Continuum approach for Elasticity

(MSE 303 : Mechanical Behavior of Materials)

Pradipta Ghosh
Materials Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar

Reference Text: Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Meyers and Chwla

Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Courtney
Mechanical metallurgy, Dieter
 Uniaxial stress - strain

Engineering stress Load P Load

e  
Initial cross sec tion area A0 =P

change in length l
Engineering strain e  e  
Initial length l l0

Load P
True stress  
Actual cross sec tion area A

dl  li 
True strain d    ln  
l  l0 
l1 and l0 are the instantaneous and initial gage length of the sample.

For polymers stretch ratio is used for expressing the deformation.

Stretch ratio = (1+e)
Relation between true stress and engineering stress,    e 1  e
Relation between true strain and engineering strain,   ln 1  e
 Shear stress - strain

Shear Load P
  τ
Shear stress Area A dl

dl θ
Shear strain d   tan 
l l

τ
 Relation between stress and strain

In the elastic regime the stress and strain are

σy , τy linearly related.

For uniaxial stress state,   E

E is called Young’s modulus or elastic modulus
σ, τ

E, G
For shear stress state,   G
G is called shear modulus

ε, γ
For an isotropic material, the elastic and shear modulus are related to each other
E  2G1   where ν is the Poisson’s ratio (-1 to 0.5)
For ν=0.3, E/G=2.6
L1  (1  11 ) L10 , L2  (1   22 ) L20 , L3  (1   33 ) L30
V  L1L2 L3  (1  11 )(1   22 )(1   33 ) L10 L20 L30
V  1  11   22   33 V0
V  V0  / V  11   22   33 
During plastic deformation volume is conserved and For isotropic material
only shape change occurs 11   22   33  0  22   33  0.511
 First principle explanation of Elastic modulus
Interatomic energy between two adjacent
atoms is often considered as the sum of an
Repulsive attractive and a repulsive term.
Interaction energy, Ui

Energy A B
U i   m  n  attractive  repulsive
r r r
0 Usually n>m, due to overlap of electron orbitals.
Interatomic force per bond, dF  U i
r

Total r
Energy
Assuming the number of atoms per unit area
Attractive Energy to be N, the stress can be expressed as

dσ = N.dF
Force

Interatomic spacing, If we ascribe an area (r0 x r0) per atom, then

r
(dF/dr) α (E) N=(r0)-2.
dr
The strain can be represented as, d 
r0
Using the above equations for stress and strain, the Young’s modulus can then be expressed as
d 1 dF 1 dU i2
E  
d   0 r0 dr r  r r0 dr 2 r  r 0 0
Further using the conditions (dUi/dr)=0 at r=r0,
Am(n  m)
E
r0m  3
For ionic solids the attraction force is columbic in nature and m=1. Thus
An  1
E A is related to the electric charge of the ions
r04
m
Bulk Modulus, K 

where σm=1/3(σ11+σ22+σ33) is the hydrostatic stress and Δ=(ε11+ε22+ε33) is the volumetric
strain (ΔV/V).
K, G, E and ν are related with each other.
31  2 K E 1  2G / 3K 
E  2G1   G K 
21    31  2  2  2G / 3K 
9K E
E K
 3K 
1   3E 
 9 
 G   G 
 An  1
E
r04

Figure shows the variation Bulk modulus with

Figure shows the log-log plot of Bulk modulus (K) and atomic spacing melting point and Young’s modulus with atomic
(r0). [Ref-Courtney, mechanical behaviour of Materials] number along a row of elements in the periodic table.
[Ref-Courtney, mechanical behaviour of Materials]
E and G can be measured from the velocity of longitudinal and shear wave velocity inside the
material and the density. For isotropic materials on can use the approximation,
E=(vlong2ρ) and G=(vshear2ρ)

E depends on internal (composition, nature of bonding) and external (temperature) parameters

In a crystal E can be anisotropic along different crystal directions.

Effect of crystal structure on elastic modulus

• For FCC and BCC crystals

E111>E110>E100
E111/E100 = 1-3.2 (FCC)

• For simple cubic crystals (Cubic Zirconia)

E100>E110>E111
Description of strain at a point
Displacement of a point in a continuum may result from rigid body translation,
rotation and deformation.

Rigid body Translation

Rigid body rotation

Deformation/Distortion
 C’
D’
x dx D
C
α
A B
exy
u u+(∂u/∂x)dx For small strains
P γ= α+β
eyx
B’
A’ B’ β
dx + (∂u/∂x)dx
A B
One dimension strain Angular distortion of an element

For one dimension ex= (∂u/∂x) and u = exx.

For a general three dimensional element the displacement vector with components
(u,v,w) can be written as
u  exx x  exy y  exz z
or ui = eijxi (i, j = x, y, z or 1, 2, 3)
v  e yx x  e yy y  e yz z
w  ezx x  ezy y  ezz z
The shear displacements (exy=DD’/DA=∂u/∂y; eyx=BB’/AB=∂v/∂x) are positive if they rotate a
line from one positive axis towards another positive axis.
  u u u 
 
exx exy exz   x y z 
   v v v 
The relative displacement tensor can be eij  eyx eyy eyz    
written in matrix form as e e e   x y z 
 zx zy zz   w w w 
 
 x y z 

The relative displacement tensor contains contributions from strain tensor and rotation
tensor
eij 
1
eij  e ji   1 eij  e ji    ij  ij
2 2

 u 1  u v  1  u w   1  u v  1  u w 
             
  y x  2 z x  0
     
x 2     0  xy  xz  
2  y x  2 z x
 xx  xy  xz   

   1  v u  v 1  v w      0     1  v  u  1  v w  
 ij   yx  yy  yz           ij  yx yz   x y  0    
  0      
     2  x y  y 2  z y    
2 2 z y
 zx zy zz     zx zy   
                
 
1 w u
 
 1

w v
 
w  1

w u
 
1

w
 
v
0
 2  x z  2  y z  z   2  x z  2  y z  
   

 u 
Note that the engineering shear strain,    ui  j   2 is not a tensor quantity.
ij  x x  ij
 j i 
The strain tensor can be further separated in two parts.
   
 ij   ij   m    ij   ij    ij
 3  3
ε’ij is called the deviatoric strain and is involved in shape change, while εm is called the
hydrostatic strain is responsible for change in volume. Here Δ=ε 11 +ε22 + ε33.