Pascal Principle Lect
Pascal Principle Lect
• What is a fluid?
• Pressure
• Pressure varies with depth
• Pascal’s principle
• Methods for measuring pressure
• Buoyant forces
• Archimedes principle
• Fluid dynamics assumptions
• An ideal fluid
• Continuity Equation
• Bernoulli’s Equation
PΔA
Pressure units:
▪ 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 Newton/m2 (SI)
▪ 1 PSI (Pound/sq. in) = 6894 Pa.
▪ 1 milli-bar = 100 Pa.
Copyright R. Janow Spring 2010
Forces/Stresses in Fluids
• Fluids do not allow shearing stresses or tensile stresses.
Question: Why can you push a pin easily into a potato, say, using
very little force, but your finger alone can not push into the skin even
if you push very hard?
Copyright R. Janow Spring 2010
Pressure in a fluid varies with depth
Fluid is in static equilibrium y=0
The net force on the shaded volume = 0
• Incompressible liquid - constant density ρ
y1 F1 P1
• Horizontal surface areas = A
h
• Forces on the shaded region:
F2 P2
– Weight of shaded fluid: Mg y2
Mg
– Downward force on top: F1 =P1A
– Upward force on bottom: F2 = P2A
h
▪ P0 is the local atmospheric (or ambient)
pressure
▪ Ph is the absolute pressure at depth h Ph
▪ The difference is called the gauge pressure
Mercury (Hg)
How high is the Mercury column?
ΔF
ΔP
hollow ball
ball of liquid same
in equilibrium upward force
cross-section area A
velocity v
length dx
The rate of fluid volume entering one end equals the volume leaving at the other end
Where the pipe narrows (constriction), the fluid moves faster, and vice versa
Copyright R. Janow Spring 2010