TECHNICAL DRAWING

Class: BC 5
YEAR: 2023/24

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL NOTIONS OF TECHNICAL

DRAWING
1.1) Introduction
The graphical representation of any object or idea can be termed as drawing. A drawing
can be prepared either using free hand or using engineering instruments or using computer
program

1.2. Types of Drawing.

Basically we have two types of drawings
1. Artistic Drawing
2. Engineering or Technical drawing Drawing
1.2.1 Artistic Drawing
The drawing representing any object or idea which is sketched in free hand using
imagination of artist and in which proper scaling and dimensioning is not maintained is
called an artistic drawing. Example: Painting, Posters, arts etc.
1.2.2 Engineering or Technical Drawing
Engineering drawing can be defined as a graphical language used by engineers and other
technical personnel associated with the engineering profession which fully and clearly
defines the requirements for engineered items.
It is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object.
In other words, The art of representing a real or imaginary object precisely using some
graphics, symbols, letters and numbers with the help of engineering drawing instruments
is called engineering or technical drawing.

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The art of representing engineering objects such as buildings, roads, machines, circuits
etc. on a paper is called
1.3 Purpose of Engineering drawing
Therefore the purpose of technical drawing is to
A) explain technical information in graphic representation:
It is very difficult and complex to explain some certain engineering requirements in word.
In such cases well dimensioned and properly scaled graphics can make it easy to
understand that for technical personnel. Engineering
drawing serves this purpose.
B) present a product to be manufactured or fabricated in graphic
Representation.
Any product that is to be manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, built, or
subjected to any other types of conversion process must first be designed. To make the
outcome from the design
understandable to any third party engineering drawing is the best way

1.4 Applications of Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing is an essential part of almost all engineering projects. Some important uses
of engineering
drawing are mentioned below:
1. It is used in ships for navigation.
2. For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc.
3. For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and telecommunication
structures etc.
4. For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV, phone, computers etc.
1.5 Types of Technical Drawing
Engineering drawing can be grouped into following 4 major categories:
1. Geometrical Drawing
a. Plane geometrical drawing
b. Solid geometrical drawing

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2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing
3. Civil Engineering Drawing
4. Electrical & Electronics Engineering drawing etc.
1.5.1 Geometric Drawing
The art of representing geometric objects such as rectangles, squares, cubes, cones,
cylinders, spheres etc. on a
paper is called geometric drawing. If the object has only 2 dimensions i.e. length and
breadth (as rectangles,
squares, triangles etc.), it is called Plane geometrical drawing and if it has 3 dimensions
i.e. length, breadth and
thickness/depth (as cube, prism, sphere, cylinder etc.), it is called Solid geometrical
drawing.
1.5.2 Mechanical Engineering Drawing
The art of representing mechanical engineering objects such as machines, machine parts
etc. on a paper are called mechanical engineering drawing or machine drawing. It is used
by mechanical engineers to express mechanical engineering works and projects for actual
execution.
1.5.3 Civil Engineering Drawing
The art of representing civil engineering objects such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams
etc. on a paper are called civil engineering drawing. It is used by civil engineers to express
civil engineering works and projects for actual execution.
1.5.4 Electrical Engineering Drawing
The art of representing electrical engineering objects such as motors, generators,
transformers, wiring diagrams
etc. on a paper are called electrical engineering drawing. It is used by electrical engineers
to express electrical engineering works and projects for actual execution.
The art of representing electronic circuits of TV, Phones, computers etc. on a paper are
called electronic engineering drawing or electronic drawing. It is used by electronic
engineers to express electronic engineering works and projects for actual execution.

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 CHAPTER TWO: DRAWING MATERIAL AND USAGE
2.1). Drawing Instruments
The most common instruments used for engineering/Technical drawing are:
1. Drawing Board 4.Rubber/Eraser. 7. Instrument box. 10. Scales
2. Drawing paper 5. T- Square 8.Protractor. 11. Pins and clips
3.Pencil. 6. Set-square. 9. Compass. 12. Adhesive tapes
13. French curves etc.
Drawing Board
 It is a board or platform rectangular in shape.
 Size of drawing board need to be larger than that of drawing paper.
 It is made of wood.
 Top surface should be smooth.
Drawing Paper
drawing paper is the paper, on which drawing is to be made. All
engineering/Technical drawings are made on sheets of paper of strictly defined
sizes, which are set forth in the respective standards. The use of standard size saves
paper and ensures convenient storage of drawings.
Desirable properties a good drawing paper:

 It should be smooth and uniform in thickness.

 It should be thick, strong and tough.
 Fibers of drawing paper should not be disintegrated when a good eraser is used on
it.
Paper Types:
1. Detail Paper (used for pencil work).
2. White drawing paper (used for finished drawing)
3. Tracing paper (used for both pencil and ink work and useful for replicating a
master copy)

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 Paper Size:
Table 1.3 ISO Paper Sizes (plus rounded inch values

Format A series B series C series

Size mm × mm in × in mm × mm in × in mm × mm in × in
0 841 × 1189 33.1 × 46.8 1000 × 1414 39.4 × 55.7 917 × 1297 36.1 × 51.1
1 594 × 841 23.4 × 33.1 707 × 1000 27.8 × 39.4 648 × 917 25.5 × 36.1
2 420 × 594 16.5 × 23.4 500 × 707 19.7 × 27.8 458 × 648 18.0 × 25.5
3 297 × 420 11.7 × 16.5 353 × 500 13.9 × 19.7 324 × 458 12.8 × 18.0
4 210 × 297 8.27 × 11.7 250 × 353 9.84 × 13.9 229 × 324 9.02 × 12.8
5 148 × 210 5.83 × 8.27 176 × 250 6.93 × 9.84 162 × 229 6.38 × 9.02
6 105 × 148 4.13 × 5.83 125 × 176 4.92 × 6.93 114 × 162 4.49 × 6.38
7 74 × 105 2.91 × 4.13 88 × 125 3.46 × 4.92 81 × 114 3.19 × 4.49
8 52 × 74 2.05 × 2.91 62 × 88 2.44 × 3.46 57 × 81 2.24 × 3.19
9 37 × 52 1.46 × 2.05 44 × 62 1.73 × 2.44 40 × 57 1.57 × 2.24
10 26 × 37 1.02 × 1.46 31 × 44 1.22 × 1.73 28 × 40 1.10 × 1.57
The tolerances specified in the standard are
 ±1.5 mm (0.06 in) for dimensions up to 150 mm (5.9 in),
 ±2 mm (0.08 in) for lengths in the range 150 to 600 mm (5.9 to 23.6 in) and
 ±3 mm (0.12 in) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 in)

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 The tolerances specified in the standard are
 ±1.5 mm (0.06 in) for dimensions up to 150 mm (5.9 in),
 ±2 mm (0.08 in) for lengths in the range 150 to 600 mm (5.9 to 23.6 in) and
 ±3 mm (0.12 in) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 in)

Pencil:
Pencils are used to draw different lines, shapes, symbols and to write texts in engineering
drawing. Based on the hardness of lead pencils are classified in three major grades as hard,
medium and soft. They are further subdivided and numbered as mentioned in table below:

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Selection of proper grade pencil or lead is important for quality drawing Common uses of
different grade pencil are tabulated below:
Table 1.5 Pencil Usage Guideline for Different Line Types
Task Lead Task Lead Task Lead
Border Lines
3H, 2H Centerlines 2H,H Leaders 2H, H
Construction
3H, 2H Phantom Lines 2H,H Hidden Lines 2H, H
Lines
Long Break Cross Hatching
Guide Lines 3H, 2H 2H, H 2H,H
Lines Lines
H, F,
Lettering Visible Lines 2H, H
H, F, HB HB Extension Lines
Dimension Cutting Plane H, F,
2H, H H, F, Short Break lines
Lines Lines HB
HB

T-square:
1. Used to draw horizontal straight line.
2. Used to guide the triangles when drawing
vertical and inclined lines

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Set-square:
1. Used to construct the most common angles (i.e. 300, 450 and 600) in
technical drawings.
2. Used to draw parallel and perpendicular lines quickly and conveniently

Protractor:
It is used for laying out and measuring angle.

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Scale (ruler):
A number of kinds of scales are available for varied types of engineering design.
Scales with beveled edges graduated in mm are usually used.

Compass
It is used to draw circles and arcs both in pencil and ink. It consists of two legs pivoted
at the top. One leg is equipped with a steel needle attached with a screw, and other
shorter leg is, provided with a socket for detachable inserts.

Dividers:
Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal
parts. i.e. for dividing curved and straight lines into any number of equal parts, and for
transferring measurements

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French curve:
It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs. The shape varies according to
the shape of irregular curve.

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 Standardization in technical Drawing…..
Drawing Standards
A Technical drawing should be well specified and universally acceptable.
There are some drawing standards or drawing codes that we must follow
when doing technical drawing. Well-known drawing codes and their
application region is expressed below:
Table 1.6 Drawing Standards
Country/Regi Code/Sta
Full Meaning
on ndard
International Organization for
Worldwide ISO
Standardization
American National Standards
USA ANSI
Institute
JAPAN JIS
Japanese Industrial Standards
UK BS British Standards
In Cameroon and most part of the world, it is usual practice to follow ISO
code for engineering drawing. However, in
some instances ANSI and BS standards are also followed.

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1. Review Questions
1. . Define drawing and classify it.
2. What are the differences between engineering/technical drawing and artistic
drawing?
3. Why Engineering drawing is called the language of engineers?
4. Classify engineering drawing and give example of each branch.
5. Classify civil engineering drawing.
6. Name some common drawing instruments and their uses.
7. What is the standard size of a drawing board?
8. What is the standard proportion of drawing paper’s length and width?
9. What is the measurement of an A0/A1/A2/A3/A4 paper?
10. What is the difference between white drawing paper and tracing paper?
11.How pencils are classified?
12.On what considerations you will choose pencil for a drawing?
13.Which pencil should be used for drawing object boundary/guideline/dimension
line/border line/texts.
14.How paper quality affects choice of pencil?
15.Which angles can be drawn directly with set-squares?
16. Name some codes/standards of engineering drawing. Which one is used in
Cameroon?

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 SCALES
Objectives
Objectives of studying this chapter are:

 To learn to construct different types of scale.

 To learn to produce an enlarged or reduced drawing.
 To learn to make measurements using scales drawn in maps or drawings.

Definition

The proportion by which we either reduce or increase the actual size of the object on a
drawing is known as scale.

It is not possible always to make drawings of an object to its actual size as the extent of
drawing paper is limited and also sometimes the objects are too small to make it clearly
understandable by drawing its actual size in drawing paper.

Scale is the technique by which one can represent an object comfortably as well as
precisely within the extent of drawing paper.

Uses of scale
 To prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings.
 To set off dimensions.
 To measure distances directly.
6.3 Sizes of Scales
 Full size scale
 Reducing scale
 Enlarging scale
Full Size Scale
the scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to the same size
on the drawing is known as full size scale. It is represented as 1:1 scale. If possible,
drawing should be done in full scale.
Reducing Scale

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 The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some
proportion is known as reducing scale.
The standard formats of reducing proportions are:
1:2 or ½ - drawing made to one-half of the actual scale
1:5 or 1/5 drawing made to one-fifth of the actual scale
1:10 - drawing made to one-tenth of the actual size
1:50 - drawing made to one-fiftieth of the actual size
1:100 - drawing made to one-hundredth of the actual size

Enlarging Scale
the scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased to some proportion
is known as reducing
scale. The standard formats of enlarging proportions are:

2:1 -drawing made to twice the actual size

5:1-- drawing made to five times the actual size

10:1 - drawing made to ten times the actual size

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 CHAPTER 3
LINES AND SYMBOLS

Objectives
Objective of studying this chapter are:
 To learn to explain the different line types
 To learn to mention the application of each line type in technical drawings
 To learn to mention the application of different symbols.
3.1 Conventional Lines
Each line on a technical drawing has a definite meaning and is drawn in certain ways.
There are certain conventional lines recommended by drawing codes. Usually two
types of widths are used for the lines; they are thick and thin. Thick lines are in
between 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm wide while the thin lines are between 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm
wide. However, the exact thickness may vary according to the size and type of
drawing. If the size of drawing is larger, the width of the line becomes higher. There
should also be a distinct contrast in the thickness of different kinds of lines,
particularly between the thick lines and thin lines. Visible, cutting plane and short
break lines are thick lines, on the other hand hidden, center, extension, dimension,
leader, section, phantom and long break lines are thin.

See table 3.1 on next page for different types of lines and their usage

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Table 3.1 Conventional Lines types and Their Usage

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Fig 3.1: use of Different Types of

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