INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE
1. DDL: Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or
schema.
DDL Commands: Create, Alter, Drop, Rename, Truncate
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed
RENAME - rename an object
2. DML: Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema
objects and to manipulate data of a database objects.
DML Commands: Insert, Update, Delete, Select
INSERT - insert data into a table
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
3. DCL: Data Control Language (DCL) statements are used to create roles, permissions, and referential
integrity as well it is used to control access to database by securing it. To control the data of a database.
DCL Commands: Grant, Revoke
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
REVOKE -withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command
4. TCL: Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML
statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
TCL Commands: Commit, Rollback, Save point
COMMIT - save work done
SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
Ex.No : 01 CREATION OF TABLES
1) Create a table called Employee with the following structure.
a. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.
b. Insert any five records into the table.
c. Update the column details of job
d. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
e. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.
SOLUTION:
SQL> create table employee(empno number,ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(10),mgr
number,sal number);
Table created.
SQL> desc employee;
Name Null? Type
--------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(10)
MGR NUMBER
SAL NUMBER
a. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.
SQL> alter table employee add(commission number);
Table altered.
SQL> desc employee;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(10)
MGR NUMBER
SAL NUMBER
COMMISSION NUMBER
b. Insert any five records into the table.
SQL> insert into employee values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&mgr,&sal,'&commission');
Enter value for empno: 101
Enter value for ename: abhi
Enter value for job: manager
Enter value for mgr: 1234
Enter value for sal: 10000
Enter value for commission: 70
old 1: insert into employee values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&mgr,&sal,'&commission')
new 1: insert into employee values(101,'abhi','manager',1234,10000,'70')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 102
Enter value for ename: rohith
Enter value for job: analyst
Enter value for mgr: 2345
Enter value for sal: 9000
Enter value for commission: 65
old 1: insert into employee values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&mgr,&sal,'&commission')
new 1: insert into employee values(102,'rohith','analyst',2345,9000,'65')
old 1: insert into employee values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&mgr,&sal,'&commission')
new 1: insert into employee values(105,'pramod','salesman',5678,5000,'50')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from employee;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR SAL COMMISSION
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 abhi manager 1234 10000 70
102 rohith analyst 2345 9000 65
103 david analyst 3456 9000 65
104 rahul clerk 4567 7000 55
105 pramod salesman 5678 5000 50
c. Update the column details of job
SQL> update employee set job='trainee' where empno=103;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from employee;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR SAL COMMISSION
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 abhi manager 1234 10000 70
102 rohith analyst 2345 9000 65
103 david trainee 3456 9000 65
104 rahul clerk 4567 7000 55
105 pramod salesman 5678 5000 50
d. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
SQL> alter table employee rename column mgr to manager_no;
Table altered.
SQL> desc employee;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(10)
MANAGER_NO NUMBER
SAL NUMBER
COMMISSION NUMBER
e. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.
SQL> delete employee where empno=105;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from employee;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MANAGER_NO SAL COMMISSION
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
101 abhi manager 1234 10000 70
102 rohith analyst 2345 9000 65
103 david trainee 3456 9000 65
104 rahul clerk 4567 7000 55
Ex.No : 02 CREATION OF TABLES USING DDL AND DML COMMANDS
Create department table with the following structure.
a. Add column designation to the department table.
b. Insert values into the table.
c. List the records of dept table grouped by deptno.
d. Update the record where deptno is 9.
e. Delete any column data from the table.
SOLUTION:
SQL> create table department(deptno number,deptname varchar2(10),location varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL> desc department;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
DEPTNO NUMBER
DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10)
LOCATION VARCHAR2(10)
a. Add column designation to the department table.
SQL> alter table department add(designation varchar2(10));
Table altered.
SQL> desc department;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
DEPTNO NUMBER
DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10)
LOCATION VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATION VARCHAR2(10)
b. Insert values into the table.
SQL> insert into department values(&deptno,'&deptname','&location','&designation');
Enter value for deptno: 9
Enter value for deptname: accounting
Enter value for location: hyderabad
Enter value for designation: manager
old 1: insert into department values(&deptno,'&deptname','&location','&designation')
new 1: insert into department values(9,'accounting','hyderabad','manager')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for deptno: 10
Enter value for deptname: research
Enter value for location: chennai
Enter value for designation: professor
old 1: insert into department values(&deptno,'&deptname','&location','&designation')
new 1: insert into department values(10,'research','chennai','professor')
1 row created.
old 1: insert into department values(&deptno,'&deptname','&location','&designation')
new 1: insert into department values(9,'accounting','chennai','manager')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from department ;
DEPTNO DEPTNAME LOCATION DESIGNATION
---------------- ------------------- ----------------- -------------------
9 accounting hyderabad manager
10 research chennai professor
11 sales banglore salesman
12 operations mumbai operator
9 accounting chennai manager
c. List the records of dept table grouped by deptno.
SQL> select deptno,deptname from department group by deptno,deptname;
DEPTNO DEPTNAME
---------- ----------
9 accounting
12 operations
10 research
11 sales
d. Update the record where deptno is 9.
SQL> update department set designation='accountant' where deptno=9;
2 rows updated.
SQL> select * from department;
DEPTNO DEPTNAME LOCATION DESIGNATION
---------------- ------------------- ----------------- -------------------
9 accounting hyderabad accountant
10 research chennai professor
11 sales banglore salesman
12 operations mumbai operator
9 accounting chennai accountant
e. Delete any column data from the table.
SQL> alter table department drop(designation);
Table altered.
SQL> select * from department;
DEPTNO DEPTNAME LOCATION
---------- --------------- ----------
9 accounting hyderabad
10 research chennai
11 sales banglore
12 operations mumbai
9 accounting Chennai
