constraint-name>
- PRIMARY KEY (<attribute-list>)
- FOREIGN KEY (<attr-list>) REFERENCES <table>(<attr-list>)
- UNIQUE (<attribute-list>)
- CHECK (<predicate>)
▪ Example
ALTER TABLE REGION
ADD CONSTRAINT MAX5
CHECK (R_REGIONKEY
BETWEEN 1 AND 5)

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SQL-DML

Inserting Tuples
INSERT INTO REGION VALUES (6,'Antarctica','')
INSERT INTO NATION (N_NATIONKEY, N_NAME, N_REGIONKEY)
SELECT NATIONKEY, NAME, 6 FROM ANTARCTIC_NATIONS

Updating Tuples
UPDATE LINEITEM
SET L_DISCOUNT = L_DISCOUNT + 0.01
WHERE L_SUPPKEY = 12

Deleting Tuples
DELETE FROM REGION WHERE R_REGIONKEY > 5

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Modeling a (simple) Library
Book Customer
ID ISBN Title Author Publischer ID Name Birthday
1 9780261102385 The Lord of the Rings John R. R. Tolkien HarperCollins 1 Alice 01.01.1965
2 9783551557403 Harry Potter 1-7 J. K. Rowling Carlsen 2 Bob 13.03.1997
3 9791035817695 Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury Belin Education 3 Carl 03.02.2005
4 9780571311576 Solaris Stanislaw Lem Faber And Faber 4 Diana 09.09.1911
5 9780575093133 Roadside Picnic B. & A. Strugatsky Gollancz

Lending ID BID CID Lend_date Due_date Return_date

1 1 1 03.12.2023 24.12.2024 18.12.2024
Fee ID LID CID Amount Pay_date
2 4 2 09.03.2023 30.03.2023 30.03.2023
1 4 3 6,00 06.09.2021
3 5 1 16.06.2020 07.07.2020 06.07.2020
4 1 3 13.08.2021 03.09.2021 06.09.2021

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Summary

Relational Model
▪ Foundations
▪ Primary Key/Foreign Key

Data Types
▪ Build-in data types
▪ Type casting

Data Definition and Data Manipulation

▪ INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE
▪ Tables
▪ Integrity Constraints

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Exercise Preparation

Install
▪ PostgreSQL https://www.postgresql.org/download/
▪ pgAdmin https://www.pgadmin.org/ OR DBeaver https://dbeaver.io/

Read the documentation of

▪ PostgreSQL COPY command https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-copy.html
▪ PostgreSQL UUID type https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-uuid.html

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