Chapter-5

Work, Energy and Power

• Concept of Work
• On a typical day,
• you probably wake up,
• get dressed,
• eat breakfast, and
• you go to class or work,
• You might complete school work
• Or work hard to solve problems
• After you spend all day at your job, you go home,
• Eat dinner,
• May be reading or studying, and
• Then go to bed. In this sense, work can be just about anything
• Construction ,
• Typing on a keyboard,
• Driving a bus,
• Teaching a class,
• Cooking food,
• Treating patients, and so much more.

4/30/2023 1
But in physics, work is more specific
• This is the displacement of an object due to force.
• How much work is done depends on the distance the object is moved.
• Work can be defined as transfer of energy due to an applied force.
• In physics we say that work is done on an object when energy is transferred
to that object.
Work done = Energy transferred
• If one object transfers (gives) energy to a second object, then the first
object does work on the second object.
• The energy of a moving object is called kinetic energy
• Like energy, work done is measured in joules
• The more energy transferred the more work has been done
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 Work done as a Scalar
• Work is defined as the amount of energy transferred by a force acting
through a distance.
W=Fs
W = work done in J.
F = average force applied (it is assumed to be constant) in N
s = the distance moved in the direction of the force in m
Example: The girl is lifting a heavy box onto a table. She uses a force of 200N.
The top of the table is 1.2m above the floor. How much work does she do?
𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑠 = 200𝑁𝑥1.2𝑚 = 240𝐽
Here, we can say that 240J has been transferred from the girl to the box. The
Box has gained 240J of Potential energy because it is higher up than it was
before.

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In both examples in below work is being done,
energy is being transferred or transformed. The
first example involves pulling a trolley along the
ground against a frictional force of 2N. The second
involves lifting a 2N book. In both cases the
distance moved against the force is 3m and so 6J
of work has been done.
W=Fs
W=2N×3m
W=6J
Looking at the second example the direction of the
force is vertically downwards (it is the weight of
the book). Therefore it is only the vertical distance
moved that is important

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• Look at the following figures. Assuming the book weighs 2N and there
are no other forces acting, how much work is done in each case?

In example A the work done is simple to calculate: W = F s, W = 6 J

Example B is more complex and serves to illustrate the importance
of working against the force. The book has been moved 5 m. However,
it has only been moved 3m vertically.

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It is this distance, the distance against the force, which we use in our
calculation.
W=Fs
W=2N×3m
W=6J
So in both A and B the work done is 6 J. The energy transferred to
the book is 6 J in each case
In example C in the book moves 4m. However, it does not move any
distance against the force (it does not move vertically).
Therefore, s = 0m
W=Fs
W=2N×0m
W=0J
So in example C no work has been done. No energy has been
transferred to the book.

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 • The Scalar product of force and
displacement is a more complex version of
the work done.
• Both Force and Displacement moved are
vectors
W = F.s = Fs cosθ
Where F and s are magnitude of vectors,
θ is the angle between the force and the
direction of movement.
s is really the distance moved in the
direction of the force.
• Fcosθ is the force in the direction of
displacement

4/30/2023 7
 Worked Example
• Figure below shows a 100N box lifted 20m at an angle of 60° to the
vertical. The Work done would be:
W = F s cosθ
W = 100 N × 20 m × cos 60°
W = 1000 J

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 Doing work against gravity , friction!
• Gravity: Work is often done against gravity.
• Whenever you lift up an object you are doing work against the
force of gravity.
• In this case the force you are working against is the weight of
the object.
• We can adapt our work done equation for working against
gravity:
W=Fs
Work done against gravity = weight × vertical distance moved
Wgravity = w × h

4/30/2023 9
Example: The work done in lifting a 60kg mass vertically 3m can
be found using the work done equation:
𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑤𝑥𝑕 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔, 𝑤 = 60𝑘𝑔 × 10𝑁/𝑘𝑔 = 600𝑁
𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 600𝑁 × 3𝑚 = 600𝑁
Remember, it must be the vertical distance moved and weight
acts vertically.
Friction: Whenever you push an object along the ground you are
working against a force of kinetic friction.
𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =µ𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 N
Similarly like gravity We can adapt our work done equation for
S

working against frictional forces:

W=Fs

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Work done against friction = force due to kinetic friction × distance
moved
Wfriction = μkinetic 𝑁 × 𝑠
• For example, you can determine the work done in pushing a 100kg
wooden block 30m across a horizontal concrete floor with 𝜇𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 =
0.48
Wfriction = μkinetic 𝑁 × 𝑠
N = w = mg
N = 100 kg × 10 N/kg
N = 1000 N
Wfriction = μkinetic 𝑁 × 𝑠
𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.48 × 1000 𝑁 × 30 𝑚
𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 14 400 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 14.4 𝑘𝐽
This energy has been transformed into heat energy where the block
and surface rub together
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 The Work Done by constant and Variable force
• In physics, work is done when a force acts on an object that
undergoes a displacement from one position to another.
• Forces can vary as a function of position, and displacements can be
along various paths between two points.
• If no displacement takes place, no work is said to be done. Therefore
for work to be done on an object, three essential conditions should be
satisfied:
• Force must be exerted on the object
• The force must cause a motion or displacement
• The force should have a component along the line of displacement

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• We can not use the equation work done = Force x distance
moved, when the force varies
• This equation needs the force to be constant
• However, if we can find the average force used, then we can
calculate the amount of work done using the equation
• When we plot the graph of force against displacement, the area
under the graph is work done
• When force is constant, the graph will be
horizontal straight line as shown in figure
𝑇𝑕𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 5𝑁𝑥10𝑚 = 50𝑁

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• When a force varies, we can not use the equation work done = Force
x distance moved.
• But the relationship for the area under the graph is still true.
For example look at the graph given below. You can estimate average
force by putting a ruler on the top the graph as though you were going
to draw a horizontal line.
Adjust the position of the ruler so that the area
between the graph line and the ruler is about the
same above the ruler as it below the ruler-
this will give us an estimate of the average Force

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 Work done by a Spring
• Work done by spring is a type of work done by varying Force
• Consider the Mass-spring system where the force applied varies with position
constantly.
• A block on a horizontal, frictionless surface is connected to a spring as shown in
the figure below.
• If the spring is either stretched or compressed a small distance from
its un-stretched (equilibrium) configuration, it exerts on the block a force that
can be expressed as:
𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥 (𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤)
• From the figure on
• fig. a (the Spring is stretched spring, 𝐹𝑠 is Negative, x-is positive)
• fig. b (the Spring is natural length of spring, 𝐹𝑠 =0 , x=0)
• fig. c (the Spring is compresed spring, 𝐹𝑠 is Positive, x-is negative)

• The negative sign in the above eqn. signifies that the force
exerted by the spring is always directed opposite to the
displacement from equilibrium.
• Because the spring force always acts toward the equilibrium
position
4/30/2023 (x =0), it is sometimes called a restoring force. 15
 Example
1. A particle is subject to a force 𝐹𝑥 that varies with position as in
figure below. What is the total work done by the force over the
distance, x= 0 to x = 15.0 m?

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• The total work done is equal to the area under the 𝐹𝑥 versus x curve
1
𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 × ∆𝑥 & 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 × ∆𝑥
2
1st For Triangle
1 1 1
𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 𝑊1 = 𝐹𝑠 × ∆𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠 × (𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 ) = 3 × 5 − 0 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝑱
2 2 2
2nd For Rectangle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑊2 = 𝐹𝑠 × ∆𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠 × (𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 ) = 3 × 10 − 5 = 15𝐽
3rd For Triangle
1 1 1
𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 𝑊3 = 𝐹𝑠 × ∆𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠 × (𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 ) = 3 × 15 − 10 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝑱
2 2 2
Then the Total work done is the sum of the above
1 1
𝑊 = 5 × 3 + (5)(3) + 5 × 3
2 2
𝑊 = 30𝐽

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Energy is
Energy
 the crown for physics
 found in every branch of physics
 not an easy concept
 defined as the capacity of a physical system
to perform work. And it exists in several forms
such as
 Kinetic Energy  Electrical Energy
 Chemical Energy  Nuclear Energy
 Geothermal Energy  Potential Energy
 Solar Energy  Thermal Energy
 Heat Energy
 Wind Energy
 Electromagnetic Energy
 Sound Energy and Other forms
• The forms of energy may be associated with a
kind of movement or storing energy due to the
particular arrangement of objects.
Remember, all forms of energy are scalar
quantities measured in joules.
4/30/2023 18
 kinetic energy
• Any object in motion has a kinetic energy (KE)
• KE is the amount of energy related to the velocity of the object
• Kinetic energy (KE) is the capacity of an object to do work by virtue
of its motion. For an object of mass m and moving with speed v, the
kinetic energy is calculated as:
𝟏
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
For example, a car of mass 1000 kg travelling at 12 m/s will have a
kinetic energy of:
𝐾𝐸 = ½𝑚𝑣 2
2
KE = ½ × 1000 kg × 12𝑚/𝑠
KE = 72 000 J or 72 kJ

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 Potential Energy (PE)
• is the energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to some zero position.
• An object possesses Gravitational Potential Energy(GPE) if it is positioned at a height
above (or below) the zero height.
• The potential energy concept can be used only when dealing with a special class of
forces called Conservative Force
• Mathematically the potential energy is given by
• ∆𝑼𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈∆𝒚

This equation is valid only for objects near the

surface of the Earth, where g is approximately
constant

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 Elastic potential energy
• Another common potential energy is elastic potential energy (EPE),
sometimes called strain energy.
• This is the energy associated with any object that has been stretched or
compressed.
• Think about compressing a spring in a toy; it will store energy, which it
converts into kinetic energy as it bounces.
• The amount of EPE stored in the spring depends on the force applied and
the distance moved (i.e. the extension of the spring)
EPE = ½ F Δx
For example, if a force of 100 N causes a spring to extend by 40 cm
the energy stored in the spring will be:
EPE = ½ F Δx

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 Work- Energy theorem
• Energy and work are really just different ways of looking at the same thing.
• The energy of an object is a mathematical representation of the amount of work
an object can do.
• Whereas work is any energy transferred to or from the object, energy refers to
the total amount of work the object could theoretically do. In algebraic terms:
𝑊 = Δ𝐸
• According to Newton‘s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a
particle, or the net force, determines the product of the mass and the acceleration
of the particle, or its motion.
• Therefore, we should consider the work done by all the forces acting on a particle,
or the network, to see what effect it has on the particle‘s motion.
• Let a force ‘F’ is applied on an object initially moving with velocity “𝑣1 ”. If it is
displaced to a displacement “𝒔” and changes its velocity into “𝑣2 ”, then its
motion will be expressed by:
𝑣2 2 = 𝑣1 2 + 2𝑎𝑠

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• Find an expression for acceleration (a) and substitute it into the equation
for second law
𝑣2 2 = 𝑣1 2 + 2𝑎𝑠
2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2
𝑣2 2 −𝑣1 2
𝑎= 2𝑠
So the Force acting on the body is

𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2
𝐹=𝑚 𝑎= 2𝑠
Now the Work done on the body is
1 1
• 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1 2 or
2
2 2
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸
• The work-kinetic energy theorem states that:
In the case in which work is done on a system and the only change in the
system is in its speed.
4/30/2023 23
 Worked Example
1, A car of mass 800 kg is travelling at 12 2, A boy throws a ball. The ball leaves
m/s. The car accelerates over a distance the boy’s hand with a velocity of 6m/s
of 240 m. The net force causing this and has mass of 200g. Assuming that
acceleration is 200N. Determine the the boy’s hand moved through 1.2m
work done on the car and its final when throwing the ball, what is the
velocity. average force the boy applied to the
W=Fs ball?
W = 200N x 240m As the ball was at rest, the work done of
W = 48000J the ball is kinetic energy of the ball,
To calculate the final velocity , we will according to work energy theorem.
use:
𝑊 = ½𝑚(𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 ) Kinetic energy
2
of the ball 𝐾𝐸 =
1/2𝑚𝑣
𝑣2 2 = (2W/m) + 𝑣1 2 W=Fd= 1/2𝑚𝑣 2
1/2𝑚𝑣 2
So 𝐹 = 𝑑
𝑣2 22= 2 𝑥 48 000 𝐽/800 𝑘𝑔 + 1/2x0.2kgx(16m/s) 2
(12 𝑚/𝑠) 𝐹=
𝑣 = 16𝑚/𝑠 1.2𝑚
= 21.3𝑁

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3, A car of mass 1260kg is travelling at the 4, A 0.6kg particle has a speed of 2m/s at point A
velocity of 15m/s due East. The Driver and kinetic energy of 7.5J at point B. What is
applies brakes to slow the car down to a a) Its kinetic energy at A?
velocity of 3m/s due East. b) Its speed at B?
a) What is a work done in slowing the car c) The total work done on the particle as it moves
down? from A to B?
b) Assume that the car took 3seconds to 1 1
(a) 𝐾. 𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝐴2 = 2 0.6𝐾𝑔 × 2 𝑚 𝑠 2
= 1.2𝐽
slow down. What was the force of the
brakes? 1
(b) 𝐾. 𝐸𝐵 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝐵2 → 𝑣𝐵 =
2𝐾.𝐸𝐵
=
2(7.5𝐽)
=
𝑚 0.6𝐾𝑔
a) 𝑊 = 1/2𝑚(𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 ) 25 = 5 𝑚 𝑠
3𝑚/𝑠 2 15𝑚/𝑠 2
=1 2 𝑥1260𝑘𝑔 − (c) From work energy theorem we have
𝑠 𝑠 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸𝐴𝐵
=-135000J 1 1
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝑣𝐵2 − 𝑚𝑣𝐴2
𝑣 −𝑣 2 2
b) 𝐹 = 𝑚( 2 1) = 1260kgx 1
(
3𝑚/𝑠−15𝑚/𝑠
)
𝑡 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 0.6𝐾𝑔 × 5 𝑚 𝑠 2
3𝑠 2
1 2
=-300N − 0.6𝐾 × 2 𝑚 𝑠
2
Minus sign indicates that the force is acting
to the left, opposite to direction of the car is 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 7.5𝐽 − 1.2𝐽 = 6.3𝐽
travelling in

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 Conservation of Energy
• Conservation principles play a very important role in Physics
• When a physical quantity is conserved the numeric value of the quantity
remains the same throughout the physical process
• The sum of the kinetic energy and the gravitational potential energy remains
constant at all times and hence is a conserved quantity
Consider the book-earth system shown in the figure below. As the book falls from
𝑦𝑏 to 𝑦𝑎 , the work done by the gravitational force on the book is
𝑊𝑜𝑛𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 = −𝑚𝑔 . 𝑦𝑎 − 𝑦𝑏 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑏 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑎
• From the work–kinetic energy theorem, the work done on the book is equal to
the change in the kinetic energy of the book:
𝑊𝑜𝑛𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 = ∆𝐾𝐸𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘
• As the book falls from initial height 𝑦𝑏 to a final height 𝑦𝑎 ,
𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑏 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑎 = − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑎 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑏 = − 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = −∆𝑈𝑔
∆𝐾𝐸𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 = −∆𝑈𝑔
∆𝐾𝐸𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 + ∆𝑈𝑔 = 0
(𝐾𝐸𝑓 −𝐾𝐸𝑖 ) + 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = 0
𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓 = 𝐾𝐸𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 (Conservation of mechanical energy)
4/30/2023 26
• The mechanical energy of an isolated, friction-free system is conserved.
• An isolated system is one for which there are no energy transfers across the
boundary. For the object of mass m falling in a gravitational field
1 1
𝑚𝑣𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖
2
2 2
Worked Example
A diver of mass m drops from a board 10m above the water’s surface.
Neglect air resistance.
(a) Use conservation of mechanical energy to find his speed 5m above
the water’s surface.
(b) Find diver’s speed as he hits the water.

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solution b) When the diver hits at the
water’s surface, 𝑦 = 0. Use the
a) 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓 = 𝐾𝐸𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖
same procedure as in part (a),
1 1
𝑚𝑣𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2
+ taking 𝑦𝑓 =0
2 2
𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 1 2
𝑣𝑓 + 0 = 0 + 𝑔𝑦𝑖
1 2 2
𝑣𝑓 + 𝑔𝑦𝑓 = 0 + 𝑔𝑦𝑖 𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑔𝑦𝑖
2
𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑔(𝑦𝑖 −𝑦𝑓 ) 𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑥9.8 𝑚 𝑠2 𝑥10m
𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑥9.8 𝑚 𝑠2 (10m−5𝑚) 𝑣𝑓 =14m/s
𝑣𝑓 = 9.9𝑚/𝑠

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 Conservative and Non-Conservative(Dissipative) Forces
• A force is conservative if the work it does moving an object between
two points is the same no matter what path is taken.
• Non-conservative forces, don’t have conservative force property.
• The work–energy theorem can be rewritten in terms of the work
done by conservative forces, 𝑊𝑐 and the work done by non-
conservative forces, 𝑊𝑛𝑐 because the net work is just the sum of
these two
𝑊𝑛𝑐 + 𝑊𝑐 = ∆KE
Gravity is the best example of a conservative force
Friction is the best example of a non-conservative force
Non-conservative force is generally dissipative force

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 Power
• Power, like work, is another term that is frequently used in everyday language.
• Power is a term that is often misused when maybe energy or velocity would be more
appropriate.
In physics power has a very specific definition
Power is defined as the time rate of doing work
• Greater power means more work is done per second OR
• Power = work done / time taken
𝑊
𝑃 =
𝑡
Power is defined as the time rate of energy transfer
• Greater power means more energy is transferred per second.
In general, power is defined for any type of energy transfer. Therefore, the most general
expression for power is
𝐸
𝑃=
𝑡
4/30/2023 30
• The SI unit of power is joules per second (J/s), also called the watt
(W) (after James Watt):
1𝐽 𝑚2
1𝑊 = = 1𝐾𝑔. 3
𝑠 𝑠
• A unit of power in U.S. customary system is the horsepower (hp):
1𝑕𝑝 = 746𝑊
• A unit of energy (or work) can now be defined in terms of the unit of
power. One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the energy transferred in 1 h at the
constant rate of 1 kW = 1 000 J/s. The amount of energy represented
by 1 kWh is:
1𝐾𝑊𝑕 = 103 𝑊 3600𝑠 = 3.6 × 106 𝐽
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 Worked Examples
1, a kettle uses 168 000J of electrical 3, How much work is done by a
energy in two minutes. Find Its 500 W motor running for 30
average power. minutes?
P = W/t
P = 168 000J / 120s
W=P×t
P = 1400 W or 1.4 kW W = 500W × 1800s
W = 900 000J or 900kJ
2, If the same kettle were to run for
five minutes how much work In this case the time taken is 30
would the kettle do? minutes, which is 0.5 hours, and
• P = W/t, W = P × t P= 500W, which is 0.5 kW.
P = 1400 W
• W = 1400W×300s
W = 0.5kW × 0.5h
• W = 420 000J or 420kJ W = 0.25 kWh
This work would be transferred to
the water and surroundings as heat
energy
4/30/2023 32
4, An older model car accelerates from rest to 5, The electric motor of a model train
speed v in 10 seconds. A newer, more powerful accelerates the train from rest to
car accelerates from rest to 2v in the same time 0.620 m/s in 21.0s. The total mass of
period. What is the ratio of the power of the the train is 875 g. Find the average
newer car to that of the older car? power delivered to the train during
the acceleration ?
Solution
𝑊 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = = , W = ∆𝐾. 𝐸
∆𝑡 2∆𝑡
𝑚𝑣 2
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = ,v
2∆𝑡 i
= 0(because the object is acc. from the rest)

(0.875𝐾𝑔)(0.62)2 𝐾𝑔𝑚2
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = ( 3 )
2 21𝑠 𝑠

𝑷𝒂𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟏𝑱

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 Power and velocity
• Imagine a car travelling along at a steady speed.
• Its engine is still running and it is still using fuel but the kinetic energy of
the car is not changing
• For objects to move at steady speed through the air a force needs to be
applied
• Remember, forces don’t make things move they make them change the
way they are moving.
• In the case of an object moving through the air at a steady speed there
must be no net force acting on it.
• The force from the engine must cancel out the resistive forces of kinetic
friction and air resistance (drag).
• For a car to move at a steady speed there must be a force from the
engine.

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• A force is being moved through a distance so work must be being
done, but this energy is not transferred into the kinetic energy of the
car as this is constant.
Instead the energy is transferred into two places:
• Heat energy (road – due to friction)
• Kinetic energy (including sound) of the air
We can look at this process more mathematically by combining the
equations for mechanical work and power and we get:
• Power = work done / time
• Power = force × distance moved against force/time
• Average velocity = distance moved against force/time
So
• Power = force × velocity
•P=Fv

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 Worked Example
1, A car to travel at 15 m/s 2, In order for a train to travel at
against a force of 6000 N the 20 m/s its engine may have a
power from its engine needs to power output of 800 000 W.
be: Determine the force from the
P = 6000 N × 15 engine and so the magnitude of
m/s the resistive forces acting on the
P = 90 000 W train.
This means the engine is P=Fv
converting 90 000J of energy per F=P/v
second F = 800 000 W / 20 m/s
F = 40 000 N

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