PPP: Day 12 Agenda

• Questions from previous sections?

• Learning Objectives
⎯ Identify and utilize trigonometric identities ⎯ Identify
and create graphs of trigonometric functions • Things to
do before our next meeting.

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Questions?
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Trigonometric Identities
 sin! � + cos!(�) = 1

tan � =sin �
cos(�)

sec � =1
cos(�)

csc � =1
sin(�)

cot � =1

tan(�)=cos(�)
sin(�)

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Simplifying Trig Expressions
• When simplifying trig expressions, techniques such
as finding common denominators and factoring may
be useful.

• Simplify the following to a single trig function.

! "
!"# $ %!"# $ #&' ($)
"
!#! $ *!#! $ !"# ($)

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Simplify the following and write as a single trig
 function. tan( )

x
2
sec( ) sin ( )
xx

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Simplify the following as much as possible. Express your
answer using only sines and cosines.
 !
"#$ (&)
! ()"(&)
"#$ & ()" & *()" (&) −
"#$ & *()"(&)

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Other fundamental identities

Dividing the fundamental identity sin! � + cos! � = 1 by either
sin! � or cos! � results in the following.

Divide by cos!(�): cos! �+cos! �

sin! � + cos! � = 1 sin! �
cos! �=1
 cos! � sin! �+cos! �
tan! � + 1 = sec! � sin! �=1
Divide by sin!(�): sin! �
sin! � + cos! � = 1 1 + cot! � = csc! �
sin! �

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Simplify the following completely. (If necessary, assume x is an

angle in Quadrant I.) Express your answer using sines and
cosines.

"
+ !", $ %+
"
#&' $ #-! $
*#&'($)

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Simplify the following completely. (If necessary, assume x is an
angle in Quadrant I.) Express your answer using sines and
cosines.
2 sec! � − 2 tan! �
3 cot! � − 3 csc! �

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Double Angle Identities
sin 2� = 2 sin � cos(�) cos 2� = cos!(�) − sin!(�) = 2 cos! � − 1
= 1 − 2 sin! �

Use a double angle identity to simplify the following to an

expression involving a single trig function.
!
!"# $ *!"# ($)
#&' .$ !"# $

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Double Angle Identities
• Given that csc � ="#and that � lies in Quadrant II, find the
value of cos(2�).

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
� � = sin �
• Domain: (−∞, ∞)
• Range: [-1, 1]

From the unit circle, we know

many
angles have the same sine
value.
Thus, the graph of the sine
function
repeats itself.
Functions with this behavior are
called periodic. The period of a
function is the length of the smallest
interval that is repeated to form the
graph.
For sine, the period is 2π.

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
� � = cos �
• Domain: (−∞, ∞)
• Range: [-1, 1]
• Period: 2�

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
� � = tan �
• Vertical Asymptotes: � =
$%
!
where k is any odd
integer.
• Range: (−∞, ∞)
• Period: �

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Remember the graphs of the other three trig functions by
recalling that each is a reciprocal of sine, cosine, or
tangent.

• For example, csc � =&

'() *. The graph of cosecant is shown
with the graph of
sine.

• Vertical Asymptotes: �
= ��
where k is any
integer.
• Range: −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞)
• Period: 2�

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Remember the graphs of the other three trig functions by
recalling that each is a reciprocal of sine, cosine, or
tangent.

• sec(�) =&
+,' * . The graph of secant is shown with the graph
of cosine.

• Vertical Asymptotes: �
=$%!
where k is any odd
integer.
• Range: −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞
• Period: 2�

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Remember the graphs of the other three trig functions by
recalling that each is a reciprocal of sine, cosine, or
tangent.

• cot � =&
-.)(*). The graph of cot(�) is shown.

• Vertical Asymptotes: � =
��
where k is any integer.
• Range: (−∞, ∞)
• Period: �

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Transformations of Trigonometric Graphs

• All the transformations we have applied previously still

 hold for trigonometric functions.
• Examples:
o � � = 3 cos(� + 3) shifts the graph of cosine to the left 3
and then vertically stretches by a factor of 3.
o � � = − sin(� − 2) shifts the graph of sine to the right 2
and then reflects the graph across the x-axis.
o ℎ � = tan(−�) + 4 reflects the graph of tangent across
the y-axis and then shifts the graph up 4 units.

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Changing the Period
• We can also change the period of a
trigonometric graph, which
essentially means stretching
or
shrinking the graph
horizontally.

• Consider the function � � =

sin(��)
Note: that this is NOT equal
to � 6
sin(�).
• The k inside the function
changes the
period of the graph to ��� .

• The graph to the right represents

� � = sin(2�). The new period is %&%=
�. The graph is horizontally
shrunken.

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Changing the Period
 • For a function of the form � � =
cos(��), the same is true.

• Consider the function � � = 2

cos'%� .
• The period of the = 4�.
function is %&!
"
The graph was stretched
horizontally.

• The final step is to stretch the graph

vertically by a factor of 2 so that its
range is now
[−2, 2].

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Changing the Period
• Since the graph of tangent has a period of �, a
function of the form � � = tan(��) has a period of %$.
• Consider the function � � − tan 4� − %!
= − tan 4 � − %1 .

• First, change the period

to %2,
shrinking the graph
horizontally.

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Graphing � � = − tan 4 � − @A
 Finally, reflect the graph across
Next, shift the graph to the the x-axis.
right &(.
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General Transformation Guidelines

 � � = � % sin(�� + �) + �
� = Amplitude (vertical stretch/shrink)

!+

,= Period (horizontal stretch/shrink) for sin and cos

+

,= Period (horizontal stretch/shrink) for tan

,= Phase shift (horizontal shift)

� = Vertical shift
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Sketch a graph (or one

 period) of � � = −3 sin !3� − %3 .

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Sketch a graph (or one

 period) of � � = 2 cos#4 � + 2%4 + 1.

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Before our next meeting:
• Complete Bi-Daily Assignment 6 (due end of day
tomorrow)
• Complete every other problem on Daily Practice 12
– Trigonometric Identities
– Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

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