ILLUTRATIVE EXAMPLES

A 115-volt shunt motor has an armature whose resistance is 0.22 ohm. Assuming a voltage
across the brush contacts of 2 volts, what armature current will flow:

a. when the counter emf is 108 volts?

b. if the motor load is increased so that the counter emf drops to 106 volts?

Solution:

IA = {(VA – EC) / RA} ,

where

IA = armature current

VA = applied voltage

EC = counter emf

RA = armature resistance

(a) IA = [{(115 – 2) – 108} / {0.22}] = 22.7 amp.

(b) IA = [{(115 – 2) – 106} / {0.22}] = 31.8 amp.

A six-pole, 30-slot dc commutator generator has a lap wound armature winding. The armature
constant, Ka is 9.55. The generator is operated with a separately excited field such that the
field flux per pole is 0.04 weber/pole. The generator is driven at a speed of 3000 rpm. The
no-load armature voltage is 418.9 V, the above generator is now operated as a motor. The
flux is 0.04 weber/pole. It is desired to supply a load requiring a torque of 50 n–m at 4000
rpm. Armature circuit resistance is 0.075 ohm. Calculate:

a. the back emf

b. the required armature current and voltage to supply this load.

Solution:

a. The back emf is

E = Ka ɸp V

= 9.55 ( 0.04) × 418.9 = 160 V

The armature current can be found directly from the following equation:

Td = Ka ɸp Ia N – m

which gives,
 Ia = 50 / (9.55 × 0.04) = 130.9 A

The necessary armature voltage is,

V = E ± Ia Ra

= 160 + (130.9 × 0.075)= 160 + 9.8 = 169.8 V

In a motor the armature resistance is 0.1 ohm. When connected across 110-volt mains the
armature takes 20 amp, and its speed is 1,200 rpm. Determine its speed when the armature
takes 50 amp from the same mains, with the field increased 10 percent.

Solution:

S = K [{V – IaRa} / ɸ]

(S2 / S1) = [(k {(110 – 50 × 0.1) / ɸ2}) / (k {(110 – 20 × 0.1) / ɸ1})]

= [{(105) / ɸ2} / {(108) / ɸ1}] = {(105) / ɸ2} ∙ {ɸ1 / (108)},

S1 = 1,200 rpm

Therefore,

S2 = 1,200 {(105) / (108)} ∙ (ɸ1/ɸ2)

But,

ɸ2 = 1.10ɸ1.

Therefore,

S2 = 1,200 {(105) / (108)} [ɸ1 / {1.10ɸ1}] = 1,061 rpm.

A 25-hp 240-volt series motor takes 93 amp when driving its rated load at 800 rpm. The
armature resistance is 0.12 ohm, and the series-field resistance is 0.08 ohm. At what speed
will the motor operate if the load is partially removed so that the motor takes 31 amp?
Assume that the flux is reduced by 50 percent for a current drop of 66 2/3 percent and that
the brush drop is 2 volts at both loads.

Solution:

S = [{Va – IaRa} / kɸ] rpm

800 = [{(240 – 2) – 93(0.12 + 0.08)} / {kɸFL}]

Sx = [{(240 – 2) – 31(0.12 + 0.08)} / {k (0.5 × ɸFL)}]

{Sx / (800)} = [{232.8/k (0.5 ɸFL)} / {219.4/kɸFL}]

= [{231.8} / {219.4 × 0.5}]

 Therefore,

Sx = 800 × [{231.8} / {219.4 × 0.5}] = 1,690 rpm.

A certain load to be driven at 1750 r/min requires a torque of 60 lb. ft. What horsepower will
be required to drive the load?

Solution:

HP Rating = [{2π × T × N} / {33,000}]

= {(2π × 60 × 1750) / (33,000)} = 20 hp.

The field winding of a shunt motor has a resistance of 110 ohms, and the voltage applied to it
is 220 volts. What is the amount of power expended in the field excitation?

Solution:

The current through the field is

If = (Ef/Rf) = {(220) / (110)} = 2 amperes.

Power expended is

Es If = 220 × 2 = 440 watts,

The same results will also be obtained by using the equation

(Es2/Rf) = Pf = {(2202) / (110)} = 440 watts.

Assume that the dc motor shown in Fig. 1 draws a current of 10 amperes from the line with a
supply voltage of 100 volts. If the total mechanical loss (friction, windage, etc.) is 90 watts,
calculate the,

a. Copper losses in the field.

b. Armature current.

c. Copper losses in the armature.

d. Total loss.

e. Motor input.

f. Motor output.

g. Efficiency.
Solution: From the foregoing data,

(a) The copper losses in the field are

If2 × Rf = l2 × 100 = 100 watts.

(b) The armature current is

10 – 1 = 9 amperes

(c) Copper losses in the armature are

Ia2 × Ra = 92 × 1 = 81 watts

(d) The total loss is

100 + 81 + 90 = 271 watts

(e) Motor input is

Ea × IL = 100 × 10 = 1000 watts

(f) Motor output is

input – losses = 1000 – 271 = 729 watts

(g) The efficiency is

{(output) / (input)} × 100 = {(729) / (1000)} × 100 = 72.9 percent

The nameplate rating of a shunt motor is 150 hp, 600 volts, 205amp, 1,700 rpm. The
resistance of the shunt field circuit is 240 ohms, and the total armature circuit resistance is
0.15 ohm. The motor has a commutating winding, and armature reaction is neglected.

a. Calculate the full-load efficiency of the motor and the speed regulation.

b. Calculate the efficiency and the delivered torque when the motor draws half-load
current from the line.

c. If the motor is to deliver full-load torque at 1,200 rpm, what value of resistance
must be added to the armature circuit?

Solution:

a. At full load

Motor input = {VI / (1,000)} kw

= {(600 × 205) / (1,000)} = 123.0 kw

Motor output = 150 × 0.746 = 111.9 kw

Motor losses (input – output) = 11.1 kw

Efficiency = {(111.9) / (123.0)} × 100 = 91.0%

The losses are

Shunt field = [(600 × {(600) / (240)}) / (1,000)] = 1.50 kw

rm. copper = {(I2R) / (1,000)} kw.

= [{(205 – 2.5)2 × 0.15} / {1,000}] = 6.15 kw

Stray power = 3.45 kw

Total losses = 11.10 kw

The no-load current to the motor will be that required for the field and the

stray-power losses, that is,

no-load current = 2.5 + {(3,450) / (600)} = 8.25 amp

The generated voltages are

Eg FL = 600 – (205 – 2.5) × 0.15 = 569.6 volts

Eg NL = 600 – (8.25 – 2.5) × 0.15 = 599.14 volts

 whence the no-load speed is

1,700 × {(599.1) / (569.6)} = 1,790 rpm

and

%SR = [{1,790 – 1,700} / {1,700}] × 100 = 5.3

The delivered torque at full load is 463 lb-ft, obtained from the horsepower equation. The
developed torque is 478 lb-ft and includes the stray-power loss.

b. At half-load current, the motor draws 102.5 amp, of which 100amp flow through the
armature circuit. The field and stray-power losses assume to remain constant, but the
new armature copper loss is 1.5 kw. The total losses are 6.45 kw, the motor input is
61.5 kw, the output is 55.05 kw, and the motor efficiency is 89.6%. The generated
voltage for the new condition is 585 volts, the speed is 1,746 rpm, and the delivered
torque is 222 lb-ft.

c. With constant flux, full-load torque requires full-load armature current of 202.5 amp.
Hence, Eg at 1,200 rpm = {(1,200) / 1,700)} × 569.6 = 402 volts and the resistance to
be added in the armature circuit is {(600 – 402) / (205 – 2.5)} – 0.15 = 0.83 ohm.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
1. A 220 V dc shunt motor runs at 500 rpm when the armature current is 50 A. Calculate
the speed if the torque is doubled. Given: Ra= 0.2 ohm.

2. A 25 KW, 250 V dc shunt generator has armature and field resistance of 0.06 ohm and
100 ohms respectively. Determine the total armature power developed when working
a) as a generator delivering 25 KW output b) as a motor taking 25 KW input.

3. A dc series motor takes 40 A at 220 V and runs at 800 rpm. If the armature and field
resistance are 0.2 ohm and 0.1 ohm respectively and the iron and friction losses are 0.
5 KW, find the torque developed in the armature. What will be the output of the
motor?

4. A 4 pole series motor has 944 wave connected armature conductors. At a certain load,
the flux per pole is 34.6 x 10-3weber and the total mechanical torque developed is 209
N-m. Calculate the line current taken by the motor and the speed at which it will run
with an applied voltage of 500 V. Total motor resistance is 3 ohms.

5. A 4 pole, 240 V wave connected shunt motor gives 11.19 KW when running at 1000 RPM
and drawing armature and field currents of 50 A and 1.0 A respectively. It has 540
conductors. Its resistance is 0.1 ohm. Assuming a drop of one volt per brush Find: a)
total torque b) useful torque c) useful flux/pole c) rotational losses d) efficiency.