Chapter 7 – Transformations

Solutions to Exercise 7A
1 a (−3, 4) → (−3 + 2, 4 − 3) = (−1, 1) 1
a y = f (x − 1) =
x−1
Asymptotes at x = 1 and y = 0
b (−3, 4) → (−3 − 2, 4 + 4) = (−5, 8) 1
y-intercept: y = = −1
0−1
c (−3, 4) → (−3 − 3, 4 − 2) = (−6, 2) No x-intercept because y = 0 is an
asymptote.
d (−3, 4) → (−3 − 4, 4 + 5) = (−7, 9)
y

e (−3, 4) → (−3 − 2, 4 − 1) = (−5, 3)

x
0
2 a A translation of 5 units in the –1
negative direction of the x-axis and x=1
3 units in the positive direction of the
1
y-axis b y = f (x) + 1 = + 1
x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 1
b A translation of 6 units in the positive 1
direction of the x-axis and 15 units in x intercept: y = + 1 = 0
x
the negative direction of the y-axis 1
∴ = −1, ∴ x = −1
x
c A translation of 12 units in the No y intercept because y = 0 is an
negative direction of the x-axis and asymptote
y
17 units in the positive direction of
the y-axis
y=1
x
–1 0
1
3 a g(x) = −1
x−2

1
b g(x) = +3 c y = f (x + 3) =
1
(x − 4)2 x+3
Asymptotes at x = −3 and y = 0
c g(x) = (x + 2)2 − 3 1 1
y-intercept: y = =
0+3 3
d g(x) = (x − 4)2 − 2 No x-intercept because y = 0 is an
√ asymptote.
e g(x) = x − 2 − 1

1
4 y = f (x) =
x

272
 y No y-intercept because x = 0 is an
asymptote.
1
y
3
x
0

1
x
x = –3 0
y = –1
1
d y = f (x) − 3 = − 3
x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = −3
1
x-intercept: y = − 3 = 0
x 5 y = f (x) = x2
1 1
∴ = 3, ∴ x =
x 3 a y = f (x − 1) = (x − 1)2
No y-intercept because x = 0 is an
x-intercept: (x − 1)2 = 0, ∴ x = 1
asymptote.
y-intercept: f (0 − 1) = 1
y
y = (x − 1)2 = 0, x = 1
y
1
3
x
0
y = –3 1
x
0 1

1
e y = f (x + 1) =
x+1 b y = f (x) + 1 = x2 + 1
Asymptotes at x = −1 and y = 0
1 No x-intercept because f (x + 1) > 0
y-intercept: y = =1 for all real x.
0+1
No x-intercept because y = 0 is an y-intercept: f (0) + 1 = 1
asymptote. y
y

1
x
0
x
0

c y = f (x + 3) = (x + 3)2
x = –1
x-intercept: (x + 3)2 = 0, ∴ x = −3
1
f y = f (x) − 1 = − 1 y-intercept: f (0 + 3) = 32 = 9
x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = −1
1
x-intercept: y = − 1 = 0
x
1
∴ = 1, ∴ x = 1
x

273
 y 6 y = f (x) = x2

9 a y = f (x − 1) + 2 = (x − 1)2 + 2
x No x-intercepts because
–3 0
f (x − 1) + 2 > 0 for all real x.
y-intercept:
f (0 − 1) + 1 = (−1)2 + 2 = 3
d y = f (x) − 3 = x2 − 3 y
x-intercepts:
3
y = f (x) − 3 = 0, ∴√x2 − 3 = 0
(1, 2)
∴ x2 = 3, ∴ x = ± 3 x
0
y-intercept: f (0) − 3 = −3
y

b y = f (x − 3) + 1 = (x − 3)2 + 1
x No x-intercepts because
–√3 0 √3
f (x − 3) + 1 > 0 for all real x.
–3 y-intercept:
f (0 − 3) + 1 = (−3)2 + 1 = 10
e y = f (x + 1) = (x + 1)2 y
x-intercept: (x + 1)2 = 0, ∴ x = −1
10
y-intercept: f (0 + 1) = 12 = 1
(3, 1)
y x
0

1
x
–1 0
c y = f (x + 3) − 5 = (x + 3)2 − 5
x-intercepts: y = f (x + 3) − 5 = 0
∴ (x + 3)2 − 5 = 0
f y = f (x) − 1 = x2 − 1
∴ (x + 3)2 = 5
x-intercepts: √ √
y = f (x) − 3 = 0, ∴ x2 − 3 = 0 ∴ x + 3 = ± 5, ∴ x = −3 ± 5
∴ x2 = 1, ∴ x = ±1 y-intercept: f (0 + 3) − 5 = 9 − 5 = 4
y-intercept: f (0) − 1 = −1 y

y
4
–3 – √5 –3 + √5
x
0
x
–1 0 1 (–3, –5)
–1
d y = f (x + 1) − 3 = (x + 1)2 − 3
x-intercepts: y = f (x + 1) − 3 = 0

274
 ∴ (x + 1)2 − 3 = 0 y

∴ (x + 1)2 = 3
√ √
∴ x + 1 = ± 3, ∴ x = −1 ± 3 –1 – √2 –1 + √2
x
0
y-intercept: f (0 + 1) − 3 = 1 − 3 = −2 –1
y (–1, –2)

f y = f (x − 5) − 1 = (x − 5)2 − 1
–1 – √3 –1 + √3
0
x x-intercepts: y = f (x − 5) − 1 = 0
∴ (x − 5)2 − 1 = 0
(–1, –3)
∴ (x − 5)2 = 1
e y + 2 = f (x + 1), ∴ y = f (x + 1) − 2 ∴ x − 5 = ±1
y = f (x + 1) − 2 = (x + 1)2 − 2
∴ x = 5 ± 1 = 4; 6
x-intercepts: y = f (x + 1) − 2 = 0 y-intercept:
∴ (x + 1)2 − 2 = 0 f (0 − 5) − 1 = (−5)2 − 1 = 24
∴ (x + 1)2 = 2 y
√ √
∴ x + 1 = ± 2, x = −1 ± 2 24
y-intercept: f (0 + 1) − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 4 6
x
0

(5, –1)

275
Solutions to Exercise 7B
!2
1 a (−2, −3) → (−2, 3) 0.5 1
∴y= =
x 4x2
b (−2, −3) → (2, −3)
ii A dilation of factor 5 from the
c (−2, −3) → (−2, −12) y-axis
!2
5 25
d (−2, −3) → (−8, −3) ∴y= = 2
x x

2
2 a y = x2 iii A dilation of factor from the
3
x-axis
1 2 1
!
2
i A dilation of factor from the ∴y= =
2 3 x2 3x2
y-axis
!2
x iv A dilation of factor 4 from the
∴y= = 4x2
0.5 x-axis
4
ii A dilation of factor 5 from the ∴y= 2
x
y-axis
x
!2
x2 v A reflection in the x-axis
∴y= = 1
5 25 ∴y=− 2
x
2 vi A reflection in the y-axis
iii A dilation of factor from the !2
3 1 1
x-axis ∴y= − = 2
2 2x2 x x
∴ y = (x)2 =
3 3 1
c y=
iv A dilation of factor 4 from the x
x-axis 1
i A dilation of factor from the
∴ y = 4(x)2 = 4x2 2
y-axis
0.5 1
v A reflection in the x-axis ∴y= =
x 2x
∴ y = −(x)2 = −x2
ii A dilation of factor 5 from the
vi A reflection in the y-axis y-axis
∴ y = (−x)2 = x2 5
∴y=
x
1
b y= 2
x2 iii A dilation of factor from the
3
1 x-axis  
i A dilation of factor from the 2 1 2
2 ∴y= =
y-axis 3 x 3x
iv A dilation of factor 4 from the

276
 x-axis y
4
∴y=
x (1, 3)
v A reflection in the x-axis x
0
1
∴y=−
x
vi A reflection in the y-axis
1 1 1
∴y= =− b y=−
−x x x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0
√
d y= x y

1
i A dilation of factor from the
2 x
y-axis r 0
x √
∴y= = 2x
0.5

ii A dilation of factor 5 from the 3

c y=
y-axis r x
x Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0
∴y= y
5

2 (1, 3)
iii A dilation of factor from the
3 x
x-axis 0
2√
∴y= x
3
iv A dilation of factor 4 from the 1
d y=
x-axis 2x
√ Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0
∴y=4 x
y
v A reflection in the x-axis 1
√ 1,
∴y=− x 2

x
0
vi A reflection in the y-axis
√
∴ y = −x; x ≤ 0
√
√ e y = 3x
3 a y=3 x Starting point at (0, 0)
Starting point at (0,0)

277
 y

(1, √3)
x
0

3
f y=
2x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0
y

1, 3
2
x
0

278
Solutions to Exercise 7C
1 a (2, −1) → (5, −1) → (5, −2) the negative direction of the x-axis:
x+2
r
b (2, −1) → (2, 1) → (6, 1) y=
2
and 3 units in the negative direction
c (2, −1) → (2, −3) → (3, −5) of the
ry-axis:
x+2
y= −3
2 a Translation of 2 units in the positive 2
direction of the x-axis:√
√ 1
y = x becomes y = x − 2 3 y=
followed by a dilation √of factor 3 x
from the x-axis: y = 3 x − 2 a Translation of 2 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis:
b Translation of 3 units in the negative 1 1
y = becomes y =
direction of the x-axis:√ x x−2
√ followed by a dilation of factor 3
y = x becomes y = x + 3 3
followed from the x-axis: y =
√ by a reflection in the x-axis: x−2
y=− x+3
b Translation of 3 units in the negative
1
c Reflection in the x-axis: direction of the x-axis: y =
√
y = x becomes y = − x
√ x+3
followed by a reflection in the x-axis:
followed by a dilation of factor 3 1
√ y=−
from the x-axis: y = −3 x x+3
√ 1
d Reflection in the x-axis: y = − x c Reflection in the x-axis: y = −
x
followed by a dilation of factor 2 followed by a dilation of factor 3
from the 3
r y-axis: from the x-axis: y = −
x x
y=−
2 1
d Reflection in the x-axis: y = −
e Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis: x
√ followed by a dilation of factor 2
y=2 x 2
followed by a translation of 2 units in from the y-axis: y = −
x
the positive
√ direction of the x-axis:
e Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis:
y=2 x−2 2
y=
and 3 units in the negative
√ direction x
of the y-axis: y = 2 x − 2 − 3 followed by a translation of 2 units in
the positive direction of the x-axis:
2
f Dilation
r of factor 2 from the y-axis: y=
x x−2
y= and 3 units in the negative direction
2 2
followed by a translation of 2 units in of the y-axis: y = −3
x−2

279
 f Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis: x0
Hence x = and y = −y0 .
2 2
y= 1
x The curve y = x 3 maps to the curve
followed by a translation of 2 units in x0 1
the negative direction of the x-axis: −y = ( ) 3
2
2  x1
y= 3
x+2 That is, y = −
and 3 units in the negative direction 2
2
of the y-axis: y = −3 e (x, y) → (x + 2, 2y − 3)
x+2
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
Then x0 = x + 2 and y0 = 2y − 3.
4 a (x, y) → (x + 2, 3y) y0 + 3
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ). Hence x = x0 − 2 and y = .
2
Then x0 = x + 2 and y0 = 3y. 1
The curve y = x 3 maps to the curve
y0 y0 + 3
Hence x = x0 − 2 and y = . 1
= (x0 − 2) 3
3 2
1
The curve y = x 3 maps to the curve 1
That is, y = 2(x − 2) 3 − 3
y0 1
= (x0 − 2) 3
3 f (x, y) → (2x − 2, y − 3)
1
That is, y = 3(x − 2) 3 Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
Then x0 = 2x − 2 and y0 = y − 3.
b (x, y) → (x − 3, −y) x0 + 2
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ). Hence x = and y = y0 + 3.
2
Then x0 = x − 3 and y0 = −y. 1
The curve y = x 3 maps to the curve
Hence x = x0 + 3 and y = −y0 .  x0 + 2  1
3
1
The curve y = x 3 maps to the curve y +3=
0

1
2
−y0 = (x0 + 3) 3  x + 21
3
1 That is, y = −3
That is, y = −(x + 3) 3 2

c (x, y) → (−x, 3y) 5 a (x, y) → (3x + 6, y)

Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ). Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
Then x0 = −x and y0 = 3y. Then x0 = 3x + 6 and y0 = y.
y0 x0 − 6
Hence x = −x0 and y = . Hence x = and y = y0 .
3 3
1
The curve y = x 3 maps to the curve The curve y = x2 maps to the curve
y0 1 (x0 − 6)2
= (−x0 ) 3 y0 =
3 9
1 (x − 6)2
That is, y = −3x 3 That is, y =
9
d (x, y) → (2x, −y) b (x, y) → (3x + 6, y)
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ). Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
Then x0 = 2x and y0 = −y. Then x0 = 3x + 2 and y0 = y.

280
 x0 − 2 That is, y = −2(x − 2)2
Hence x = and y = y0 .
3
The curve y = x2 maps to the curve c (x, y) → (−3x, y)
(x0 − 2)2
y =
0 Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
9
(x − 2)2 Then x0 = −3x and y0 = −y.
That is, y = 1
9 Hence x = − x0 and y = y0 .
3
The curve y = 2(x0 − 2)2 + 3 maps to
6 a (x, y) → (−(x + 2), y) 1
the curve y0 = 2(− x0 − 2)2 + 3
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ). 3
2
Then x0 = −x − 2 and y0 = y. That is, y = (x + 6)2 + 3
9
Hence x = −x0 − 2 and y = y0 .
1
The curve y = maps to the curve 8 a (x, y) → (3(x − 2), y)
x
y =−
0 1 Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
x+2 Then x0 = 3(x − 2) and y0 = y.
1 1
That is, y = − Hence x = x0 + 2 and y = y0 .
x+2 3
2
b (x, y) → (−x + 2, y) The curve y = + 5 maps to the
x−4
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ). 2
curve y0 = +5
Then x0 = −x + 2 and y0 = y. 1 0
x +2−4
Hence x = −x0 + 2 and y = y0 . 3
1 6
The curve y = maps to the curve That is, y = +5
x x−6
1
y =
0
b (x, y) → (3x − 2, y)
2−x
1 Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
That is, y =
2−x Then x0 = 3x − 2 and y0 = y.
1
Hence x = (x0 + 2) and y = y0 .
7 a (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 3) 3
2
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ). The curve y = + 5 maps to the
x−4
Then x0 = x − 2 and y0 = y − 3. 2
curve y0 = +5
Hence x = x0 + 2 and y = y0 + 3. 1 0
(x + 2) − 4
The curve y = 2(x0 − 2)2 + 3 maps to 3
6
the curve y0 + 3 = 2(x + 2 − 2)2 + 3 That is, y = +5
x − 10
That is, y = 2x2

b (x, y) → (x, −y + 3)
Let (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ).
Then x0 = x and y0 = −y + 3.
Hence x = x0 + 2 and y = −y0 + 3.
The curve y = 2(x0 − 2)2 + 3 maps to
the curve −y0 + 3 = 2(x − 2)2 + 3

281
9 a y = x2 maps onto y = k(x − a)2 b Image passes through (1, 1) and (2, 2)
Image passes through (1, 1) and (2, 4) k(1 − a)2 = 1 . . . (1)
k(1 − a)2 = 1 . . . (1) k(2 − a)2 = 2 . . . (2)
√ √
k(2 − a)2 = 4 . . . (2) Therefore a = − 2 and k = 3 − 2 2
√ √
4 or a = 2 and k = 3 + 2 2.
Therefore a = 0 and k = 1 or a =
3
and k = 9.

282
Solutions to Exercise 7D
1 a i Write y0 = 2(x0 − 1)2 + 3 ∴ x0 = x − 3 and y0 = 2y
y0 − 3 In summary,
∴ = (x0 − 1)2
2 A dilation of factor 2 from the
y0 − 3
Choose x = x − 1 and y =
0
x-axis, then a translation of
2
∴ x0 = x + 1 and y0 = 2y + 3 3 units in the negative direction of
In summary, the x-axis
A dilation of factor 2 from the
1
x-axis, then a translation of 1 unit ii Write y0 = 0 +2
0
x +3
in the positive direction of the y −2 1
∴
x-axis and 3 units in the positive = x0 + 3
Choose x = x0 + 3 and y = y0 − 2
direction of the y-axis
∴ x0 = x − 3 and y0 = y + 2
ii Write y0 = −(x0 + 1)2 + 2 In summary,
∴ −y0 + 2 = (x0 + 1)2 A translation of 3 units in the
Choose x = x0 + 1 and y = −y0 + 2 negative direction of the x-axis
∴ x0 = x − 1 and y0 = −y + 2 and 2 units in the positive
In summary, direction of the y-axis
A reflection in the x-axis, then a 1
translation of 1 unit in the nega- iii Write y0 = −2
x0
−3
tive direction of the x-axis and 1
∴ y0 + 2 = 0
2 units in the positive direction of x −3
Choose x = x0 − 3 and y = y0 + 2
the y-axis
∴ x0 = x + 3 and y0 = y − 2
iii Write y0 = (2x0 + 1)2 − 2 In summary,
∴ y0 + 2 = (2x0 + 1)2 A translation of 3 units in the
Choose x = 2x0 + 1 and y = y0 + 2 positive direction of the x-axis
x−1 x 1 and 2 units in the negative
∴ x0 = = − and
2 2 2 direction of the y-axis
y =y−2
0
√
In summary, c i Write y0 = √ x0 + 3 + 2
A dilation of factor 21 from the ∴ y0 − 2 = x0 + 3
y-axis, then a translation of 12 unit Choose x = x0 + 3 and y = y0 − 2
in the negative direction of the ∴ x0 = x + 3 and y0 = y − 2
x-axis and 2 units in the negative In summary,
direction of the y-axis A translation of 3 units in the
2 negative direction of the x-axis
b i Write y0 = 0 and 2 units in the positive
x +3
y0 1 direction of the y-axis
∴ = 0
2 x +3 √
y0 ii Write y0 = 2 3x0
Choose x = x0 + 3 and y =
2

283
 y0 √ 0 y−3 √
∴ = 3x = −(x − 4)
2 2
y0 y−3
Choose x = 3x0 and y = Choose −y0 + 6 = and
2 √ 2
∴ x0 = 13 x and y0 = 2y x = −(x − 4)
0

In summary, 15 − y 
∴ (x, y) → −(x − 4),
A dilation of factor 31 from the 2
y-axis, then a dilation of factor 2
from the x-axis 3 a y = 2x + 7 maps to y = 3x + 2
√ Rewrite as:
iii Write y0 = − x0 + 2 y − 7 = 2x and y0 − 2 = 3x0
√
∴ −y0 + 2 = x0 Therefore we can write:
Choose x = x0 and y = −y0 + 2 y0 − 2 = y − 7 and 3x0 = 2x
∴ x0 = x and y0 = −y + 2y y0 = y − 5 and x0 = x
2
In summary, 3
The rule is:
A reflection in the x-axis, then
!
2
(x, y) → x, y − 5
a translation of 2 units in the 3
positive direction of the y-axis
1
b y+1= maps to
(x − 2)2
1 y+7 1 y−4 1
2 a Write y0 = 02
and = =
x 5 (x − 3)2 3 (x − 5)2
y + 7 Therefore we can write:
Choose y0 = and x0 = x − 3
 5 y + 7
y0 − 4
∴ (x, y) → x − 3,
5 = y + 1 and x0 − 5 = x − 2
3
y0 = 3y + 7 and x0 = x + 3
b Write y0 = (x0 )2 and y − 5 = (3x + 2)2 The rule is:
Choose y0 = y − 5 and x0 = 3x + 2 (x, y) → (x + 3, 3y + 7)
∴ (x, y) → (3x + 2, y − 5)
c y − 4 = (x + 2)2 maps to
c Write y0 = (x0 )2 and y + 5 = (3x − 2)2
−y + 7 = 3(3x + 1)2 Therefore we can write:
−y + 7
Choose y0 = and x0 = 3x + 1
3 y0 + 5 = y − 4 and 3x0 − 2 = x + 2
 y − 7
∴ (x, y) → 3x + 1, − 1
3 y0 = y − 9 and x0 = (x + 4)
3
√ y √ The rule is:
d Write y0 = x0 and = −(x − 4)
!
1
2 √ (x, y) → x + 4, y − 9
y 3
Choose y0 = and x0 = −(x − 4)
 2 y y √ y √
∴ (x, y) → −(x − 4), d = 3 − x maps to = x − 6
2 2 5
Rewrite
0
as:
√ y y
e Write y0 = − x0 + 6 and = and x0 − 6 = 3 − x
2 5

284
 −5y + 27
!
Therefore we can write:
5y (x, y) → 2 − x,
y0 = and x0 = 9 − x 2
2
The rule is: !
5y
(x, y) → 9 − x, 4 a 2(x − a)3 + b
2
= 2(x3 + 3ax2 + 3a2 x − a3 ) + b
y−3 √ y−6 √
e = 2 − x maps to = x = 2x3 + 6ax2 + 6a2 x − 2a3 + b
2 −5
Rewrite as: = 2x3 − 12x2 + 24x − 13
y0 − 6 y − 3
= and x0 = 2 − x Therefore a = 2 and b = 3
−5 2
Therefore we can write:
−5y + 27 b The rule is:
y0 = and x0 = 2 − x
2 (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 3)
The rule is:

285
Solutions to Exercise 7E
1 x0 = 3x and y0 = −2y 5 a x0 = −2(y − 1) and y0 = x + 2
We can write: We can0 write:
x0 1 x
x= and y = − y0 y = − + 1 and x = y0 − 2
3 2 2
Therefore: Therefore:
1
y = x2 + x + 2 maps to y = −2x + 6 maps to − x0 − 9 = 2y0
!2 2
1 0 x0 x0 whch simplifies to:
− y = + +2 x 9
2 3 3 y= +
whch simplifies to: 4 2
2x2 2x
y=− − −4 b x0 = −2y − 1 and y0 = x + 2
9 3
We can0 write:
x 1
y = − − and x = y0 − 2
2 x0 = 4x and y0 = −2y 2 2
Therefore:
We can write: 1 21
x0 1 y = −2x + 6 maps to x0 − = −2y0
x= and y = − y0 2 2
4 2 whch simplifies to:
Therefore: !3 x 21
1 x0 2x0 y= +
y = x + 2x maps to − y0 =
3
+ 4 4
2 4 4
whch simplifies to: c x0 = −2x − 2 and y0 = 3y + 2
x3 1 1
y=− −x x = − (x0 + 2) and y = (y0 − 2)
32 2 3
Therefore:
1 8
y = −2x + 5 maps to y0 = x0 +
3 x0 = 2y and y0 = −3x 3 3
whch simplifies to:
We can0 write:
y 1 y = 3x + 8
x = − and y = x0
3 2
Therefore:
1 2y0 6 f1 (x) = x2 + 4x + 12 and
y = 2x + 3 maps to − x0 = − +3
2 3 f2 (x) = 3x2 + 6x + 5
whch simplifies to:
3x 9 We complete the square for each.
y=− +
4 2 y = (x + 2)2 + 8 ⇒ y − 8 = (x + 2)2 .
y−2
y = 3(x + 1)2 + 2 ⇒ = (x + 1)2 .
3
4 x0 = 4y and y0 = −2x We now can write:
We can write: x + 2 = x0 + 1 ⇒ x0 = x + 1
x0 1
y= and x = − y0 and
4 2 y0 − 2
Therefore: y−8= ⇒ y0 = 3y − 22
1 0 2y0 3
y = −2x + 4 maps to x = +4 The sequence of transformations is:
4 2
whch simplifies to:
x  A dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis.
y= +4
4
 A translation of 1 unit in the positive

286
 direction of the x-axis We can write:
x0 −0 3 = x − 3 ⇒ x0 = x
 A translation of 22 units in the 3(y − 6) y 2y
= ⇒ y0 = +6
negative direction of the y-axis. 4 2 3
2
 A dilation of factor from the
7 f1 (x) = −x2 + 6x + 8 and 3
x-axis.
f2 (x) = 2x2 + 8x + 5
We complete the square for each.  A translation of 6 units in the
y = −(x − 3)2 + 17 ⇒ −y + 17 = (x − 3)2 . positive direction of the y-axis,
y+3
y = 2(x + 2)2 − 3 ⇒ = (x + 2)2 .
2
We now can write: 9 a −5 f (2x + 3) = −5(2x + 3)2 =
x0 + 2 = x − 3 ⇒ x0 = x − 5 −20x2 − 60x − 45
and
y0 + 3 −y + 17
= ⇒ y0 = −2y + 31 b  A reflection in the x-axis
2 3
The sequence of transformations is:
 A dilation of factor 5 from the
 A reflection in the x-axis x-axis.
1
 A dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis.  A dilation of factor from the
2
y-axis.
 A translation of 5 units in the
negative direction of the x-axis 3
 A translation of units in the
2
negative direction of the x-axis
 A translation of 31 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis.
2
10 a −2g(x − 3) + 4 = − +4
(x − 3)2
2
8 a y=
x−3 b  A reflection in the x-axis
x0 = 3x − 1 and y0 = y + 2
1
x = (x0 + 1) and y = y0 − 2  A dilation of factor 2 from the
3
Therefore image is: x-axis.
2 6
y0 − 2 = =  A translation of 3 units in the
1 x−8
(x + 1) − 3 negative direction of the x-axis
3
6
Therefore: y = +2
x−8  A translation of 4 units in the
2 negative direction of the x-axis
b y= is mapped to
x−3
4
y= +6 11 a x → ax + h and y → by + k
3(x − 3)
y 1 3(y − 6) 1 Also (2, 5) → (−3, 6) and
= and = (3, 6) → (−4, 7)
2 x−3 4 x−3

287
 2a + h = −3 . . . (1) b (x, y) → (11x − 15, 5)
3a + h = −4 . . . (2) y = x2 is mapped to y = 5

5b + k = 6 . . . (3)
x 1
6b + k = 7 . . . (4) 14 (x, y) → ( , y − )
a a
From (1) and (2) a = −1, h = −1 x 1
x = − and y0 = y
0
From (3) and (4) b = 1 and k = 1 a a
1
x = a(x0 + ) and y = y0 + Therefore,
b (x, y) → (−x − 1, y + 1) a
1
Therefore x0 = −x − 1 and y0 = y + 1 y = x is mapped to y0 = a2 (x0 + )2
2
a
x = −x0 − 1, y = y0 − 1 1 2
a (−1 + ) = 1
2
y = x2 is mapped to y = (x + 1)2 + 1 a
2 1
a2 (1 − + 2 ) = 1
a a
12 a x → ax + h and y → by + k
a − 2a + 1 = 1
2
Also (1, 3) → (−2, −3) and
(2, 4) → (−3, 11) a2 − 2a = 0a(a − 2) = 0
a + h = −2 . . . (1) Therefore a = 2
1
x2 = 4((x + )2
2a + h = −3 . . . (2) 2
1
3b + k = −3 . . . (3) x2 = 4(x2 + x + 0 = 3x2 + 4x + 1
4
4b + k = 11 . . . (4) 0 = (3x + 1)(x + 1)
From (1) and (2) a = −1, h = −1 The other
From (3) and (4) b = 14 and k = −45 ! point is
1 1
− ,
3 9
b (x, y) → (−x − 1, 14y − 45)
Therefore x0 = −x − 1 and
y0 = 14y − 45 15 (x, y) → (x + a, y + a2 )
y0 + 45 Equation:
x = −x0 − 1, y =
14 y = (x − a)2 + a2
y = x2 is mapped to y = 14x2 − 59
(x − a)2 + a2 = x
x2 − 2ax + 2a2 = x
13 a x → ax + h and y → by + k
x2 − (2a + 1)x + 2a2 = 0
Also (1, −2) → (−4, 5) and
Consider discriminant:
(3, 4) → (18, 5)
∆ = (2a + 1)2 − 8a2
a + h = −4 . . . (1)
∆ = 0 ⇒ 4a2 + 4a + 1 − 8a2 = 0
3a + h = 18 . . . (2) Therefore
√ −4a2 + 4a + 1 = 0
−2b + k = 5 . . . (3) 2+1
a= ( a is positive)
2
4b + k = 5 . . . (4) Solve √
From (1) and (2) a = 11, h = −15 2+1
x2 − (2a + 1)x + 2a2 = 0 with a =
From (3) and (4) b = 0 and k = 5 2

288
 √ √
2+2 2+2
!
Here is a suggestion for a direction of
Intersect at ,
2 2 proof. Let
ax1 + by1 = ax2 + by2 ⇒
16 √ a(x1 − x2 ) + b(y1 − y2 ) = 0
−kx = −x + 1 and
cx1 + dy1 = cx2 + dy2 ⇒
−kx = (−x + 1)2 c(x1 − x2 ) + d(y1 − y2 ) = 0
−kx = x2 − 2x + 1x2 + (k − 2)x + 1 = 0 and assume x1 , x2 and y1 , y2
∆ = 0 ⇒ (k − 2)2 − 4 = 0 Then:
k=4 a(x1 − x2 ) = −b(y1 − y2 ) . . . (1)
Therefore x = −1 c(x1 − x2 ) = −d(y1 − y2 ) . . . (2)
Point of contact is (−1, 2) Divide (2) by (1)
c d
=
a b
17 a (x, y) → (x + 4, 3y)) (This is a case with a , 0 and b , 0)
Therefore: This implies ad − cb = 0
(−4, 0) → (0, 0) and (2, 0) → (6, 0)
x
b (x, y) → ( , 2y)) 21 a We require that T (T −1 (x, y)) = (x, y)
3 Let T −1 (x, y) = (x0 , y0 ).
(−3, 0) → (−1, 0) and (6, 0) → (2, 0)
Then we have
x T (T −1 (x, y)) = (x, y)
c (x, y) → ( + 4, 3y))
2
(−2, 0) → (3, 0) and )8, 0) → (8, 0) ⇒ T (x0 , y0 ) = (x, y)
⇒ (2x0 + 3, −4y0 ) = (x, y)
18 Touches at (1, 1) ⇒ 2x0 + 3 = x and − 4y0 = y
Hence for the image graphs: x−3 y
(1, 1) → (5, 3) ⇒ x0 = and y0 = −
2 4
They touch at (5, 3) !
x−3 y
T (x, y) = (x , y ) =
−1 0 0
,−
2 4
1 2
19 f −1 (x) = + b We require that T (T −1 (x, y)) = (x, y)
5x 5
2 Let T −1 (x, y) = (x0 , y0 ).
5x = 5x − 2 ⇒ x0 = x −
0
5 Then we have
2
y =y+
0
5
Transformation rule: !
2 2
(x, y) → x − , y +
5 5

20 T is 1-1 if:
(ax1 + by1 , cx1 + dy1 ) = (ax2 + by2 , cx2 +
dy2 ) ⇔ x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

289
 T (T −1 (x, y)) = (x, y) Then we have
⇒ T (x0 , y0 ) = (x, y) T (T −1 (x, y)) = (x, y)

⇒ (3 − x0 , −4y0 ) = (x, y) ⇒ T (x0 , y0 ) = (x, y)

1
⇒ 3 − x0 = x and − 4y0 = y ⇒ ( x0 + 3, −2y0 + 5) = (x, y)
2
y
⇒ x0 = 3 − x and y0 = − 1
4 ⇒ x0 + 3 = x and − 2y0 + 5 = y
! 2
y 5−y
T (x, y) = (x , y ) = 3 − x, −
−1 0 0
⇒ x0 = 2(x − 3) and y0 = −
4 2
!
c We require that T (T −1 (x, y)) = (x, y) 5−y
T (x, y) = (x , y ) = 2(x − 3), −
−1 0 0

Let T −1 (x, y) = (x0 , y0 ). 2

290
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis: y
(−1, 3) → (−1, 3 × 4) = (−1, 12)

b Dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis:

3 3 x
(−1, 3) → (−1 × 3, 3) = (−3, 2) 0
c Reflection in the x-axis: y = –3
(−1, 3) → (−1, −3)
1
d Reflection in the y-axis: c y=
(x + 2)2
(−1, 3) → (1, 3) Asymptotes at x = −2 and y = 0
1 11
y-intercept: y = 2 − 3 = −
e Reflection in the line y = x: 2 4
No x-intercept because y = 0 is an
(−1, 3) → (3, −1)
asymptote.
y
1
2 a y= +3
x 1
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 3 4
1
x-intercept: y = + 3 = 0 x
x 0
1 1
∴ = −3, ∴ x = −
x 3 x = –2
No y-intercept because x = 0 is an
asymptote. √
d y= x−2
y
No asymptotes, starting point at
(2, 0).
y
y=3
x
0
3
x
0 2
1
b y= 2 −3
x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = −3
1 1
x-intercept: y = 2 − 3 = 0 e y=
x x−1
1 1 Asymptotes at x = 1 and y = 0
∴ 2 = 3, ∴ x = ± √ 1
x 3 y-intercept: y = = −1
No y-intercept because x = 0 is an 0−1
No x-intercept because y = 0 is an
asymptote.
asymptote.

291
 y y-intercept: y =
1
=−
1
0−3 3
No x-intercept because y = 0 is an
asymptote.
x y
0
–1

x=1
x
1 0
f y= −4 –1
x 3
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = −4
1 x=3
x-intercept: y = − 4 = 0
x 1
1 1 i f (x) =
∴ = 4, ∴ x = (x − 3)2
x 4
No y-intercept because x = 0 is an Asymptotes at x = 3 and y = f (x) = 0
1 1
asymptote. y-intercept: f (0) = 2
=
y (0 − 3) 9
No x-intercept because y = 0 is an
asymptote.
1 y
4
x
0
y = –4 1
9
x
0
1
g y=
x+2
Asymptotes at x = −2 and y = 0
1 1 x=3
y-intercept: y = =
0+2 2
No x-intercept because y = 0 is an j f (x) =
1
asymptote. (x + 4)2
y Asymptotes at x = −4 and
y = f (x) = 0
1 1
y-intercept: f (0) = =
1 (0 + 4) 2 16
2 No x-intercept because y = 0 is an
x asymptote.
0

x = –2
1
h y=
x−3
Asymptotes at x = 3 and y = 0

292
 y Range is (1, ∞).
y
1
16
x y=1
0
x
0

x = –4
1
k f (x) = +1 3
x−1 b y= 2
Asymptotes at x = 1 and y = f (x) = 1 x
1 Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0
x-intercept: y = +1=0
x−1 No x-intercept since y > 0 for all
1
∴ = −1, ∴ x = 0 real x.
x−1 No y-intercept since x = 0 is an
y-intercept is also at (0,0).
asymptote.
y
Range is (0, ∞).
y
y=1
x
0
x
0
x=1

l y
1
c y=
y=2 (x − 1)2
3 Asymptotes at x = 1 and y = 0
2
x No x-intercept since y > 0 for all
0
real x.
1
y-intercept at y = =1
(0 − 1)2
x=2 Range is (0, ∞).

1
3 a y= 2 +1
x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 1
No x-intercept since y > 1 for all
real x.
No y-intercept since x = 0 is an
asymptote.

293
 y ii (x, y) → (x − 2, −2y + 3)
x − 1 
iii (x, y) → ,y − 1
3
1
x b i (x, y) → (x − 2, 4y)
0
ii (x, y) → (x − 6, y − 12)

iii (x, y) → (x + 3, 4y − 5)
1
d y= 2 −4 c i (x, y) → (x + 4, y + 2)
x
Asymptotes at x = 0 and y = −4 x 
1 ii (x, y) → , 2y
x-intercept where y = 2 − 4 = 0 2
x
1
∴ 2 =4 iii (x, y) → (x, −2y + 3)
x
1
∴ x2 =
4 6 (x, y) → (x, −y) → (3x, −y) →
1 (3x − 2, −y + 3)
∴x=±
2 x0 = 3x − 2 and y0 = −y + 3
No y-intercept since x = 0 is an
asymptote. Therefore,
x0 + 2
Range is (−4, ∞). x= , y = y0 − 3
3
y
1
7 f (x) =
x−3
1 1
–
2 2 1
x a f (2x − 1) =
0 (2x − 1) − 3
y = –4 1
=
(2x − 4)
1
b f (2x) + 3 = +3
4 (x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x + 2, 2y + 3) (2x − 3)
Therefore, x0 = x + 2 ⇒ x = x0 − 2 1
y0 − 3 c f (2(x − 4)) + 5 = +5
y0 = 2y + 3 ⇒ y = ((2(x − 4)) − 3)
2
1
= +5
(2x − 8)) − 3)
5 a i (x, y) → (x − 1, 3y + 2)
1
= +5
(2x − 11)

294
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
√
1 C (1, 7) → (1, 10) → (1, −10) 3 = 2 − x0
y0 − √
y= 2−x+3
2 D (4, −3) → (4, 1) → (−4, 1)
10 A (x, y) → (x, −y) → (x, −2y)
3 A 3a − 1 = 8 and b + 2 = 8 We can write,
∴ a = 3 and b = 6 x0 = x and y0 = −2y
y0
4 B 3a − 1 = a and 2b + 2 = b Therefore, y = −
1 2
∴ a = and b = −2 1 2
2 y = 2 is mapped to y0 = − 2
x x
5 E 1st transformation is reflection in 1
y-axis: (1,0) becomes (−1, 0), (0, 1) 11 B (x, y) → (x, 2y) → ( x, 2y)
3
x 0
stays put and (1, 1) becomes (−1, 1). x = , y = 2y
0

2nd transformation maps (x, y) to 3

y0
(−y, −2x + y). x = 3x0 , y =
2 !2
Therefore, y0
(−1, 0) onto (0, 2), (0, 1) onto (−1, 1) y = x is mapped to y =
2
= 3x0
2
and (−1, 1) onto (−1, 3). That is,
y2 = 12x
6 B (x, y) → (x, −y)
12 B a + h = 3 . . . (1)
7 D y = x2 to y0 = (x0 − 5)2 − 2 Therefore
ma + h = 5 . . . (2)
take,
y = y0 + 2, x = x0 − 5 2b + k = m . . . (3)
⇒ y0 = y − 2, x0 = x + 5 3b + k = 6 . . . (4)
2
8 D y = (x + 2)2 + 8 is mapped to y0 = x02 From (1) and (2), a =
m−1
We can write, a ∈ N ⇒ m = 2 or m = 3
y0 = y − 8 and x0 = x + 2 First consider m = 2
a = 2, h = 1, b = 4, k = −6
9 E (x, y) → (−x, y) → (−x + 2, y + 3) a+b+h+k =1
We can write, Next consider m = 3
x0 = −x + 2, y0 = y + 3 a = 1, h = 2, b = 3, k = −3
Therefore, x = −x0 + 2, y = y0 − 3 a+b+h+k =3
√
y = x is mapped to

295
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a f (x) + k = x2 + k
Consider the equations:
y=x
y = x2 + k
Solving simultaneously
x = x2 + k
x2 − x + k = 0 . . . (1)
For y = x to be a tangent to y = x2 + k the discriminant of the quadratic in equation
(1) is zero. That is ∆ = 0
∴ 1 − 4k = 0
1
∴k=
4
b f (x − h) = (x − h)2
Consider the equations:
y=x
y = (x − h)2
Solving simultaneously
x = (x − h)2
x = x2 − 2xh + h2
x2 − 2xh − x − h2 = 0
x2 − (1 + 2h)x + h2 = 0 . . . (1)
For y = x to be a tangent to y = (x − h)2 the discriminant of the quadratic in equation
(1) is zero. That is ∆ = 0
(1 + 2h)2 − 4h2 = 0
1 + 4h + 4h2 − 4h2 = 0
1 + 4h = 0
1
h=−
4

2 a 7(1 + h)2 = 8
√
∴ 1+h=± 8
√
∴ h = −1 ± 2 2

296
 b Let g(x) = f (ax)
= (ax)2
= a2 x2
Now g(1) = 8, ∴ a2 = 8
√
∴ a = ±2 2

c y = ax2 + bx
 b 
=a x + x
2
a
 b b2 b2 
= a x2 + x + 2 − 2
a 4a 4a
2 
 b b b2
=a x + x+ 2 −
2
a 4a 4a
2 2
 b  b
=a x+ −
2a 4a
−b −b2
The vertex has coordinates (1, 8), ∴ = 1 and = 8.
2a 4a
−b −b2
Substituting = 1 into = 8 gives
2a 4a
b
=8
2
∴ b = 16
−b
Substituting b = 16 into = 1 gives
2a
−16
=1
2a
a = −8

3 a g(x) = x2 + 4x − 6
g(x) + k = 0
x2 + 4x − 6 + k = 0
One solution when ∆ = 0 ∆=0
16 − 4(k − 6) = 0
16 − 4k + 24 = 0
40 − 4k = 0
k = 10

297
 b x2 + 4x − 6 = 0
x2 + 4x + 4 − 4 − 6 = 0
(x + 2)2 − 10 = 0
(x + 2)2 = 10
√
x = −2 ± 10
√
i For two positive solutions h > 2 + 10
√
ii for two negative solutions h < 2 − 10
√ √
iii One positive and one negative 2 − 10 < h < 2 + 10
1 2
4 a x2 = 4y ⇒ y = x
4
4−0 4
b Gradient of line AB = =
4−1 3
Equation of line:
4
y = (x − 1)
3
Intersection of line with parabola:
16 1
(x − 1)2 = 4x Points A(4, 4) and C( , −1)
9 4
16(x − 1) = 36x
2

16(x2 − 2x + 1) = 36x
16x2 − 68x + 16 = 0
4x2 − 17x + 4 = 0
(4x − 1)(x − 4) = 0
1
x= or x = 4
4
x2
c It is the chord of the parabola y = passing through (0, 1) and wth endpoints
4
1
(−1, ) and (4, 4)
4

298
 d

5 a y = kx2
9 = k × 2025
9 1
k= =
2025 225
1
Dilation factor is
225
b x0 = x and y0 == −y
1 2
c Reflected parabola has equation y = − x
225
Parabola with vertex (45, 9) and which passes through (90, 0) and (0, 0) has equation
of the form (y − 9) = −k(x − 45)2 and when x = 0, y = 0. Therefore:
−9 = −k × 2025
1
k=−
225
1
and image has equation y − 9 = − (x − 45)2
225
Hence x0 = x + 45 and y0 = y + 9
−y + 225
d x0 = x + 45 and y0 =
25
6 a f (x − 2) = (x − 5)(x + 2)(x − 7)
f (x − 2) = 0
(x − 5)(x + 2)(x − 7) = 0
x = 5 or x = −2 or x = 7

b f (x + 2) = (x − 1)(x + 6)(x − 3)

299
 f (x + 2) = 0
(x − 1)(x + 6)(x − 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = −6 or x = 3

c Since x = 0 is a solution of f (x) + k = 0

f (x) + k = 0
60 + k = 0
k = −60
f (x) − 60 = 0
(x − 3)(x + 4)(x − 5) − 60 = 0
x3 − 4x2 − 17x = 0
x(x2 − 4x − 17) = 0
x(x2 − 4x + 4 − 21) = 0
x((x − 2)2 − 21) = 0
√ √
x(x − 2 + 21)(x − 2 − 21) = 0
√ √
x = 0 or x = 2 − 21 or x = 2 + 21

d f (x − h) = 0 has a solution when x = 0

∴ (−h − 3)((−h + 4)(−h − 5) = 0 ∴ h = −3 or h = 4 or h = −5

e The solutions of f (x − h) = 0 are h + 3, h + 5 and h − 4

∴ −5 < h < −3

7 a (4, 6)

b (x, y) → (6 − x, y)

c (x, y) → (6 − x, y)

d i  Translation of m units in the negative direction of the x-axis

 Reflection in the y-axis

 Translation of m units in the positive direction of the x-axis

ii (x, y) → (2m − x, y)

e i  Translation of n units in the negative direction of the y-axis

 Reflection in the x-axis

300
  Translation of n units in the positive direction of the y-axis

ii (x, y) → (x, 2n − y)

f i y = −x + 3

ii y = −x + 6

iii y = (6 − x)2

iv y = (3 − x)2

8 a A0 (−1, 3)
y2 − y1
b i mOA = where mOA = gradient of line OA
x2 − x1
(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0)
(x2 , y2 ) = (3, 1)
1−0 1
∴ m= =
3−0 3
y2 − y1
ii mOA0 = where mOA0 = gradient of line OA0
x2 − x1
(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0)
(x2 , y2 ) = (−1, 3)
3−0
∴ m= = −3
−1 − 0
y2 − y1
c i mOA = where (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0)
x2 − x1
(x2 , y2 ) = (p, q)
q−0 q
∴m= =
p−0 p
ii A0 (−q, p)

301
 d (x, y) → (x0 , y0 ) (x0 , y0 ) = (−q, p) = (−y, x)
∴ (x, y) → (−y, x)

e x0 = −y ∴ y = −x0
y0 = x ∴ x = y0

i y=x
∴ −x0 = y0
The image is given by y = −x.

ii y = x2
∴ −x0 = (y0 )2
The image is given by x = −y2 .

iii x2 + y2 = 1
∴ (y0 )2 + (−x0 )2 = 1
∴ (x0 )2 + (y0 )2 = 1
The image is given by x2 + y2 = 1 (the same relation).
1
iv y=
x
1
∴ −x0 = 0
y
−1
∴ y0 = 0
x
−1
The image is given by y = .
x
9 a (2, 6) → (4, 6)

b (x, y) → (x − 3, y) → (−(x − 3), y) = (3 − x, y) → (3 − x + 3, y) = (6 − x, y)

c (x, y) → (−x + 6, y)
# "
−m
d i A translation determined by the vector followed by reflection in the y-axis,
0
" #
m
followed by a translation determined by the vector .
0

ii (x, y) → (x − m, y) → (−(x − m), y) → (−(x − m) + m, y) = (−x + 2m, y) Hence

(x, y) → (−x + 2m, y).

302
 #"
0
e i A translation determined by the vector followed by reflection in the x-axis,
−n
" #
0
followed by a translation determined by the vector .
n

ii (x, y) → (x, y − n) → (x, (−y − n)) → (x, −(y − n) + n) = (x, −y + 2n)

Hence (x, y) → (x, −y + 2n).

f (x, y) → (−x + 6, y)
∴ x0 = −x + 6 and y0 = y
∴x = −x0 + 6 and y = y0

i y= x−3
∴ y = (−x0 + 6) − 3
= −x0 + 3
The image of y = x − 3 reflected in the line x = 3 is given by y = −x + 3.

ii y=x
∴ y0 = −x0 + 6
The image of y = x reflected in the line x = 3 is given by y = −x + 6.

iii y = x2
∴ y0 = (−x0 + 6)2
The image of y = x2 reflected in the line x = 3 is given by y = (6 − x)2 .

iv y = (x − 3)2
∴ y0 = (−x0 + 6 − 3)2
= (−x0 + 3)2
The image of y = (x − 3)2 reflected in the line x = 3 is given by y = (3 − x)2 .

CAS calculator techniques for Question 1

Reflection in the line x = 3 can be demonstrated with the use
of a CAS calculator. Sketch the graphs of f 1(x) = xˆ2 and
f 2(x) = f 1(6 − x) as shown opposite. C08_fig08-61.pdf
The graphs are as shown.

303