CSCI133 – Programming II

(Object Oriented Programming)

Lecture 02:
Classes and Objects

Rabe Abdalkareem, PhD

Slides have originally been prepared by Rose Williams, Binghamton University and Kenrick
Mock, University of Alaska Anchorage
Last class: Object Oriented Programming

• Object Oriented Programming treats everything in

the world as objects (e.g., automobiles, universities,
people, computers).

• Each object has the ability to perform actions, and

those actions can have an impact on other objects.

• It is a programming methodology that views a

program as consisting of objects that interact with
one another by means of actions (called methods).

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Last class: Object Oriented Programming

• Java is an object oriented programming (OOP)

language.
• Examples: String, Scanner classes, …

• All programming constructs in Java, including

methods, are part of a class.

• Objects of the same kind are said to have the

same type or be in the same class.

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Last class: Predefined classes
• Programmers can:
• use pre-defined classes
• develop their own classes

• a class library is a collection of pre-defined classes

• the Java standard class library (or Java API -

Application Programming Interface) defines many
classes
• ex:
• the Scanner class
• the String class
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Last class: Writing our own classes…
• So far, our program had only 1 class with 1 method (main)

public class MyProgram {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
// . . .
}
}

• For large problems…

• the program becomes large and difficult to understand
• e.g., repetition of instructions, variables are dispersed…
• Solution:
• Decompose the problem into sub-problems.
• Use methods to implement the sub-problems
• Group related variables and methods into classes
5
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Last class: Example of String Class
public class StringProcessingDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String sentence = "I hate text processing!";

int position = sentence.indexOf("hate");
String ending = sentence.substring(position + "hate".length());

System.out.println("01234567890123456789012");

System.out.println(sentence);
System.out.println("The word \"hate\" starts at index " + position);
sentence = sentence.substring(0, position) + "adore" + ending;
System.out.println("The changed string is:");
System.out.println(sentence);

}
}
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Last class: Example of String Class
public class StringProcessingDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String sentence = "I hate text processing!";
int position = sentence.indexOf("hate");
String ending = sentence.substring(position + "hate".length());

System.out.println("01234567890123456789012");

System.out.println(sentence);
System.out.println("The word \"hate\" starts at index " + position);
sentence = sentence.substring(0, position) + "adore" + ending;
System.out.println("The changed string is:");
System.out.println(sentence);
01234567890123456789012
}
I hate text processing!
} The word "hate" starts at index 2
The changed string is:
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I adore text processing!
In this lecture, we will see:
1. Writing our own classes
1.1 Classes and Objects
1.2 Instance Variables
1.3 Methods
2. Some notions of OOP
3. Passing and returning objects
4. Recap

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Classes and Objects
• A class is a type and you can declare variables
of a class type.

• A value of a class is called an object.

• An object has 2 components:

• Data (instance variables) - descriptive
characteristics.
• Actions (methods) - what it can do (or
what can be done to it).
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Objects
• Once a new class is defined, objects, or
instances, can be created from this class.

• An object is often referred to as an instance

of the class.

• Each object can have different data, but all

objects have the same actions.

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Declaration of Classes

• A class contains: int x, y;

Data
char ch;
declarations
• 1. data declarations
(instance variables)
Method
• 2. action declarations
declarations
(methods)

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 Example: A class definition
public class Date
{
public String month;
data declarations
public int day;
(instance variables)
public int year;

public boolean isWeekEnd()

{
// . . .
}
action declarations
public void printDate() (methods)
{
// . . .
}
} 12
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Exercise 1: Class Car
• Write a class, Car, that can be used to create
car objects.

• Each car has a make, model, color and year.

• Also create a printCar() that prints each of

the car’s instance variables.

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Exercise 1: Class Car
public class Car
{
public String make;
public String model;
public String color;
public int year;

public void printCar()

{
System.out.println(make + " " + model + " "
+ color + " " + year);
}
}

But how can we use this class?

You need A driver file
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Declaring Objects
1. An object of a class is named or declared by a
variable of the class type:
ClassName objectName;

2. The new operator is used to create an object of a

class and associate it with a variable

• Example:
objectName = new ClassName();
3. Or simple:
ClassName objectName = new ClassName();

Important Note: objectName is a pointer/reference to the object.

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Example: A driver file Toyota Corola Black 2020
public class CarFirstTryDemo { Kia Forta Red 1999
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car1;
car1 = new Car(); declaration of 2 objects
Car car2 = new Car();

car1.make = "Toyota";
car1.model = "Corola";
car1.color = "Black";
car1.year = 2020;

car2.make = "Kia";
car2.model = "Forta"; usage of the object
car2.color = "Red";
car2.year = 1999;

car1.printCar();
car2.printCar();
} Q: How many instance variable and
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Class Definitions (Date example)
public class Date {

public String month;

public int day; Instance Variables
public int year;

public void printDate()

{
System.out.println(month + ""
+ day + ", " + year);
}

public void printMonth()

Methods
{
System.out.println(month + " "
+ day + ", " + year);
}
}

But how can we use this class? 17

Declaring Objects (Date example)
public class DateDemo {

public static void main(String[] args)

{
Class name Date dateOne, dateTwo;
dateOne = new Date(); declaration
Object name dateTwo = new Date(); of 2 objects
dateOne.month = "December";
dateOne.day = 20;
dateOne.year = 2019;

dateTwo.month = "July"; usage of the

dateTwo.day = 03;
dateTwo.year = 2020;
object

dateOne.printDate();
dateTwo.printDate();
}

} Important Note: dateOne and dateTwo are pointers/references to the objects. 18

Classes and Files
• In general, we store each class in its own file.

• Our example program has 2 files:

1. The class definition file:

• defines the data and methods of a class.

2. The driver file:

• contains the main method.
• declares and uses objects of the class.
• controls the use of other parts of a program.
• often used to test other parts of the program.
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Just checking …
The new operator:

A. allocates memory
B. is used to create an object of a class
C. associates an object with a variable that names it.
D. all of the above.

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Example: Pizza place
Example: write a program to manage a pizzeria place.
• Small pizza = $10 + $2 per topping
• Medium pizza = $14 + $2 per topping
• Large pizza = $17 + $2 per topping
Output

Which pizza you want to order: Large

How many topping you want to order: 3

_________________________
Your order is:

Size: Large
Topping: 3
Total Price: 23.0$

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Example: Pizza place
public class Pizza {
public String size;
public int topping;
public double price;

public void getOrderInfo() {

if (size.equals("Small")) {
price = 10 + (2 * topping);
} else if (size.equals("Medium")) {
price = 14 + (2 * topping);
} else if (size.equals("Large")) {
price = 17 + (2 * topping);
}

System.out.println("\nSize: " + size + "\n" +

"Topping: " + topping + "\nTotal Price: " + price + "$");

}
}
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Example: Pizza place
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PizzeDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Pizza pizza = new Pizza();

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Which pizza you want to order: ");
pizza.size = input.next();

System.out.print("How many topping you want to order: ");

pizza.topping = input.nextInt();

System.out.println("_________________________");
System.out.println("Your order is:");
pizza.getOrderInfo();

}
}
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In this lecture, we will see:
1. Writing our own classes
1.1 Classes and Objects
1.2 Instance Variables
1.3 Methods
2. Some notions of OOP
3. Passing and returning objects
4. Recap

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Instance Variables
• Instance variables can be defined as in the
following examples.

public String month;

Note the public public int day;
modifier (for now):
public int year;

• variables/constants declared inside the class but

not inside a specific method.

• also called attributes.

25
Instance Variables
• In order to refer to a particular instance variable,
preface it with its object name as follows:

dateTwo.month = "July";
dateOne and dateTwo dateOne.day = 03;
are objects from the class
Date dateTwo.year = 2020;

• can be used by any method of the class.

• initialized to 0 (false for booleans).

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 Instance Variables
• Each object (instance) of the class has its own instance data.
public class Date { Class Date
public String month;
public int day;
public int year; month
Day
public void printDate(){//.} year
} Instance of
Instance of
Date dateOne, dateTwo; printDate()
dateOne = new Date();
dateTwo = new Date();

dateOne.month = "December"; Date : dateOne

dateOne.day = 20; Date : dateTwo
dateOne.year = 2019; December
month
July
month Day 20
dateTwo.month = "July";
Day 03 year
dateTwo.day = 03; 2019
dateTwo.year = 2020; year
2020 Objects
printDate()
dateOne.printDate();
printDate()
dateTwo.printDate();
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In this lecture, we will see:
1. Writing our own classes
1.1 Classes and Objects
1.2 Instance Variables
1.3 Methods
2. Some notions of OOP
3. Passing and returning objects
4. Recap

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Methods
• Group of statements that are given a name.

• Implement the behavior/actions of all objects of a

particular class.

• All objects of a class share the method definitions

• Some methods are a bit special…

• (ex: constructor)

• A method is defined once, but can be used

(called/invoked) several times.
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Definition of a method
• Method header and method body
optional

visibility static returnType methodName(listOfParameters)

{
\\ statements of the method
}
method header
method body

public void sayHi()

{
System.out.print("Hi");
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
// . . .
}

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Methods continued…
• There are two kinds of methods:

• Methods that compute and return a value

• Methods that perform an action

• does not return a value
• is called a void method

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Methods that return a result
• Must specify the type of that value in its heading:
public typeReturned methodName(paramList)

• Examples:
• description: determines if the coin is a tail (1==tail, 0==heads)
• name: isTail
• result: boolean
public boolean isTail()
{
if (face == 1)
return true;
else
return false;
}

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Methods that return no result
• They perform an action performed, but do not “evaluate” to
a value
• ex: they display something, change the value of an attribute, …

• They officially return void

• They use no return expression;
• or: return;
public void flip()
{
face = (int)(Math.random()*2);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// . . .
}
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Class Definitions (Date example)
public class Date {

public String month;

public int day;
public int year;

method
public void printDate()
{
System.out.println(month + "
" + day + ", " + year);
}

public void printMonth()

method
{
System.out.println(month + "
" + day + ", " + year);
}

34
 Class Definitions (Date example)
public void setDate(String monthStr, int dayInt, int yearInt){
if (dateOk(monthStr, dayInt, yearInt)){
day = dayInt;
month = monthStr; method
year = yearInt;
}
}

public boolean dateOk(String monthStr, int dayInt, int yearInt){

return (monthOk(monthStr) && (dayInt >= 1) && (dayInt <= 31) &&
(yearInt >= 2000) && (yearInt <= 2019));
} method
public boolean monthOk(String monthStr) {
return (monthStr.equals("January") || monthStr.equals("February") ||
monthStr.equals("March") || monthStr.equals("April") ||
monthStr.equals("May") || monthStr.equals("June") ||
method monthStr.equals("July") || monthStr.equals("August") ||
monthStr.equals("September") || monthStr.equals("October") ||
monthStr.equals("November") || monthStr.equals("December"));
}
} 35
Declaring Objects (Date example)
public class DateFirstTryDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Date dateOne;
dateOne = new Date();

dateOne.setDate("December", 20, 2019);

dateOne.printDate();

if (dateOne.dateOk("December", 20, 2019)) {

System.out.println("The date is Ok");
} else {
System.out.println("The date is not correct");
}

}
} December 20, 2019
The date is Ok 36
Just checking …
• A class is a type and you can declare
variables of a class type.
• A value/instance of a class is called an
objects. An object has 2 components:
• Data (instance variables) - descriptive
characteristics
• Actions (methods) - what it can do (or
what can be done to it)

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Accessing Class Members
• To access any members (data or method)
• within the class
• nameOfData
• nameOfMethod(actualParameters)

• from outside the class

• non-static:
• nameOfObject.nameOfData
• nameOfObject.nameOfMethod(actualParameters)

• Static:
• We will cover this late…

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Example (Coin class)
public class Coin {
public final int HEADS = 0;
public final int TAILS = 1;
public int face;

public void flip() {

face = (int) (Math.random() * 2);
}

public boolean isHeads() {

return (face == HEADS);
}

// flips the coin 5 times

public void flip5() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
flip();
}

}
Coin.Java
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 Example (Coin class)
public class FlipRace {

public static void main(String[] args) {

final int GOAL = 3;
int count1 = 0, count2 = 0; The first coint has 3 heads!
The second coint has 3 heads!
// Create two separate coin objects
Coin coin1 = new Coin();
Coin coin2 = new Coin();

// Flip the coins and count heads

while (count1<GOAL || count2<GOAL) {
coin1.flip();
coin2.flip();
if (coin1.isHeads()) count1++;
if (coin2.isHeads()) count2++;
}
System.out.println("The first coint has " + count1 + " heads!");
System.out.println("The second coint has " + count2 + " heads!");
}
}
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Just checking … Calling Methods
public class FlipRace {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Coin coin1 = new Coin();
boolean result;

coin1.flip(); // 1. OK? Yes

result = coin1.flip(); // 2. OK? No. Why??
if (coin1.flip()) // 3. OK? No Why??
System.out.print("whatever");
System.out.print(coin1.flip()); // 4. OK? No Why??
}
}
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Just checking ….
Which one of these statements is syntactically correct?

Coin coin1 = new Coin();

boolean result;
/* 1 */ coin1.isHeads();
/* 2 */ result = coin1.isHeads();
/* 3 */ if(coin1.isHeads())
System.out.print("whatever");
/* 4 */ System.out.print(coin1.isHeads());

A. All are syntactically correct

B. 2 and 3 only are syntactically correct
C. 2, 3 and 4 only are syntactically correct
D. 1 is the only one which is syntactically correct
E. 3 is the only one which is syntactically correct

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Just checking …

The body of a method that returns a value must contain

at least one _________ statement.

A. void
B. invocation statement
C. declaration
D. return

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Local / Instance/ Global Variables
• Local variables:
• Declared inside a method
• variables that are necessary for that method only
• method parameters are considered local variables
• If 2 methods have a local variable of the same name, they are 2
entirely different variables

• Instance variables:
• Confined to an object of the class

• Global variables:
• Java does not have global variables

• Note: A variable declared within a block (braces {}) is local to that block,
and cannot be used outside the block.
‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 44
public and private Modifiers
• The modifier public means that there are no restrictions
on where an instance variable or method can be used.

public String month; public int getMonth() {// Body}

public int day; public int getDay() {// Body}
public int year; public int getYear() {// Body}

• The modifier private means that an instance variable or

method cannot be accessed by name outside of the class.
private String month; private boolean isMonth() {// Body}
private int day; public boolean isDay() {// Body}
private int year; public boolean isYear() {// Body}

45
Parameters
• Some methods need to receive additional data in order to
perform their work

• Allows the function to be more generic

• ex. sqrt method works for any double
Math.sqrt(9), Math.sqrt(15.5), Math.sqrt(75),...

• Definitions:
• Formal parameter:
• parameter specified in the method header
• Argument:
• The value that is plugged in for the parameter

‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 46

Example 1: Account
public class Account
{
private double balance;
public int accountNumber;

public void deposit(double theAmount) {

if (theAmount < 0) // deposit value is negative
System.out.println("Error: Deposit amount is invalid.");
else
balance = balance + theAmount;
}
public void printBalance()
{
System.out.println("The balance of the account " +
accountNumber + " is " + balance);
}
}
Account.java
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Example 1: Account
public class Banking
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Account acct1 = new Account();
acct1.accountNumber = 12173093;
acct1.deposit(25.85);
acct1.deposit(10);
acct1.printBalance();
}
}
Banking.java

‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 48

Just checking … Account ???
public class Banking
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Account acct1 = new Account();
acct1.accountNumber = 12173093;
acct1.Balance = 300;
acct1.printBalance();
}
}
Banking.java

‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 49

Just checking …
In the code below, setPrice is a _____, and t is a _____.
public double setPrice(double t)
{
double taxRate = t * 0.0005;
return taxRate;
}

• field; field
• method; field
• method; parameter
• parameter; method

‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 50

Class Employee: (1 of 2)
public class Employee {
private int id;
private String name;
private float salary;

public void insert(int i, String n, float s)

{
id = i;
name = n; Employee
salary = s;
} id
name
public void display() salary
{
System.out.println("___________________"); Insert (i,n,s);
System.out.println("The employee's info"); Display ()
System.out.println("ID: " + id );
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Salary: " + salary);
}
}
‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 51
Class Employee: (2 of 2) e1

Id = 123123
Name= Salam Ali
public class EmployeeDemo { Salary = 3000

Insert(i,n,s);
public static void main(String[] args) {
Display ()
Employee e1 = new Employee();
Employee e2 = new Employee();
Employee e3 = new Employee(); e2

Id = 999324
e1.insert(123123, "Salam Ali", 3000); Name=Kamal Jalal

e2.insert(999324, "Kamal Jalal", 4400); Salary = 4400

e3.insert(12323, "Sara Hassan", 8722); Insert(i,n,s);

Display ()

e1.display();
e3
e2.display();
e3.display(); Id = 12323
Name= Sara Hassan

} Salary = 8722

} Insert(i,n,s);
Display ()

‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 52

Just checking …
A variable whose meaning is confined to a method
definition is called an/a

A. instance variable
B. local variable
C. global variable
D. none of the above

‫ رﺑﯾﻊ ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﻌﻠواﻧﻲ‬.‫ د‬:‫اﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ 53

Next lecture, we will see:
1. Writing our own classes
1.1 Classes and Objects
1.2 Instance Variables
1.3 Methods (more)
2. Some notions of OOP
3. Passing and returning objects
4. Recap

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