#14 Partner Abuse Worldwide

Esteban Eugenio Esquivel-Santoveña, Teri Lambert, and John Hamel

Full article available in Partner Abuse, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013. 1
(Article available for free at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/pa)
In most of the world, research on partner abuse has lagged behind the United States.
Especially in Third World countries, attention has been on other problems (such as famine and
war) and other crimes against women (e.g., honor killings, genital mutilation).
Purpose of Study and Method
The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we conducted a sweeping review of
scholarly articles published in peer-reviewed journals and by government agencies outside of the
United States and English-speaking developed nations that provided quantitative data on
physical, psychological and sexual abuse of intimate partners, as well as consequences, risk
factors and attitudes. Most of the studies reported on female victimization only, but 73 reported
on both male and female victimization. Secondly, we conducted an analysis of data from large
community and national surveys, including from one multi-country study of dating violence, to
determine the relationship between prevalence of abuse, social factors and women’s
empowerment.
We sought to answer a few basic questions, as suggested by the body of research
evidence, as well as current theories:
1. What are the rates of physical, psychological and sexual abuse and controlling
behaviors between intimate partners higher in countries outside of the United States and other
English-speaking developed nations?
2. How do these rates compare across gender?
3. What is the impact of partner abuse on victims and families?
4. What are the risk factors for partner abuse?
5. On a societal level, what is the association between a country’s level of human
development and rates of partner abuse?
6. What is the association between the status of women and their rates of partner
abuse victimization?

Copyright © 2013 Springer Publishing Company, LLC · http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.e14

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 7. On a relationship level, is dominance by one partner correlated with rates of
partner violence against the other partner in the rest of the world, as it is in the United States?
Results of Literature Review
A total of 162 articles reporting on over 200 studies met the inclusion criteria and were
summarized in the online tables for Asia (see table 1), the Middle East (see table 2), Africa (see
table 3, Latin America and the Caribbean (see table 4) and Europe and the Caucasus (see table
5). Summaries of studies that were part of various multi-country studies can be found in table 6.
In each region, the summaries are organized first by country, then by year, and then by author.
Gender Inclusive Studies
Across all five world regions, we identified 40 articles (total of 73 studies) in 49 countries
containing data on both male and female IPV. The majority of the studies (44) reported on
results based on dating student, adolescent or clinical samples; 29 of the studies were based on
large population or community samples.
There were a total of 117 direct comparisons across gender for physical PV. Rates of
physical PV were higher for female perpetration /male victimization compared to male
perpetration/female victimization, or were the same, in 73 of those comparisons, or 62%. There
were 54 comparisons made for psychological abuse including controlling behaviors and
dominance, with higher rates found for female perpetration /male victimization, in 36
comparisons (67%). Of the 19 direct comparisons were made for sexual PV, rates were found to
be higher for female perpetration /male victimization in 7comparisons (37%). Higher rates for
any female perpetration /male victimization were found in only 2 of 8 comparisons (25%). In
total, there were 198 direct comparisons across gender, for all types of partner abuse. The rates
were higher for female perpetration /male victimization, or the same, in 118 comparisons, or
60%. A higher number of comparisons indicating greater female victimization/ male
perpetration was found in 18 countries. Greater female perpetration/male victimization was
found in 23 countries, and an equal number of comparisons was found in 8 countries.
Given that several of the IDVS studies were based on very small samples, the limitations
of clinical samples, and the superiority of more representative community and large population
samples, we also looked separately at the 44 large population and community samples that
reported on adult, non-student abuse. Together, these yielded 81 direct comparisons across
gender. The percentage of partner abuse that was higher for female perpetration /male
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victimization compared to male perpetration/female victimization, or were the same, were as
follows: Physical abuse – 22/44 (50%); Psychological abuse/control/ dominance – 10/19 (53%);
Sexual abuse – 4/13 (31%); Any abuse – 0/5 (0%). The overall percentage was 44% for adult
IPV. However, it should be noted that in many comparisons, the differences were slight. For
example, past year physical victimization rates in Namibia were 15% for men and 17% for
women; lifetime physical abuse perpetration in South Africa was reported at 26.5% for men and
25.2% for women; and in Portugal wives reported insulting and humiliating partners at a rate of
16.2% compared to husbands at 18.6%). When these close percentages are taken into account,
then the overall percentage of adult IPV that is symmetrical – comparable across gender, or
higher in the direction of male victimization/female perpetration – constitutes the majority of
IPV throughout the world. In 11 countries women were found to be predominantly victims and
males were found to be primarily perpetrators. There were 14 countries in which rates of partner
abuse from larger populations were found to be symmetrical across gender: China, Hong Kong,
Philippines, Thailand, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Barbados, Brazil, Jamaica,
Trinidad/Tobago, Portugal and Ukraine.
Emerging research
The International Parenting Study (IPS), conducted by consortium of researchers with a
total sample of 11,408 university students in 15 countries (mostly Europe, but also the U.S. and
Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Israel.) The students reporting on physical assaults between
their parents when they were 10 years old. Preliminary results indicate that fathers assault
mothers at a rate ranging from 0.3% in Norway to 9.9% in Slovenia, with a median rate of 3.8%;
and mothers assault fathers at an overall higher rate (median = 8%), and ranging from 1.7%
(Spain) to 24.9% (Poland). However, the mean number of parental assaults was found to be
higher for fathers.
Studies Reporting only Female IPV Victimization
Across the major regions of the world the lowest reported past year rates for physical
abuse victimization reported in the female victimization-only studies were found in a large
population study in Georgia (2%) and a community survey in Japan (3.1%). Lifetime rates were
lowest again in Georgia (5%), and in a community survey in Nigeria (5.3%). The highest rates
of physical IPV victimization were found in a community survey in Ethiopia (72.5% past year)

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and among a rural population in Bangladesh (67% lifetime). On the higher end, rates of physical
PV far exceed the average found in the United States.
The lowest rates of past year psychological victimization were found in large population
studies in Haiti (10.8%) and India (12%); lifetime rates were lowest again in Haiti (13.2%), as
well as in large population studies in Columbia (11.5%) and Georgia (19%). The highest past
year psychological abuse prevalence was 98.7% in Bangkok, Thailand (past year), and lifetime
rates were the highest in a clinical population in Iran (82.6%) and in a Brazilian slum (80.2%).
Unlike physical IPV, the highest rates of psychological abuse throughout the world are about the
same as those found in the United States (80%).
Rates of sexual abuse victimization differed widely across regions, with past year rates as
low as 1% in Georgia (large population) and 1.3% in Japan (urban community), and lifetime
rates of 0.6% in Egypt (large population), 1% found in (large population) and 1.1% in Honduras
(large population). In contrast, the rates for the past year were as high as 53.4% in Pakistan
(community survey) and 58% in Ethiopia (large population). In Pakistan, lifetime rates were
found to be 54.5% in a community survey, and the highest rates of all were found in a study of
secondary school students in Ethiopia, at an astounding 68%.
Impact on victims
The various regions reported similar kinds of consequences for victims who have
experienced IPV. Surprisingly, a relatively small number of studies focused on the physical
consequences of partner violence. Those that did either did not specify the types of injuries, or
identified bruises and broken bones. Physical injuries were compared across gender in two
studies. As expected, abused women were found to experience higher rates of physical injuries
compared to men both for the past year in a Chilean student population (15.9% vs. 6.98%) and
since age 14 (19.5% vs. 13.3%), and in a large population study from Uganda (43% vs. 33%.)
Far more frequently mentioned were the psychological and behavioral effects of abuse, and these
included PTSD symptomology, stress, depression, irritability, feelings of shame and guilt, poor
self-esteem, flashbacks, sexual dissatisfaction and unwanted sexual behavior, changes in eating
behavior, and aggression. Two studies compared mental health symptoms across gender. In
Botswana, women were found to evidence significantly more of these than men; whereas in a
clinical study in Pakistan male and female IPV victims suffered equally (60% of men and
women reported depression, 67% anxiety.)
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 A variety of health-related outcomes were also found to be associated with IPV
victimization, including overall poor physical health, more long-term illnesses, having to take a
larger number of prescribed drugs, STDs, and disturbed sleeping patterns. Abused mothers
experienced poorer reproductive health, respiratory infections, induced abortion and
complications during pregnancy; and in a few studies their children were found to experience
diarrhea, fever and prolonged coughing.
Risk factors
The most common risk factors found in this review of IPV in Asia, Africa, the Middle
East, Latin America and Europe have also been found to be significant risk factors in the U.S.
and other English-speaking industrialized nations. Most often cited are the risk factors related to
low income household income and victim/perpetrator unemployment, at 36. An almost equally
high number of studies (35) reported\ victim’s low education level. Alcohol and substance abuse
by the perpetrator was a risk factor in 26 studies. Family of origin abuse, whether directly
experienced or witnessed, was cited in 18 studies. Victim’s younger age was also a major risk
factor, mentioned in 17 studies, and perpetrator’s low education level was mentioned in 16. Less
frequently mentioned were victim’s substance abuse (8 studies), victim living in a rural
environment (5 studies), and victim having married at a younger age and being HIV positive (4
studies each).
Attitudes about IPV
By 1994 approval in the U.S. of a husband slapping his wife for any reason was endorsed
by only 10% of the population. In contrast, there is a much higher tolerance by both men and
women for IPV in other parts of the world, with rates of approval depending on the country and
the type of justification. Between 28% and 41% of men agreed that it is sometimes necessary for
a man to beat his wife, and in Nigeria a remarkable 79% of women said that wife-beating is
sometimes justified. Reasons given for why violence against wives might be justified include
her infidelity, refusing him sex, arguing, burning his food, leaving without his permission and
wasting money. Given the high rates of female-to-male abuse found in this review, it is
noteworthy that none of the studies asked respondents about their views on husband-beating.
Nonetheless, perpetrator pro-violent and gender-based beliefs are a serious problem, identified
risk factors in 12 studies (mostly in Africa and Asia).
Results of Data Analysis
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 Regression analyses indicated that a country’s level of human development (as measured
by HDI) was not a significant predictor of male or female physical partner abuse perpetration,
neither in studies using general population/large community samples nor in studies conducted
with dating samples. Similarly, regression analyses did not find HDI level to be a significant
predictor of female partner abuse victimization in studies that used population or large
community samples.
Additional regression analyses indicated that a nation’s gender inequality level, as
measured by the Gender Inequality Index (GII), was not predictive of either male or female
perpetrated physical partner abuse or female-only victimization in studies conducted with
general population or community samples. However, separate regression analyses on data from
the IDVS with dating samples indicate that higher gender inequality levels significantly predict
higher prevalence of male and female physical partner abuse perpetration. GII level explained
the variance for 17% of male partner abuse and 19% of female partner abuse perpetration.
A final analysis examined the association between dominance by one partner and partner
violence perpetrated against a partner in dating samples using data from the IDVS, because this
was the only multi-country study to consistently provide data for men and women on dominance
scores. Male dominance scores were not found to be predictive of male partner violence
perpetration; however, female dominance scores were found to significantly predict scores of
partner violence perpetration by women. Female dominance scores explained 47% of the
variance of female partner violence perpetration.
Results of this review suggest that partner abuse can no longer be conceived as merely a
gender problem, but also (and perhaps primarily) as a human and relational problem, and should
be framed as such by everyone concerned.

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 About the Authors
Esteban E. Esquivel-Santoveña, BSc is a PhD candidate at the Centre for Forensic and
Criminological Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
He has a BSc in Psychology from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México-UAEM, and
has worked as a research assistant at UAEM in a project (“Clinical Psychology of the Vital
Cycle”) investigating different health aspects related to individual and family life of users of
healthcare services with Drs. Patricia Balcázar Nava and Gloria Margarita Gurrola before
undertaking his PhD under the supervision of Dr. Louise Dixon at the University of Birmingham.
His research has focused on how attitudes and other salient partner violence risk factors impact
on young dating relationships. Recently he has specifically investigated how certain mental
health correlates (such as depression, PTSD, psychological flooding, etc.) and other proximal
variables (attitudes about aggression, relationship adjustment, jealousy, etc.) relate to different
types of aggressive and/or controlling behavior in men and women (e.g. Johnson’s typology) in
dating relationships. Esteban believes that professionals working in prevention and treatment of
partner violence can benefit from insights derived from empirically-tested typological
approaches to tailor prevention and treatments efforts targeting specific kinds of victims and
perpetrators.

Contact:
[email protected]

Teri Lambert, M.A., is a member of the American Counselor’s Association and is currently the
Mental Health Specialist for the Family Violence Council and the Southwestern Judicial District
Court in Americus, Georgia. Ms. Lambert began her work in the field of violence against
women in 1999 as a volunteer advisory board member and president for the domestic violence
shelter in Yuma, Arizona. In 2001 she began working as the Domestic Violence Paralegal for
the Yuma County Attorney’s Office. She completed her Bachelor’s Degree in Criminal Justice
from Northern Arizona University – Yuma Branch Campus in 2003. While working with the
prosecutor’s office, Ms. Lambert coordinated a Dating/Domestic and Sexual Violence
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Prevention Program for the local junior and senior high schools. She also provided training in
domestic violence response to local law enforcement agencies. In 2008-2009, Ms. Lambert was
the Coordinator for the Arizona Western College/Northern Arizona University-Yuma Branch
Campus Violence Prevention Program. She then worked as Executive Director of the Arizona
Sexual Assault Network. Ms. Lambert received her Master’s in Community Counseling from
NAU-Yuma in 2011, completing her practicum and internship at Catholic Community Services
(CCS) emphasizing her studies in trauma counseling. Ms. Lambert was then hired as a counselor
at CCS, counseling trauma victims and substance abuse clients. Through her experience, Ms.
Lambert has established herself as an expert in the area of domestic and sexual violence,
including abuse against Native American women for which she produced a training video. She
has spoken locally and nationally on domestic violence, addressing audiences including law
enforcement agents, advocates, prosecutors and educators.

Contact:
[email protected]

John Hamel, LCSW, has a Masters in Social Welfare from U.C.L.A., and has conducted
batterer intervention and parent programs in the San Francisco Bay Area since 1992. He is the
author or editor of several books on family violence, including Gender-Inclusive Treatment of
Intimate Partner Abuse (Springer, 2005, and is Editor-in-Chief of the peer-reviewed professional
journal, Partner Abuse, published quarterly by Springer Publishing. Mr. Hamel regularly speaks
at conferences on domestic violence, and has provided consultation and training to mental health
professionals, victim advocates and shelter workers, social service organizations, teachers,
attorneys, judges and law enforcement officers. He also provides case consultation and expert
witness testimony.

Contact:
[email protected]

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Table 1. Partner abuse in Asia

Studies are organized by year of publication oldest to current. Multiple publications in the same year are alphabetized.
Bangladesh:
Schuler, S.R., & 1,212 The sample was taken The study utilized both a Most of both the men and women
Islam, F. (2008). Women from a 1994 survey of quantitative and qualitative surveyed were accepting of the use of
Women’s acceptance 841 women, which 608 design. This survey was violence by husbands, ranging between
of intimate partner 239 were re-interviewed for conducted in six villages in two 75 and 100 percent of responders.
violence within Men this study. Another 604 segments. The designs were a
marriage in rural women within the six structured survey, in-depth Prevalence of physical violence:
Bangladesh. Studies villages below the age of interview, and group 67% reporting being “beaten by their
in Family Planning, 50 were also included. Of discussions. The entire sample husbands”
39, 1, 49-58. the original sample, 129 was first administered a 35% within the last year:
women over the age of questionnaire where only The highest being 47%;
50 were interviewed. physical violence was The lowest being 16%.
Another section of the addressed. Psychological and
study involved 239 sexual violence were addressed Prevalence of ever beaten:
married sons of the in the qualitative segments, but The highest being 79%;
women participants. sexual violence discussions was The lowest being 46%.
not readily accepted or pursued.
The overall attitude from the qualitative
study was mixed, although the
perception is that women have resigned
to the abuse that is so prevalent.
Dalal, K., Rahman, 4,411 Married women of Cross-section design. Random Prevalence Rates of PV
F., & Jansson, B. women reproductive age (14-49) sample from 5 community 79% exposed to verbal abuse, 41%
(2009). Wife abuse living in the catchment health clinics in Savar and physical abuse, and 5% to food
in rural Bangladesh. areas of community Shamrai in Dhaka district, restriction in past month
Journal of Biosocial clinics of two sub- Bangladesh, conducted by
Science, 41, 561-573. districts (Savar and Institute of Child and Mother Risk Factors
Dhamrai) in Dhaka Health by female interviewers. Women being in a polygamous
district in Bangladesh. It marriage or having paid a dowry

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

is a selected sample Asked about sociodemographic correlated with all three forms of
information and PV abuse; husband’s alcoholism associated
victimization (for preceding with physical and verbal abuse
month). Verbal abuse victimization increases
Verbal abuse defined as use of with woman’s age and is correlated
discriminatory language, threats with being Muslim as compared to
Physical abuse defined as non-Muslims
having been hit with fists
Food restriction abuse defined
as husband restricting amount
of food to respondent
Silverman, J. G., 1,592 Married women with at The analysis uses data from the IPV (physical and sexual): 12-month =
Decker, M. R., women least a child 5 year of age 2004 Bangladesh Demographic 42.4%
Gupta, J., Kapur, N., of younger with their Health Survey. Cross-sectional
Raj, A., & Naved, R. husbands. Women were study. Used multi-stage cluster Mothers who experienced IPV were
T. (2009). Maternal divided in 3 age groups: sampling. Face-to-face more likely to report recent acute
Experiences of 13-20 interviews. 12-month IPV respiratory tract infection (19.2%), and
Intimate Partner 21-30 (minor and severe physical-5 diarrhea (11.6%) among their young
Violence and Child 31-40 items, sexual-1 item) children compared with those who did
Morbidity in >40 perpetrated by husbands. not experience IPV. Large numbers of
Bangladesh: married Bangladeshi women with
Evidence from a young children experience IPV.
National Bangladeshi Associations of maternal experiences
Sample. Archives of of IPV with 2 leading causes of
Pediatrics & childhood mortality strongly suggest
Adolescent Medicine, that such abuse threatens not only the
163(8), 700-705 health of women but also that of their
children.
Sambisa, W., 8,320 Married men aged 15-49 Representative cross sectional Physical IPV: Lifetime = 55% / 12-
Angeles, G., Lance, men years from the 2006 Urban Health Survey. month = 23%
P. M., Naved, R.T., & community. It was a Face-to-face interviews (in their Sexual IPV: Lifetime = 20%

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Curtis, S. L. (2010). subset of the 2006 Urban households) Multi-stage cluster Overall IPV: Lifetime = 60%
Physical and Sexual health Survey in sampling design. Lifetime and
Abuse of Wives in Bangladesh conducted by 12-month physical (5 items- Low socioeconomic levels were
Urban Bangladesh: MEASURE DHS to minor and severe) and 12- associated with men’s increased
Husbands’ Reports. whom the domestic month sexual IPV perpetration likelihood of perpetrating IPV. Alcohol
Studies in Family violence and household (1 item) prevalence was and drug use, sexually
Planning, 41(3), 165- decision-making part of assessed transmitted disease infection, poor
178. the questionnaire was mental health, and holding attitudes
administered. supportive of wife beating were
predictive of IPV perpetration
Rahman, M., Hoque, 4,181 Stratified, multistage The 2007 Bangladesh Prevalence of IPV:
M.A., & Makinoda, women cluster sample of rural Demographic Health Survey
S. (2011). Intimate and urban eligible (BDHS) was used for the study Currently married women experiencing
partner violence women ages 15-49 and which included the following: both physical and/or sexual violence in
against women: is men from every second the 12 months preceding the survey:
women household, all living in Five questionnaires were used.
Separate domestic violence 24%; experiencing sexual and or
empowerment a private dwellings were
questionnaires were used for physical IPV
reducing factor? A used for the BDHS
study from a national survey. men and women with only one
10.5%; experiencing sexual violence
Bangladeshi sample. eligible respondent per
19.4%; physical IPV
J Fam Viol, 26:411- 4,181 currently married household chosen, whether
420. women were included for male or female in order to Most common form of physical
analyses in this study. protect the respondent’s violence was being slapped w/18%
privacy. reporting positively.
Demographic questions Risk Factors:
included age, education, place
of residence, & household All forms of violence decreased with
wealth. increased age of victim. Sexual IPV
was lower in urban areas than rural
Questionnaires had 6 domestic areas. Lower education and wealth

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

violence questions and one resulted in higher frequency of both

sexual IPV question. Currently physical and sexual violence.
married women answering any
question positively were then Women who participated in making
asked for frequency of the act in household decisions were more
the preceding 12 mos. empowered but more likely to be
subjected to violence. Sexual and/or
This study then used this physical violence increased with the
experience of the past year IPV increase of decision-making. All IPV’s
among currently married were less when women accepted or
women. justified beatings by spouses for one or
more reasons.

Rahman, M., 4,695 Married women between A sample was selected from a Pregnancy circumstances:
Sasagawa, T, Fujii, Women the ages of 15 and40 survey conducted by the
R., Tomizawa, H., & years old who had National Institute for Population 31% of pregnancies were unintended
Makinoda, S. (2012). experienced one Research and Training of the Commonalities of unintended
Intimate partner pregnancy in the 59 Ministry of health and Family pregnancies were: age, parity,
violence and months immediately Welfare of Bangladesh in 2007. education, religion, autonomy,
unintended pregnancy prior to the survey. contraception.
among Bangladeshi Muslim women experience more
women. Journal of unintended pregnancies.
Interpersonal
Violence, 27(15), Prevalence of IPV among all married
2999-3015. women:
Between 15-19: 32% physical, 14%
sexual, 37% physical and/or sexual;
Between 20-29: 25% physical, 13%
sexual, 30% physical and/or sexual
Between 30-40: 20% physical, 11%
sexual, 25% physical and/or sexual.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Minor physical IPV ranged between

48.2% and 49.1%.
Severe physical IPV ranged between
13% and 18.4%.

Prevalence of abuse for those who

reported unintended pregnancy:
Physical IPV: 35%
Sexual IPV: 40%
Physical and/or sexual IPV: 35%
Minor IPV: 35%
Severe IPV: 41%

Risk factors:
Early marriages; Age; Less education;
Muslim; Low income.
Cambodia
Kishor, S., & 2,403 Ever-married women Data from national DHS Physical female victimization:
Johnson, K. (2004). women from the community in conducted in Cambodia in 2000 Physical: 16.4% lifetime, 14.6% past
Profiling domestic reproductive age (15-49) by National Institute of year (36.0% of the latter assaulted 5
violence: A multi- in Cambodia. Since the Statistics/Ministry of Health. times or more)
country study. DHS had slight One ever-married woman Sexual: 3.6% lifetime, 3.2% past year
Calverton, Maryland: variations in variables it randomly selected from each Emotional: 13.5% lifetime, 12.1% past
ORC Macro assessed there were some household, asked about year
differences in the demographic characteristics, PV 10.0% of women who ever experienced
inclusion criteria for the victimization physical abuse by husband, and 2.1%
administration of the Administered a modified CTS who had never been physically abused,
domestic violence including emotional and sexual reported having been physically
module from country to abuse items abusive themselves
country. 36.5% who reported violence suffered
bruises and aches, 6.5% injury or

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

broken bones, 6.3% had to get medical

treatment
China:
So-kum Tang, C. 246 Undergraduate students Administered Conflict Tactics Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
(1994). Prevalence of females at Chinese University of Scale; reported on witnessed
spouse aggression in 136 Hong Kong parental aggression 75% witnessed verbal aggression, 14%
Hong Kong. Journal males Age range: 17-30, mean witnessed physical violence.
of Family = 18.89
Violence,9(4), 347. No gender differences in Rate of observed father on mother and
age, income, parent’s mother on father aggression
education comparable overall; but fathers more
Half of subjects’ fathers verbally abusive
finished secondary
school, half of mothers
finished primary
education
So-Kum Tang, C. 518 Married or cohabitating Phone interviews in Chinese. Distribution of marital power
(1999). Marital power men, partners from First Used Conflict Tactics Scales, (Men’s reports)
and aggression in a 752 Community Survey on marital satisfaction measure, 54.1% of relationships equalitarian,
community sample of women Family Violence of Hong and measure of marital power 7.5% female dominant, 23.2% male
Hong Kong. (based on who made final dominant, 15.2% divided power
Kong Chinese Mean age: 41.66 (men), decisions regarding family (Women’s reports)
families. Journal of 40.28 (women). entertainment, interacting with 58.6% equalitarian, 13.2% female
Interpersonal Education, occupation relatives, amount of money dominant, 13.3% male dominant,
Violence, 14: 586-602 type, income levels spent on food, major financial 14.9% divided power
representative of Hong decisions, working outside
Kong general population. family, having a child. Marital (verbal and physical)
aggression victimisation inversely
related to equalitarian relationships.
Highest rates of verbal aggression and
minor physical violence in

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

relationships dominated by one partner;

severe violence most frequent in male
dominated relationships

Xu, X., Zhu, F., 600 Women aged 18-60 Cross-sectional study. Face-to- Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
O’Campo, P., women attending an urban face interviews. Data was Physical IPV: Lifetime 38% -Past year
Koenig, M. A., outpatient gynaecological assessed using the World 21%
Mock, V., & clinic at a major teaching Health Organization (WHO) Sexual IPV: Lifetime 16%- Past year
Campbell, J. (2005). hospital in Fuzhou, Multi-country Study on 12%
Prevalence of and China. Mean age: 31.3 Women's Health and Life Psychological IPV is not reported
Risk Factors for years. Clinical sample Experiences Questionnaire. The
Intimate Partner IPV (psychological, physical, Total IPV (physical, psychological, and
Violence in China. and sexual) section was sexual): Lifetime 43%- Past year 26%
American Journal of developed based on a variety of
public Health, 95(1), scales such as the Conflict For lifetime intimate partner violence,
78- 85 Tactic Scales and the Index of partners who had extramarital affairs
Spouse Abuse. and who refused to give respondents
money were the strongest independent
Physical IPV was assessed via predictors. For intimate partner
11 items, psychological IPV via violence taking place within the year
6 items, and sexual IPV via 3 before the interview, frequent
items quarrelling was the strongest predictor.
Ying Lau (2005). 1,200 Chinese Hong Kong The Abuse Assessment Screen Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Does pregnancy women women from a public Questionnaire was utilized to 11% experienced abuse during
provide immunity hospital’s postnatal ward identify if the women in the pregnancy
from intimate partner were requested to study were classified as abused. The forms of abuse were as follows:
abuse among Hong participate in this study. The Revised Conflict Tactics 79% psychological aggression
Kong Chinese Twelve hundred agreed Scale (CTS-2) was used to 49% sexual abuse
women? Social to participate and define the forms of the intimate 82% of the abusers were the women’s
Science & completed a partner abuse. Also examined husbands.
Medicine,61, 2, 365- questionnaire. The were the victims’ psychosocial

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

377 women were community predictors of abuse during Risk factors:

based and sample pregnancy. Younger women
representative of Born in Hong Kong
pregnant women within Single or cohabiting,
the population. Poor socio-economic status
Poor partner relationship
Unplanned pregnancy.
Wang, T., Parish, W., 1,658 1,658 men and 1,665 Data from 1999-2000 Chinese Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Laumann, E., & Luo, men women from mainland Health and Family Life Survey 19% reported male to female (MF)
Y. (2009). Partner China who had steady of adults. Probabilistic sample violence, 3% reported female to male
violence and sexual 1,665 sexual partner. drawn from 14 strata and 48 (FM). Bilateral violence reported by
jealousy in China. women Ages 20-64 counties and city districts, 15% of respondents.
Violence against selected according to size down 12% of women and 5% of men
Women, 15(7), 774- the four sampling steps to the reported to have been hit hard.
798. level of the individual.
+ Respondents interviewed by Targets of partner violence tend to
Parish, W., Wang, T., same-sex interviewer at private report less hitting than perpetrators –
Laumann, E., Pan, S., hotel room or meeting facility. e.g., 11% of men reported hitting a
& Luo, Y. (2004). female partner in past year, but only
Intimate partner Respondents asked if their 5% of women said they’d been hit
violence in China: partner had ever hit them, not
Naitonal prevalence, including in a joking or playful At age 30 in urban areas, 6.8% of men
risk factors and way, whether they had hit their and 7.7% of women reported partner
associated health partner violence victimization.
problems.
International Family Respondents also asked about Risk Factors
Planning sexual jealousy, attitudes about Higher rates of MF and FM violence
Perspectives, 30(4), men’s rights to control women, among younger populations
174-181. and socioeconomic status. Bilateral violence most common in
relationships of 6-15 years
Negative outcomes: 15 Significantly higher rates of MF

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

questions included on violence in rural area compared to

respondents’ self-reported urban areas (21% vs. 14%)
unhappiness, mental distress, MF violence correlated with male
poor health, sexual anxiety and partner’s low SES status and woman
disturbed sexual performance, contributing less than 30% of
and presence of STDs. household income, and FM violence
The analysis of risk factors negatively correlated with woman
drawn from the urban samples earning more than 45% of family
income.
Any alcohol use predicted FM
violence, inebriation predicted MF
violence
Sexual jealousy from either partner, or
both, correlated with MF, FM and
bilateral violence
MF violence positively correlated with
beliefs that men should take lead in
sexual activity; FM violence negatively
correlated with these beliefs

Impact of Violence
11% of women who reported to never
having been hit said they were
unhappy, compared to 29% who had
been hit
MF violence also significantly
correlated with following impact on
women: mental distress, sexual
dissatisfaction, unwanted sexual
behavior, and recent genitourinary
symptoms.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

FM violence significantly correlated

with sexual dissatisfaction and
unwanted sexual behavior; hard FM
violence correlated with unhappiness,
mental distress, poor health, and recent
genitourinary symptoms

Mak, W.S., Chong, 339 The study included 398 This study utilized the Chinese Results reflect abuse during the length
E.K., & Kwong, M.F. both individuals. The vast Revised Conflict Tactics Scale of the relationship.
(2010). Prevalence of majority of participants to measure intimate partner
same-sex intimate were Chinese (95.9%). violence among same-sex Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
partner violence in Participants were either relationships. The scale 48.1% more than one type of abuse;
Hong Kong. Public homosexual (79.6%) or measures psychological 93.6% sexual coercion;
Health, 124,3, 149- bisexual. Of those, 339 aggression, physical assault, 98.0% physical assault and
152. reported either currently injury and sexual coercion from experiencing psychological abuse;
being in a same-sex the perspectives of victim and 32.7% of isolated psychological abuse;
relationship (79.4%), or perpetrator. The questions 0.6% isolated physical abuse;
within the last two years determined what percentage of 1.2% sexual abuse;
had been in a same-sex participants experience at least 12.7% all three forms of abuse.
relationship (20.6%). one act of any form of abuse
The average age of within the entire length of their Participants also reported abuse they
participants was 26.2 relationship. inflicted on another, as follows: 47.2%
years, and 64.3% were more than one type of abuse; 94.2%
female. sexual coercion;
97.1% physical assault combined with
psychological abuse;
38.4% of perpetrators reported isolated
psychological abuse;
0.9% physical abuse;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

0.9% sexual abuse.

12.1% reported inflicting all three.
Study outcome indicated same-sex IPV
in Hong Kong is comparative to
Western countries.

The outcome results showed that the

rate of abuse within same-sex
relationships was higher than those in
heterosexual relationships.
Hou, J., Li Yu, Siu- 194 Married couples from the Participants were recruited by Demographics:
Man Raymond Ting, couples community in Beijing, the Judicial Office personnel 172 first marriages
Yee Tak Sze, & China. who distributed questionnaires 50 without children
Xiaoyi Fang (2011). in different neighborhoods, and 119 with one child
The status and Wives were aged 20-59 by students at a family therapy Age range (wives): 20-59
characteristics of years (mean age = 36.6 course at the Beijing Normal Age range (husbands) 21-59
couple violence in years). University. 32.2% of husbands and 8.2% of wives
China. Journal of had advanced degree.
Family Violence, 26: Husbands were aged 21- 3 subscales of the CTS-2 used Respondents above the national
81-92. 59 years (mean age = (physical, psychological and average in income.
38.3).Community sample sexual abuse)
It was a combination of a Physical violence perpetration:
community sample Couples asked about 29.4% of wives, 24.6 % of husbands
(couples recruited from perpetration and victimization Physical violence victimization:
different in past 4 months 22.0% of wives, 25.8% of husbands
neighbourhoods) and a
selected sample (couples Administered to couples in Psychological abuse perpetration:
selected at a family various parts of Beijing by 44.4% of wives, 42.2% of husbands
therapy course) neighborhood committees Psychological abuse victimization:
(n=84)and by students at 41.6% of wives, 45.4% of husbands
Beijing Normal University

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

(n=110) Sexual violence perpetration:

15.0% of wives, 20.9% of husbands
Sexual violence victimization:
23.0% of wives, 14.4% of husbands

31.8% of couples both violent; 11.7%

wife only violent; 10.6% husband only
violent
Yanqiu, G., Yan, W., 1,771 Married women aged 64 Cross-sectional study. Face-to- Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
& Lin, A. (2011). women or younger (Mean age = face interviews. The study
Suicidal Ideation and 42.1 years) from the derived from a follow-up study Physical IPV: Lifetime 34%-Past year
the Prevalence of community in Ningxia assessing the effect of a 8%
Intimate Partner Hui Autonomous Region, community-based intervention Psychological IPV: Lifetime 68%-Past
Violence Against Western China. program aimed at reducing IPV year 32%
Women in Rural Participating women took and suicide. The study collected Sexual coercion: Lifetime 4%-Past
Western China. part in a community- data until an estimated quota year-None
Violence Against based intervention aimed was met.
Women, 17(10), at IPV and women’s Examined the prevalence and Physical abuse victims were at more
1299-1312. suicidal ideation (a likelihood of physical, than four times greater risk of having
common correlate in that psychological, and sexual IPV; suicidal ideation than those who had
region of China where and suicidal ideation amongst not suffered physical assault
women attempt suicide victims of IPV
impulsively with IPV (physical ,psychological,
poisonous pesticides kept and sexual) was examined with
at home after an episode the CTS2
of physical assault by
their partner. Eligible
women had to have been
living in their current
village for at least 6
months. Selected sample

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Chan, Ko Ling 1,870 Adult couples aged 16 or Subsample of 2004 Hong Kong Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
(2012). Gender couples older from the representative household Lifetime Perpetration:
symmetry in the self- community living in survey. Survey on PV Physical abuse: 9.4% male, 10.5%
reporting of intimate Hong Kong that were perpetration and demographics female (severe: 3.4% male, 3.5%
partner violence. married or cohabiting. administered in Cantonese, female)
Journal of The sample used in this Mandarin and English. Psychological abuse/control: 53.9%
Interpersonal study was a subset of a Measures used: Revised CTS-2; male, 54.4% female (severe 18.3%
Violence, 27 (2), 263- representative household Personal and Relationship male, 19.7% female)
286. survey in Hong Kong Profile (risk factors); Sexual abuse: 7.8% male, 5.9% female)
carried out in 2004. Acquisitive Face Orientation
Scale (measures need for saving No significant differences across
face) gender for all PV perpetration
categories lifetime or preceding year,
except severe psychological aggression
(higher by females) and sexual abuse
(higher by males)

Injuries caused: 3.3% and female

(1.5% severe injury male and female)

Factors in Agreement/Disagreement
Violence approval, need to save face
and negative attribution all correlated
with disagreement in PV reporting
between man and wife. Social
desirability negatively correlated with
disagreement
976 Male and female students Cross sectional, correlational Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Chiung-Tao Shen, A., both (49% boys) at 42 middle study. 27.3% reported perpetration of any
Yu-Lung Chiu, M., & and high schools in dating violence (including physical,
Gao, J. (2012. Taiwan, Hong Kong and Examined perpetration and sexual abuse, controlling behaviors);

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Predictors of dating Shanghai, China. victimization. Measures used: 39% reported dating violence
violence among Mean age =15.9 years Dating Violence Scale: 9 victimization;
Chinese adolescents: physical violence items, 2 46.7% were in bilaterally-violent
the role of gender- sexual violence, 4 controlling relationships
role beliefs and behaviors/stalking items.
justification of Attitudes Toward Women Gender comparison:
violence. Journal of Scale.
Interpersonal Attitudes Justifying Dating Boys reported higher rates of sexual
Violence (27 (6), Violence Scale violence perpetration, and physical
1066-1089. Chinese Hostility Inventory violence victimization, compared to
girls

No gender differences in prevalence of

physical violence perpetration,
controlling behaviors and sexual
violence victimization

Both male and female participants

more accepting of partner violence by
girls than by boys

Boys’ attitudes justifying their violence

was the most significant predictor of
physical violence perpetration
East Timor
Hynes, M., Ward, J., 256 Women in East Timor Non-representative sample Prevalence Rates
Robertson, K., & women age 18-49 in partnership drawn from districts of Dili and 52.7% reported PV in one or both
Crouse, C. (2004). A with a man Alieu selected by International sample periods; of these, 41.5%
determination of the 55.9% in 25-39 year Rescue Committee, which reported physical injuries, and of these
prevalence of gender- range provided services to the 30.4% sought medical treatment
based violence 95.8% ethnic Timorese population following the war. 67.3% and 62.7% reported being

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

among conflict- and Catholic Survey administered by all insulted (pre and post war);34.4% and
affected populations 53.8% able to read and female team, used items from 30.5% reported any verbal abuse;
in East Timor. write easily; 51% WHO Demographic and Health 40.4% and 43.1% report being slapped
Disasters, 28 (3), unemployed Survey and examined women’s or having arm twisted.
294-321. 36% provided main experiences of physical and 40% of the women who had been
source of family income sexual violence victimization, abused reported that partner had
including PV, for previous 12- demanded sex after perpetrating abuse
month period prior to the war Sexual coercion 16.4% and 15.7%
(1998) and after (2002) PV
defined as: Risk Factors
Physical: pull hair, slap, twist Women who married younger 3 times
arm, hit with fist or something as likely to report being intimidated
else, push down, kick and choke and controlled; and women who
Intimidation/control: forbid to reported having been violent
see friends or family, keep themselves to their husbands were also
away from medical care or 3 times more likely to be controlled
refused money for food Rural women twice as likely to
Verbal: insult or swear, threaten experience verbal abuse
to hurt, threaten with weapons Illiterate women 3 times at risk for
Sexual abuse: threat of physical sexual abuse victimization; women
harm or force to obtain sex, who themselves were abusive to
forcing one to have sex with partner 4 times as likely to be sexually
other people abuse
Correlation between childhood physical
abuse by parent and physical and
verbal PV and control in current
marriage
India:
Kishor, S., & 90,303 Ever-married women age Data from DHS conducted in Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Johnson, K. (2004). women from the community 15- India nationally 1998-2000 by
Profiling domestic 49 in India. Since the International Institute for Physical victimization: 18.9% lifetime,

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

violence: A multi- DHS had slight Population Sciences. One 10.3% past year (of the latter, 14.4%
country study. variations in variables it randomly-selected ever-married were assaulted 5 or more times)
Calverton, Maryland, assessed there were some (or non-married in some
USA: ORC Macro differences in the countries) woman per
inclusion criteria for the household aged 15-49 was
administration of the interviewed. Respondents asked
domestic violence about demographic
module from country to characteristics, PV
country. victimization (single question
on whether they had ever been
beaten)
Varma, D., Chandraa, 203 Over a 2 month period, This study used a structured Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence:
P.S., Thomasa, T., & women 203 pregnant patients at questionnaire administered to 14% physical violence (all of which
Careyb, M.P. (2007). an urban obstetric center the participants a private also reported psychological violence);
Intimate partner of an outpatient clinic cubicle. Questions asked about 15% psychological violence.
violence and sexual were who met the study demographics, history of
coercion among criteria were recruited for domestic violence and history Ongoing violence during pregnancy:
pregnant women in this study. Participants of depression and anxiety. 50% of those that reported abuse
India: Relationship were married women Depression and anxiety scales outside of pregnancy.
with depression and between the ages of 16 to were collected through In 9% of the women, sexual violence
post-traumatic stress 34 years with the average standardized self-rating. The through force or coercion was reported
disorder. Special age 23 years. The purpose of the study was to during pregnancy.
issue: Depression and women could speak determine the relationship Religious significance:
anxiety in women English or Kannada. between intimate partner Hindu families represented 19% of
across cultures. They could not have a violence victimization and those reporting abuse;
Journal of Affective past history of severe mental health, including Other religions were 8%.
Disorders, 102, 1-3, mental illness were depression and PTSD, and life
227-235. excluded. The religious satisfaction. Risk factors:
breakdown was 55% Perpetrator’s alcohol use was present in
Hindu, 39% Muslim, and 82%
6% Christian. Education

16
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

levels were: (76%) either Those with a history of abuse or sexual

primary or high school coercion were more likely to suffer
education; 13% no with depression, somatic, and PTSD
formal schooling; and symptoms. Any form of violence
10% had attended reduced life satisfaction.
college. Most women
lived in the urban areas
(77%); 89%, were
homemakers; 50% lived
in joint families; 47%
lived in nuclear families.
Santhya, K.G., 1,664 Study setting was rural This study was both Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Haberland, N., Ram, women where in the two states. quantitative and qualitative, Within Marriage
F., Sinha, R.K., & In those two states the using a survey and in-depth Nearly four out of five women reported
Mohanty, S.K. illiteracy rate of girls interviews. The survey portion telling their husbands they did not want
(2007). Consent and between 15 and 19 years measured, “transition to to have sex (80.3% at least 18 years
coercion: Examining of age are 23 and 25%. It marriage; work experience; old).
unwanted sex among was conducted in 49 access to and control over 44% experienced sex against their will.
married young villages totally a resources; mobility; social 12% experienced repeated unwanted
women in India. population of approx. connections; spousal sex experiences;
International Family 88,000. It included young communication and support; 32% reported occasional unwanted
Planning women who were experience of physical abuse sexual experiences;
Perspectives, 33(3), married within the prior 2 and unwanted sex; and Newly married women without
124-132. years, were pregnant with reproductive health knowledge children were less likely to verbalize
their first child, or who and practices.” The their desire not to have sex (60.9% 19
had given birth within the questionnaires were years old and below).
prior 18 months. From a administered at the respondent’s
household listing 2,862 homes and in private. Unwanted Risk Factors:
women were identified sex was the focus of the These women had less education;
and 2,115 were subsample, which made up 79% Likely to live with extended families,
interviewed. Less than of the full sample, leaving 1,664 Were Hindu;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

1% of the women participants who told their Lower socioeconomic living

identified refused, and husbands no, but there were environment.
25% were not available another 442 women who did not
due to the culture of want sex, but did not vocalize Self definitions:
frequent relocation that to their husbands. In-depth One woman reported that “rarely” did
during early marriage interviews were conducted with her husband force sex on her,
days. 69 women from the survey to elaborating to her that meant 4 to 5
gain further insight. times a month;
Another woman described that same
number as “often.”

The western term of “physical and

emotional abuse” is referred to here as
“physical and emotional harassment.”
Of women who expressed their desire
not to have sex, 36% were also
physically and emotionally “harassed.”
Kamat, U., Ferreira, 345 Married women aged 18- Random sample of married Prevalence Rates
AMA, Motghare, women 49 years selected by women in the Caranzalem ward 26.6% of respondents reported physical
D.D., Kamat, N., & systematic random of Tiswadi taluka in the state of victimization for previous 3-month
Pinto, NR. (2010). A sampling based on the Goa, India. Face-to-face period
cross-sectional study latest voter’s list at the interviews by female
of physical spousal moment of the study to interviewers. Semi structured Risk Factors
violence against obtain a minimum of 345 questionnaire asked about PV victimization correlated
women in Goa. married women. sociodemographic information significantly with woman’s
Healthline, 1 (1), 34- Community sample and PV (according to WHO employment; but women with higher
40. guidelines) for the previous 3 incomes than husband at lesser risk for
month period. PV
Higher education associated with lesser
risk
Primary triggers for husband’s

18
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

violence: woman objected to his

alcohol use, husband
jealous/suspicious, or dowry related
Raj, A., Saggurti, N., 10,514 Married women aged 20- Subset of the cross-sectional Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Lawrence, D., women 24 years in the multi-stage 2006 Indian Physical IPV: Lifetime = 32% / 12-
Balaiah, D., & community. The sample national Family Health Survey. month = 23.8%
Silverman, J., G. reported in this study is a It assessed lifetime and 12- Severe physical IPV: Lifetime = 11.9%
(2010). Association subset of the 2005/2006 month physical IPV / 12-month = 8.9%
between adolescent Indian Family Health victimization via 7 items Sexual IPV: Lifetime = 10.3% / 12-
marriage and marital Participants included in 8minor and severe), and sexual month = 8.7%
violence among this analysis were IPV victimization via 2 items. Overall IPV (physical and sexual):
young adult women restricted to that Lifetime = 34.9% / 12-month = 27%
in India. International particular age range
Journal of because it was Women who were married as
Gynecology and representative of more adolescents remain at increased risk of
Obstetrics, 110, 35- recent adolescent IPV into young adulthood.
39. marriage practices
Gaikwad, V., 257 Women of reproductive Cross sectional study, using Prevalence Rates
Madhukumar, S., & women age (15-49) interviewed random sample of women in 29.5% reported any PV victimization
Sudeepa D (2011). for current and rural Bangalore, India – Physical victimization: 31.58%
An epidemiological experience of domestic Kolathur and Parvathipura Verbal abuse: 81.58%
study of domestic violence within 12- villages Sexual abuse: 10.53%
violence against months, and were
women and its screened foe sexually Administered questionnaire on Risk Factors
association with transmitted infections physical, psychological and PV victimization associated with
sexually transmitted using WHO guidelines. sexual PV for past 12 month younger age, less education, being a
infections in The sample size (n = period. housewife compared to working,
Bangalore Rural. 257) was pre-determined married at a young age.
Online Journal of by a formula used for High significant correlation between
Health and Allied sample calculation in PV victimization and husband’s
Sciences, 10 (3). cross-sectional studies. alcohol use

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

PV victims also likely to report

sexually transmitted diseases
Mahapatro, M., 28,615 The study took place in 6 This was an analytical cross Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Partner
Gupta, R.N., Gupta, women zones of India, totaling sectional study. Semi-structured Violence
V., & Kundu, A.S. 18 states. The sample questionnaires, focus group 63% of the female participants reported
(2011). Domestic included 14,507 currently discussions, and case studies psychological violence victimization;
violence during married women between were used to collect data. The 26% reported physical violence;
pregnancy in India. the ages of 15 and 35, semi-structured questionnaires 22% reported sexual violence during
Journal of and 14,108 married men focused on, “socioeconomic their last pregnancies.
Interpersonal below the age of 50. variable, empowerment
Violence, 26(15), indicators, violence experience, Geographic Risk Factors:
2973-2990. treatment, and support received Women in poorer northern regions
by the battered women and faced 50% sexual violence.
coping strategy.” Because of the In the southern area 43% of the women
male dominated society in reported physical violence.
India, more open-ended cultural Psychological violence was reported an
structure was necessary to alarming 90% by the women in the
obtain open discussion. central, northeast and northern zones.
In the Northeast zone 62% of women
reported domestic violence during
pregnancy.

Findings show that women who report

domestic violence are less likely to
receive antenatal care. There is also a
strong correlation between the demand
for a male child and domestic abuse
across the zones.
Chokkanathan, S. 3,446 Women in Tamil Nadu Data obtained from survey of 12-month Rates of Violence
(2012). Wife abuse women region of India, ages 15- women’s reproductive health. 25.8% of respondents reported any
in Tamil Nadu. 49, currently or Sample in urban areas first physical IPV abuse in past year (similar

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Journal of Family previously married. drawn from wards (large areas between urban and rural areas)
Violence, 27, 275- Mean age: 32.49 of housing units), then from 12% reported emotional abuse.
285. 77.2% had some census block, then households. Risk Factors
schooling; 56.2% not In rural areas, sample began Having witnessed father hit mother
working outside home with selection of villages, then (ontogenetic factor) significantly
and same number had household using random correlated with partner violence
low socioeconomic sampling. victimization.
status. Partner violence measured by Micro factors (husband’s alcohol use,
adapted version of CTS. emotional abuse, family size)
Intergenerational violence accounted for 24% of the variance in
measured according to having violence for urban areas, and 25% for
witnessed father on mother rural areas.
violence. Violence positively correlated with
Respondents also asked about husband’s primary and secondary
their level of financial education (exo level)
independence, education and Patriarchal beliefs accounted for 5%
extent of patriarchal ideology and 3% of the variance in violence for
urban and rural samples, respectively
Findings analyzed according to
ecological model of risk factors:
ontogenetic/individual, micro
(relationship),exo (immediate
social structures and
neighborhood), and
macro(society)
Japan:
Yoshihama, M., 1,371 An official resident roster Although this study was Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Partner
Horrocks, J., & women was used to collect a originally set up as a qualitative Violence
Kamano, S. (2009). random sample from interview study, due to the 15.1% physical or sexual violence
The role of emotional Yokohama of women small housing quarters it was victimization; 12.6% physical violence;
abuse in intimate between the ages of 18 converted to a self-reporting 6.4% sexual violence;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

partner violence and and 49, the mean age of questionnaire to protect the 43.9% emotional abuse;
health among women respondents was 35.2 privacy of the respondents. The 27.8% being insulted
in Yokohama, Japan. years. Education questionnaire for the Core 16.8% being threatening or
American Journal of averaged 13.7% year of Questionnaire version 9.9 intimidating.
Public Health, 99(4), school, with 63.1% with developed by the WHO
647-653. some postsecondary Violence Against Women Study Those who experience physical or
education. Married Core Research Team. Letters sexual abuse also experienced
respondents represented were sent out to women on the emotional abuse (89.3%).
70.7% and 64.4% had 1 roster stating this was a
or more children. women’s health and life Being slapped or objects thrown, being
experiences study in order to pushed, or forced sexual intercourse
not put women in danger if it were the most common forms of
was discovered she was physical or sexual abuse.
reporting on violence in the
home. Then a trained
interviewer went to the
residence of the respondents to
administer the questionnaire.
Yoshihama, M., & 1,371 Women aged 18-49 Stratified survey. Cluster Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Partner
Horrocks, J. (2010). women living in the city of sampling, face-to-face Violence
Risk of intimate Yokohama. Mean age: interview. The study was part of Physical IPV: 17.7%
partner violence: 35.46 years the World Health Organization Sexual IPV: 8.5%
Role of childhood Multi-country Study of
sexual abuse and Women’s Health and Domestic Childhood sexual abuse by known
sexual initiation in Violence. By means of the perpetrators, exposure to IPV against
women in Japan. WHO standardized Core the mother, and early sexual initiation,
Children and Youth Questionnaire Version 9.9 independently contributed to an
Services Review, 32, lifetime physical (6 items: 2 elevated probability of experiencing
28-37 items for minor IPV and 4 for IPV in adulthood. In addition, risk of
severe IPV) and sexual 3 items) sexual IPV does
IPV victimization was assessed. not change significantly after marriage

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
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Mayumi Ohnishi, 148 The study sample This is a cross-sectional self- Sample Demographics
Rieko Nakao, Satomi women included freshmen administered questionnaire Students were between 18 and 20 years
Shibayama, Yumi students recruited from study. Information gathered old;
Matsuyama, Kazuyo 126 non-medical health were demographic 126 males and 148 females;
Oishi, & Harumi men faculties. Some attended characteristics, experience of 63.5 of males and females were
Miyahara (2011). a lecture on domestic and harassment toward a currently in a relationship.
Knowledge, dating violence and/or boy/girlfriend, receiving
experience, and attended the same type of harassment, actions after Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
potential risks of lecture during high receiving harassment, Approximately half of the respondents
dating violence school. termination of relationship, had either harassed or been harassed by
among Japanese recognizing dating violence. an intimate partner.
university students: a Knowledge was measured by
cross-sectional study. responding to dating violence More than half did not recognize verbal
BMC Public Health, scenarios. Questions were harassment, control, or unprotected sex
11:339. based on a booklet titled, “Do as violence.
you know about dating
violence?” published by DV
Prevention Nagasaki. In this
study, harassment is the term
used to describe coercive
behavior physical,
psychological, sexual dating
violence. Severe physical IPV
victimisation was assessed via 1
item, and severe physical IPV
perpetration was assessed via 1
item.
Nepal:
Adhikari, R., & 1,536 Married women between Cross sectional survey on Lifetime Sexual Victimization Rates
Tamang, J. (2010). women age 15-49, of Domestic Violence in Nepal, Forced intercourse reported by 58% of
Sexual coercion of reproductive age from using two-staged stratified the women; 45% had unwanted

23
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

married women in Nepal’s 75 districts random sample of 4 out of 75 intercourse because they were afraid of
Nepal. BMC representing the Eastern nationwide districts. Face-to- husband; and 3% said they had to do
Women’s Health, and Western, and far face interviews. Only one something sexually degrading
10:31. Western regions of woman per household was
Nepal. Community interviewed. Whenever there Risk Factors
sample. were more than one woman Sexual victimization correlated with
participants were randomly woman’s illiteracy, earning an income,
selected. Interviews were making own health care decisions or
conducted in a private space in-laws’ decision, husband agricultural
without the presence of a third or blue collar worker, husband’s low
party. education and alcohol use, high
patriarchal control by husband and
Structured questionnaire asked woman’s perception of having low
about sociodemographic relationship power
information and sexual coercion
Sexual coercion defined as
having been forced to have
sexual intercourse when
respondent did not want to,
have sexual intercourse out of
fear of what husband might do,
and forced to do something
sexual that respondent found
degrading
Lamichhane, P., Puri, 1,296 Married women aged 15- Two-stage cross-sectional Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
M., Tamang, & women 24 in four districts survey. Face-to-face interviews. Lifetime physical IPV: 25.3% / 12-
Dulal, B. (2011). Dolkha, Lifetime and 12-month IPV month: 17.4%
Women’s Status and Sindhupalchowk,Dang victimisation was assessed via Lifetime sexual IPV: 46.2% / 12-
Violence against and Kapilvastu, of Nepal 10 items. Physical IPV was month: 31.3%
Young Married examined by 6 items, and Overall lifetime IPV: 51.9% ( 12-
Women in Rural sexual IPV (coercion) was month: 35.8%

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Nepal. BMC assessed via 4 items Risk Factors

Women’s Health, 11: It is concluded that no or little inter-
19 spousal communication and low
autonomy of women significantly
increases the odds of experiencing
violence among married women in
rural Nepal
Oshiro, A., Poudyal, 906 Ever-married Women Multi-stage (cluster) Lifetime IPV:
A. K., Poudel, K. C., women aged 15-49 years. community-based cross- General population = 19.9%
Jimba, M., & 680 were from the sectional study randomly Urban poor population = 33.8%
Hokama, T. (2011). general population, and selected. It assessed lifetime Total (both samples) = 23.3%
Intimate Partner 225 women from urban physical IP victimisation via 6
Violence Among poor population. items (World Health Several factors were significantly
General and Urban Mean age general Organisation questionnaire) associated with physical IPV in both
Poor Populations in population: 31 years. populations: the frequency of the
Kathmandu, Nepal. Mean age urban poor husband’s drinking, polygyny, and
Journal of population: 29 years lower household economic status.
Interpersonal However the husband’s lower
Violence, 26(10), educational level and early marriage
2073-2092. compared to the general population, the
urban poor population showed a
significantly higher prevalence of
physical IPV and differences in the
associated risk factors
Papua new Guinea:
Lewis, I., Maruia, B., 415 The sample came from This is a mixed approach study Sample Demographics
& Walker, S. (2008). women the regions NCD, combining quantitative and Most women participating were
Violence against Western Highlands, qualitative methods. The between 20 – 30 years old (although
women in Papua New Western Province and quantitative portion is used to women often had to estimate their
Guinea. Journal of Morobe. It included 415 measure intimate partner ages).
Family Studies, 14: women attending 17 violence and HIV and STI 88.6% were married, had a partner or

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

183-197. antenatal and Voluntary status. Interviewers were was currently separated.
Counseling and Testing provided 37 qualitative and Education results showed that 58.7%
clinics. Sample ages quantitative questions to ask had no more than a 6th grade education,
were between 15 and 60 participants about violence, and 14.2 had no education at all. Only
years. sexual practices, and HIV. They 5.9% had beyond a 11th grade
were then given an HIV test. education.
The interview process was Employed participants consisted of
necessary due to the high 17.8%.
illiteracy rates.
Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Partner
Violence
58% physical violence (including
beatings and weapons used, such as
coffee sticks, knives, bush knives and
hot water);
44.5% sexual abuse (52.2% stated they
could not say no), with a strong
association between sexual assault and
HIV;
58% emotional abuse;
38% social isolation and control; 47%
financial abuse.
Philippines:
Ansara, D.L., & 1,861 Data obtained from the Respondents administered Past year
Hindin, M.J. (2009). women 2002 Cebu Longitudinal modified Conflict Tactics Scale, Physical aggression perpetration: 9.9%
Perpetration of Health and Nutrition subjects interviewed by in woman only; 5.9% man only; 10.3%
intimate partner Survey, a community private by women interviewers both partners
aggression by men cohort of women and
and women in the their children in and Sexual coercion by husband Frequent psychological aggression
Philippines. Journal around Cebu, measured by how often wives perpetration: 9.8% woman only; 4.2%
of Interpersonal Philippines. Mostly reported “ever have sex with man only; 18.0% both partners

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Violence, 24(9). urban, but also rural their husband when they did not
sample. All respondents want to because they were Argument that led to most recent
married or cohabited afraid of what he might do” episode of violence initiated by man
with partner. 56.5% of the time, and by woman
Most women in their Psychological aggression 43.5% of the time
mid-40s, wage earners. measured by verbal and Partner’s alcohol use most commonly
symbolic aggression (breaking cited reason for both female and male
things) and threat items on CTS perpetrated violence; jealousy also
“Frequent” psychological common. Partner nagging cited as
aggression: average once or reason for men’s violence
more per month
During entire relationship
9.2% of men used or threatened to use
a weapon on partner
22.0% of men sexually coerced
7.3 % of women and 3.4% of men
required medical attention for injuries

Fehringer, J., & 472 Married or cohabitating Data from Cebu Longitudinal PV Prevalence
Hindin, M. (2009). couples young pregnant women Health and Nutrition Survey, a Significantly higher rates of PV
Like parent, like in Cebu province, longitudinal study, at one of the perpetration reported by women:
child: Philippines and their follow-ups. (55.8% versus 25.1%)
Intergenerational male partners. PV perpetration and Victimization rates more similar
transmission of Average age: 21 victimization measured with (30.5% male, 27.7% female)
partner violence in adapted version of CTS, for
Cebu, the Philippines. previous 12-month period 45% of the women and 50% of the men
Journal of Adolescent Questionnaire also inquired reported having witnessed violence
Health, 44, 363-371. about maternal and household between their parents
characteristics, individual
characteristics and family of Risk Factors
origin violence Higher PV perpetration correlated with

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

rural residence, being with partner 25-

36 months
PV victimization correlated with
witnessing mother to father PV as a
child and low joint decision making by
the parents
South Korea:
Kim, J., & Emery, C. 1,523 Married and cohabiting Stratified national Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
(2003). Marital men men in South Korea, age representative sample survey.
power, conflict, norm 20 years and older. Regions selected from 1995 Any male to female (MF) violence past
consensus, and Community sample. census data. Respondents year: 27.8%
marital violence in a Sample size was pre- contacted by telephone. Any female to male (FM) violence past
nationally determined by a formula Survey asked about partner year: 15.8%
representative sample that needed about 1500 violence in past year, conflict
of Korean couples. participants. and relationship power. Highest levels of marital conflict and
Journal of CTS used to measure partner violence (both MF and FM) in male-
Interpersonal violence. Relationship power dominated households
Violence, 18 (2), 197- measured according to which Highest degree of consensus among
219. partner has the final say in equalitarian relationships, lowest
making major decisions. among female-dominant ones
Conflict measured according to
extent of agreement on control
of the money, cleaning and
cooking, and problems with the
children.
Kim, B., & 315 Ninety-three female This is a study comparison Education
Titterington, V.B. women inmates (in the fall of using two previous studies -
(2009). Domestic 2004) incarcerated for women incarcerated for Incarcerated women: 54.3% did not
violence and South murdering their spouses murdering their intimate graduate high school; 31.2% were high
Korean and being held in Cheng- partners and women living in school graduates; 14% had some
women: The cultural Ju Women’s Correctional shelters that have been abused -

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

context Institution and were with a current study of women college.

and alternative available for participation in general.
experiences. Violence in the study. before Sheltered women: 30.2% did not
and Victims, 25(6). being incarcerated. Ages A questionnaire was used to graduate high school; 46.5% were high
24-46 yrs. study socio-demographic and school graduates; 23.2% had some
background characteristics for college.
Community sample of all groups of women. Self-
179 women attending reporting was used for Community sampling: 100% graduated
one of five Korean gathering information on high school; 100% were in college.
universities during the economic class for the
Economic Status
spring and fall semesters incarcerated women and the
of 2007 and participating community sampling; the self- Incarcerated women: 53.2% middle
in childhood teacher report on economic class was class; 28.7% lower class; 18.1% upper
training at the third level not available for the sheltered class.
of certification. This women.
sampling included Sheltered women: 39.5% were
women in registered Jung and Kim’s 1996 Conjugal employed; 53.5% lower class.
marriages or common Psychological and Physical
law marriages, Abuse Scale, Straus’s 1979 Community sampling: 30.2% were
cohabiting, separated or Conflict Tactics Scale, and employed; 70.4% middle class; 21.8%
divorced. Included a Hudson and Mcintosh’s 1981 lower class; 7.8% upper class.
wide range of ages but Index of Spouse Abuse were
each used to measure abuse in Marital Status
whose mean age was
35.74 years. this study. Sheltered women: 93% legally married;
Patriarchal attitudes and risk- 7% common law.
Demographics
75.5% were legally taking preferences, social Summaries
married structure influences, levels of
13.8% were in common education and employment are Group reporting most severe abuse
law marriages compared within the three history came from the sheltered
4.3% were divorced or groups of women. women; next were the incarcerated

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

widowed women. Similar patriarchal attitudes

2.1% were separated were displayed by the sheltered and
incarcerated groups and were stronger
43 women residing in 3 than the community sampling.
shelters during 2004
The sheltered group was the strongest
risk takers. The community group
followed and then the incarcerated
group.
Incarcerated and sheltered women had
significantly higher abuse scores than
the community sampling. Less serious
histories of abuse were reported by
women with higher levels of education.
Significantly stronger views of
patriarchal attitudes came from the
incarcerated and sheltered groups. Both
age and education are related to
patriarchal attitudes.
Sheltered women are greater risk-takers
than either the incarcerated women or
the community sampling, which
showed no difference.
More severe abuse histories were
reported by those without a high school
diploma.

Kim, J., Park, S., & 1,079 South Korean women Data from a study on the effects Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence

30
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Emery, C. (2009). women age 20 and over, of violence against women Annual rate of husband to wife in past
The incidence and currently married. sponsored by Ministry of year:
impact of family Average age = 42.39. Health and Welfare in South 26.4% verbal
violence on mental 27.7% had completed Korean. National sample of 29.5% physical
health among South equivalent of middle 1,500 married women identified 3.7% sexual
Korean women: school or less; 48.1% from urban and rural areas; final 6.7% of respondents experienced
Results of a national high school graduates, sample was of 1,079 women severe violence (e.g., punched, beat up)
survey. Journal of 24.2% had higher level currently living with husbands.
Family Violence, 24, of education Risk Factors
193-202/ Respondents interviewed by Women who reported verbal abuse
phone by college students about were three times more likely to also
violence from husbands and have experienced physical abuse, ad
husband in family of origin. ten times more likely to have
Verbal abuse defined as “my experienced sexual abuse; having been
husband insulted me.” Physical physically abused puts woman at 3
violence measured by 8 items times the risk of sexual abuse.
from the Conflict Tactics Scale. Having experienced verbal child and
Sexual violence defined as “I physical abuse associated with a 1.6
had sex forcefully against my and 1.5 times higher rate of physical
will.” violence from husbands.

Respondents also asked about Impact of Abuse

mental health symptoms; Having experienced verbal or physical
depression measured by Korean aggression by husband (but not sexual
version of Beck Inventory aggression) significantly correlated
with depression, stress, poor self-
esteem and aggressive tendencies
Sri Lanka:
Jayasuriya, V., 728 The sample population The WHO women’s health and Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Wijewardena, K., & women was picked from a mostly life events questionnaire was The responses were to apply within the
Axemo, P. (2011). Sinhalese and Buddhist translated to fit he population previous 12 months.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Intimate partner community, although (Garcia-Moreno, Heise, &

violence against other religious groups Ellsberg, 2001). Data was Physical violence 251(n), 34.4%;
women in the capital were also represented. collected in the participants’ Controlling behaviors 218(n), 30.1%;
province of Sri Included in the study homes or a primary health Emotionally abusive 140(n), 19.3%;
Lanka: Prevalence, were ever-married clinic. Questions also included Sexual violence 37(n), 5%.
risk factors, and help women, including atypical questions such as
seeking. Violence cohabitation, between the nature of marital relationship 57% of physical abuse was reported as
Against Women, ages of 18 and 49. and dowry agreements and being severe;
17(8), 1086-1102. ability to meet those 62% were multiple abuses;
agreements, violence in the 77% were repeated acts over time. 68%
community and her response to of sexual violence were repeat acts.
the violence. The Standard of
Living Index was used to The low level of reported sexual
measure available utilities and violence is suspected to be due to
vehicle ownership. Ten more underreporting.
in-depth interviews were also
conducted to obtain more There was no significance reported
detailed information regarding between ethnic or religious
the violence and perceptions. populations.

Jayatilleke, A., 624 Married women between Community-based cross- PV Prevalence

Poudel, K., Sakisaka, women 15-49 sectional survey in three main Any lifetime abuse reported by 36.2%
K., Yasuoka, J., Median age: 31 years cities in Central Province, Sri of respondents, any in past year
Jayatilleke, A., & 61.5% Sinhalese, 21.1% Lanka. Respondents selected reported by 19.4%.
Jimba, M. (2011). Muslim, 16.7% Tamil from each of the 19 PHM 7.8% reported all three types of abuse
Wives’ attitudes Average length of (Public Health Midwife) health lifetime, and 4.6% for past year
toward gender roles marriage: 23 years care areas.
and their experience Median years of Structured questionnaire asked Risk Factors
of intimate partner education 11 for both about demographic Negative correlations between
violence by husbands wives and husbands characteristics, PV woman’s PV victimization and 11+
in Central Province, victimization for past 12 years of education for wife or husband,

32
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Sri Lanka. Journal of months and lifetime, and 23+ years marriage, and non-
Interpersonal attitudes on gender roles. consumption of alcohol by husband
Violence, 26 (3), 414- Interviews conducted in Positive correlations found for having
432. woman’s home or at one of the more than two children and being
primary health care clinics. married more than 7 years
Physical abuse measured with 6
items; psychological abuse PV victimization also correlated with
measured with 11 items (e.g., wife disagreeing that family problems
intimidation, humiliation, should only be discussed by people in
prevented from seeing her the family
family); sexual abuse measured
with 3 items
Thailand:
Aekplakorn, W., & 580 Married women 15 years Sample from population of Prevalence Rates
Kongsakon, R. women and older. Mean age: 1,164 households in 7 slum 27.2% reported by some type of PV in
(2007). Intimate 42.9 years communities in Bangkok, past year
partner violence Most women had Thailand. 98.7% psychological victimization,
among women in primary school education Women interviewed face to 22.1% physical, 4.4% sexual
slum communities in or higher; 46.1% had face without husbands present. Severity: 53.8% mild abuse (verbal),
Bangkok, Thailand. incomes not adequate for Asked about sociodemographic 12% moderate (higher verbal assaults)
Singapore Medical daily expenses characteristics and PV in past and 34.2% severe (any verbal or
Journal, 48 (8), 763- 12 month period. physical assault most days)
768. Physical abuse items from 1.2% suffered all 3 types of abuse
modified CTS; psychological
abuse defined as intimidation, Risk Factors
belittlement and humiliation; Women 35 years or younger 3 times
sexual abuse defined as forced more likely to be victimized;
intercourse victimization also correlated with low
education and low income

Factors among the couples reported to

33
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

have triggered abuse incidents

primarily bad temper 89.9%) and being
grumpy (83.5%), financial problems
(74.7%) and suspicions of adultery
(28.5%)
Pradubmook-Sherer, 1,296 Random sampling was A questionnaire was tested and Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
P. (2009). Prevalence both used to select participants used. Several instruments were Threatened by partners 49.2% males
and correlates of from out-of-school used to measure individual and 46.7 females;
adolescent dating adolescents, adolescents attributes, including Verbally or emotionally abused 49.2%
violence in Bangkok, attending vocational demographics, self-reported males and 46.7% of females;
Thailand. Journal of schools, and adolescents delinquency behavior, alcohol Experienced relational abuse 65.8%
Sociology & Social attending academic high and drug use, self-esteem (using males and 59% females;
Welfare,36 (1). schools. A stratified the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Been physically abused 41.9% males
clustered random Scale), family relations and and 41.2% females;
sampling process was dynamics, interpersonal Sexually abused 43.2% males and
used. The sample were relationships, and dating 46.7% females.
from 10th and 11th grade violence, relations, partner
classes in each school, characteristics and level of Risk Factors:
582 from nine high commitment (using the Conflict (Rates are listed respectively in order
schools, 613 from ten in Adolescent Dating of out-of-school adolescents,
vocational schools, and Relationships Inventory). vocational school, and high school
101 who were not in students)
school. Participants were Use of alcohol 22%, 13%, 1.8%;
between the ages of 14 Started dating 55 females and 25 males,
and 19 years. 157 females and 167 males, 203
females and 69 males;

Delinquent Behaviors:
42% getting into group fights;
36% intentionally destroying property;
10% arrested in connection with

34
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

criminal activity.

Having Friends Who Commit IPV:

Psychological abuse 58.8%;
Physical and sexual violence against
partners 29% (out-of-school and
vocational students were significantly
higher).
Kerley, K. R., Xu, X., 816 Married women from the Subjects given CTS-2 physical 39.6% reported any physical
Sirisunyaluck, B., & women Wife Abuse in Urban and psychological aggression perpetration, 66.3% psychological
Alley, J. M. (2010). Thailand Project in scales, administered face-to- perpetration,
Exposure to Family Bangkok, Thailand; face in Thai language; asked 62.7% psychologically victimized,
Violence in subjects selected via about perpetration and 34.8% physically victimized
Childhood and multistage probability victimization in past year
Intimate Partner cluster sampling. (dependent variables) Correlation between exposure to both
Perpetration or forms of childhood abuse and
Victimization in Also asked about witnessing perpetration of psychological and
Adulthood: Exploring parental violence in childhood, physical abuse against adult partner;
Intergenerational and experiencing child abuse however, relationship is indirect,
Transmission in (independent variables) mediated by physical and
Urban Thailand. psychological abuse victimization from
Journal of Family partner
Violence, 25(3), 337-
347. Indirect relationship between
experiencing child abuse and
psychological victimization by partner;
however, there is a direct relationships
between witnessing parental violence
and being psychologically victimized
by partner

35
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Direct relationship between witnessing

parental violence in childhood and
being physically victimized by partner

Vietnam:
Dang Vung, N., 883 Married women aged 17- Cross-sectional representative Physical IPV: Lifetime = 30.9% / 12-
Ostergren, P., & women 60 from the community household survey of the Bavi month = 8.3%
Krantz, G. (2008). in Bavi District, Ha Tay District. Used random sampling Psychological IPV: Lifetime = 55.4% /
Intimate partner Province, called of villages in FilaBavi. Face-to- 12-month = 33.7%
violence against FilaBavi, situated in face interview. It assessed Sexual IPV: Lifetime = 6.6% / 12-
women in rural northern rural lifetime and 12-month month = 2.2%
Vietnam - different Vietnam. prevalence of physical,
socio-demographic psychological, sexual, and Overall IPV: Lifetime = 60.6% / 12-
factors are associated overall IPV victimization month = 34.5%
with different forms prevalence via the World
of violence: Need for Health Organization Multi- Woman's low educational level,
new intervention country Study on Women’s husband's low education, low
guidelines? BMC Health and life Experiences household income and the husband
Public Health, 8:55 questionnaire. The Domestic having more than one wife/partner
violence module was based on were risk factors for lifetime and past
several violence scales (e.g. The year physical/sexual violence.
Index of Spouse Abuse, the Husband's low professional status and
CTS). women's intermediate level of
education appeared as risk factors. pure
psychological abuse is different from
physical/sexual violence in terms of
differing characteristics of the
perpetrators. Men's violence against
women in intimate relationships is
commonly occurring in rural Vietnam
Multi-Country:

36
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Straus, M.A. (2008) 2,022 Data from the A consortium of researchers Prevalence of overall assault reported
Dominance and (Asia) International Violence from all major regions of the (past year perpetration) in Asian
symmetry in partner Study regarding dating world took part in this countries is as follows: India: males at
violence by male and violence were collected International Dating Violence 35%, females 31%; Japan: males
female university from a convenience Study. This section summarizes 25%, females 18%; South Korea: males
students in 32 sample of 13,601 the research data for Asian 24%, females 37%; Hong Kong: males
nations. Children and students at 68 countries only. The core 23%, females 43%; China: males 22%,
Youth Services universities in 32 nations. questions are the same in every females 42%; Taiwan: males 18%,
Review The subgroup of those region where the research was females 42%; and Singapore: males
Volume 30(3), 252- reporting more than one conducted. Students who 10%, females 28%.
275. incident of assault participated in the study were Prevalence of severe assault are as
included 4,239 students. follows:
advised of their rights to refuse
In this table segment, the participation and the purpose ofIndia: males 7%, females 14%;
samples were collected the study. Most universities Japan: males 7%, females 10%; South
from Asian countries, had a participation rate of 85% Korea: males 8%, females 19%; Hong
including India (84), to 95%. Kong: males 7%, females 19%; China:
Japan (120), South Korea Dominance was measured by males 9%, females 20%; Taiwan:
(183), Hong Kong (521), items from the Personal and males 16%, females 26%; and
China (763), Taiwan Relationships Profile – e.g., “ISingapore: males 0%, females 7%.
(152) and Singapore generally have the final say Prevalence of any mutual overall
(199), original when my partner and I assault are as follows:
respondents totaled 2,022 disagree,” and “My partner India: 32%; Japan: 21%; South Korea:
student sample needs to remember that I am in 32%; Hong Kong: 37%; China: 35%;
population The average charge.” Taiwan: 36% and Singapore: 23%.
responding gender in this Prevalence of mutual severe physical
region was 66.1% Impression management was violence are as follows: India: 12%;
female. (Percentages are controlled by using The Limited Japan: 8%; South Korea: 15%; Hong
rounded to the nearest Disclosure Scale of the PRP. Kong: 15%; China: 16%; Taiwan: 23%
whole.) Students and Singapore: 5%. T
included in the study Dominance:
either currently were, or Taiwan: 2.23M, 2.28 F

37
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 1: Partner abuse in Asia
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

had been in a relationship China: 2.22 M, 2.15 F

for one month or more. Hong Kong 2.10 M, 2.16 F
India 2.10 M, 2.18 F
Japan 1.90 M, 1.97 F
Singapore 1.96 M, 2.03 F
South Korea 2.17 M, 2.25 F

38
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Table 2. Partner abuse in the Middle East

Studies are organized by year of publication oldest to current. Multiple publications in the same year are alphabetized.
Iran:
Faramarzi, M., 2,400 Women who were Sample of women attending PV Prevalence
Esmailzadeh, S., & women married in past year public obstetrics, gynecology 15.0% reported physical violence,
Mosavi, S. (2005). Mean age: 28.2 years and family planning clinics in 42.4% sexual abuse,
Prevalence and 71.3% seen for family Babol city, Iran (both low and 81.5% psychological abuse/control
determinants of planning, the rest for higher SES areas) (and 9.1%, 36.3% and 82.3% during
intimate partner gynecology and prenatal Women asked about pregnancy)
violence in Babol care visits sociodemographic
City, Islamic characteristics and about Most common physical abuse reported:
Republic of Iran. La physical, psychological and slapping, pushing; most common
Revue de Sante de la sexual PV victimization psychological: shouting insulting
Mediterranee Physical PV items similar to criticizing, preventing woman’s
Orientale, 11 (5/6), those in CTS; sexual abuse employment, claiming ownership of
870-879. defined as any forced sexual wife and showing contempt in public
behavior; psychological abuse
scale consisted of 15 items Risk Factors
ranging from shouting, insulting Significant associations between PV
threats and showing contempt victimization and low income,
in public to various controlling woman’s unemployment, being below
behaviors 20 years of age, low education, not
being pregnant and not being a house
owner
Ghazizadeh, A. 1,000 Married adult women in Cross sectional survey of PV Prevalence
(2005). Domestic women Sanandaj city, Iran. married women in Sanandaj 15% physical PV past year,
violence: A cross- Community sample. city, Iran, selected by 38% lifetime;
sectional study in an multistage cluster random 15% of women exposed to PV in
Iranian city. La sampling procedure. previous year experienced 1-5 episodes
Revue de Sante de la Locally constructed
Mediterranee questionnaire asked subjects Risk Factors

1
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Orientale, 11 (5/6), about demographic information, PV victimization higher among women

880-884. PV victimization in past year who were 30-39 years old and 40+
and lifetime, and attitudes on years old, had been previously married,
PV. Participants were worked as housewives, and whose
interviewed by students of the husbands were piece workers and
Faculty of Medical Sciences of drivers. PV victimization also
Kurdistan University who had correlated with not having a child or
been specifically trained for the having only a girl
Task. The study was conducted
in Iran to determine the Attitudes on PV
prevalence of male-to-female 71.0% of illiterate women and 57.4%
IPV and socioeconomic factors of housewives said remaining silent
that predict it as Iranian women was best way to cope with PV
are subject to many kinds of Women cited economic problems,
violence which is exacerbated patriarchal laws and distrust as the
by specific traditions and laws. main cause of PV
Vakili, M., Nadrian, 702 This was a multistage This was a descriptive cross Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
H., Fathipoor, M. women cluster sampling. The sectional designed study using 82.6% reported psychological violence
Boniadi, F., & study included 702 the Abuse Assessment victimizaton;
Morowatisharifabad, women who had visited Screening tool. Some questions 43.7% reported physical violence;
M.A. (2010). public obstetrics, on sexual violence were left out 30.9% reported sexual violence;
Prevalence and genecology, and family due to the cultural sensitivity to 31.9% reported being afraid of their
determinants of planning services in openly discussing sexual husbands.
intimate partner Kazeroon County, Iran. matters. Although interviews
violence against The sample was women were conducted, the Witnesses of the abuse
women in Kazeroon, who had been married in questionnaire was structured. Children (66.2%);
Islamic Republic of the last year between the The primary reason for some of Husband’s family (27.3%);
Iran. Violence and ages of 15 and 64. The the participants being Woman’s family (5.9%);
Victims, 25(1), 116- results show the sample interviewed was due to Woman’s friends (.5%).
127. was primarily low illiteracy or lower education.
income, lower educated, Some participants were capable Risk Factors

2
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

unemployed women. of completing the questionnaire PV correlated with low income, man’s
41.5% of the women independently. unemployment, rural residence, man
and 47.4% of men had and woman’s low education, man or
less than a high school woman being previously married, man
education; and woman’s weak religious
Women were primarily commitment, and husband’s mental
housewives (81.3%); illness or addiction
A moderate to
substantial religious
commitment was 97.4%
for women and 86.5%
for men.

Ardabily, H., 400 Infertile women at clinic Sample of women who were Prevalence of abuse:
Moghadam, Z., women in Teheran, Iran referred to the Valiasr 61.8% of the women reported PV
Salsali, M., Reproductive Health Research victimization in past 12 months;
Ramezanzadeh, F., & Center, Tehran, Iran. 14% physical,
Nedjat, S. (2011). Women administered 33.8% psychological,
Prevalence and risk sociodemographic questionnaire 8% sexual;
factors for domestic and CTS-2 in Farsi, without (6% received injuries)
violence against their male partners present
infertile women in an Risk factors:
Iranian setting. Significant correlations found between
International Journal husband unemployment and physical
of Gynecology and and psychological abuse; between
Obstetrics, 112, 15- husband without secondary education
17. and physical and sexual abuse; and
between coercive behaviors and all
three types of violence with injuries
Abadi, M., 600 Convenience sample of Data collection assisted by two Rates of Abuse
Ghazinour, M., women 600 mothers, age 15-29 midwives between June, 2009 Verbal: 26.0%

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Nojomi, M., & years, who had recently and November, 2010. Physical: 4.8%
Richter, J. (2012). given birth at a hospital Respondents administered Sexual: 5.5%
The buffering effect in Tehran, Iran. Only questionnaire during a non-
of social support women who had gone stressful time. They were asked Risk Factors and Impact
between domestic full term and who did about sociodemographic Partner abuse victimization correlated
violence and self- not have physical characteristics, given the with increased drug use during
esteem in pregnant diseases prior to Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale pregnancy, husbands not having their
women in Tehran, delivery. and asked about partner abuse own income, and giving birth earlier
Iran. Journal of in their marriage. Verbal abuse than non-abused women; also
Family Violence, 27, defined as “the use of words to correlated with woman smoking during
225-231. cause harm”. Physical abuse pregnancy, younger in age, and having
items based on modified been married for a short time.
version of Conflict Tactics Low self-esteem and dissatisfaction
Scale. Sexual abuse defined as with social support correlated with all
“any unwanted, unreciprocated, three forms of abuse.
and unwelcomed behavior of a Physical violence inversely correlated
sexual nature that is offensive to with husband’s education level; sexual
the person involved, and causes abuse inversely correlated with
that person to feel threatened, mother’s education and having her own
humiliated, or embarrassed.” income
Nouri, R., Nadrian, 770 Multi-cluster sampling Intimate Partner Abuse Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
H., Yari, A., Bakri, women of 770 women ranging Questionnaire (IPAQ) used was Psychological (614) 79.7%;
G., Ansari, B., & from 15-75 yrs. of age developed by the authors which Physical (462) 60%;
Ghazizadeh, A. attending public included: personal characteristic Sexual (254) 32.9%;
(2012). Prevalence obstetrics, gynecology, of respondent, witnesses of Women reporting fear from spouse’s
and determinants of and family planning violence, & experience with rage (554) 71.9%;
intimate partner health services from 14 physical abuse, Violence witnessed most frequently by
violence against centers throughout the psychological/emotional abuse, children 69.2%;
women in Marivan county; all women were & sexual abuse; collection of Witnessed by spouse’s family 11%;
County, Iran. J Fam married and had a data included age, job, Witnessed by woman’s family 1%;
Viol, 27: 391-399. spouse during the education level, number of Witnessed by woman’s friends 1.3%.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

previous year, and gave children, age of woman &

written consent to spouse at time of marriage, Risk Factors
participate in the study number of previous marriages
of woman & spouse, spouse’s Spouse’s unemployment;
smoking, addiction, mental Previous marriage of woman & spouse;
illness status, total monthly Woman’s low education level;
income, existing rival wife in Weak level of religious commitment
the home, religious from woman;
commitment. Statistical Having a rival wife at home;
Package for the social Sciences Spouse’s smoking & addiction.
(SPSS) was used for data entry,
Predictors most common were abuser’s
manipulation, and analysis.
weak religious persuasion, mental
illness, smoking, and drug addictions.

Iraq:
Laftal, Riyadh K., Al- 1100 Random sampling of House to house survey. Prevalence of abuse:
Saffar, Atheer J., Women married and single Questions included general 61.6% had been exposed to violence;
Eissa, Sahar A., & women (no young girls) information about the women 30.7% by their spouses;
Al-Nuaimi, Maha A. 100 from both rural and and their spouses and exposure 11.2% by their brothers;
(2008). men urban areas of Baghdad to violence and items related to 6.2% by their fathers;
Gender-based and Ninava Province, that exposure. No questions 12% by more than one source.
violence: A study of and of differing socio- were raised regarding sexual
Iraqi women. economic strata. abuse. Beliefs behind the reasons for violence
International Social were related as follows: 43.5% due to
Science Journal, 59 Random sampling of For men’s study: life stress;
(192), 309–316. DOI: men ages 17-73 of 18.5% due to psychological stress;
varying occupations and Using a confidential
10.1111/j.1468- 13.9% due to social stress;
educational levels and questionnaire, interviewers
2451.2009.00700.x 12.7% due to financial stress.
locations. asked questions regarding their
opinions about violence against
Frequency of violence to the women:
Demographics: women, whether they used

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

91% of women (1000) violence currently or had done 23.3% on a regular basis (daily and/or
responded to the so prior to the interview and weekly);
questionnaire. Of those their reasons for doing so. 76.7% sometimes or irregularly.
responding:
48% were married; Statistical Package for Social Women’s reaction to violence:
45.2% were single; Scientists version II (SPSS) was 35.9% silence; 26.8% rejection;
3.8% were widowed; used for analyzing data. 15.6% self-defense; 2.9% became
2.4% were divorced. violent; 44.6% sought help from
6.8% were poor; family; 14.9% sought help from
58.5% were of medium friends.
income; 31.1% were of
good income; Women’s opinions regarding violence
3.6% were of very good against them:
income. 44% of the 70% hate/rejected it;
women were financially 21% stated it was uncivilized;
independent. 50%+ stated the solution was to
educate men; 10% stated the problem
needed solved by law;
12.8% said there was no solution.

Men’s study results:

Men’s opinions regarding violence
against women:
50% were strongly against it;
25% were against it;
25% state it was sometimes necessary.

Regarding practiced violence:

61% stated they never did it;
39% admitted to it;
16% said they did so frequently;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

14% said they did so infrequently; 9%

said they had recently adopted the
practice.

Reasons men gave for practicing

violence against women:
59% said disobedience of women; 36%
said due to poverty and unemployment;
5% said due to sexual reasons.
Israel:
Haj-Yahia, M. M., & 832 Arab adolescents in Modified Conflict Tactics Prevalence of abuse:
Dawud-Noursi, S. both central and northern Scale, translated into Arabic, 30% of fathers and 24% of mothers
(1998). Predicting the Israel, ages 16-18; 92% administered to 12th grade ridiculed their partner;
use of different Muslim, 8% Christian. classes, randomly chosen; 76% of fathers and 53% of mothers had
conflict tactics among 26% of their fathers and subjects asked about abuse verbally and/or psychologically abused
Arab siblings in 22% of mothers had perpetrated by family members their partner
Israel: A study based some secondary in the past year
on social learning education; 15% of their 23% of fathers and 5% of mothers
theory. Journal of fathers and 9% of perpetrated moderate physical
Family Violence, mothers had some post- aggression on partner;
13(1), 81-103. secondary education 10% of fathers and 2% of mothers
perpetrated severe physical aggression

Significant correlation between use of

reasoning to resolve conflicts and
lessened rates of partner abuse

The more fathers or mothers abused

their partners, the more likely they
were to also abuse the children
Haj-Yahia, M. M. 362 The population sample Patriarchal ideology was Prevalence of attitudes on abuse:

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

(2003). Beliefs about men included 500 married studied by distributing a survey 58% there is no excuse for a man to
wife beating among men from three Arab to the sample study to examine. beat his wife;
Arab men from local councils, three Beliefs about domestic 28% sometimes it is OK.
Israel: The influence Arab municipalities, and violence. The self-administered
of their patriarchal one mixed Jewish–Arab assessment questionnaire Between 15% and 62% justified on
ideology. Journal of municipality. The measured the following: “1) certain occasions (based on strongly
Family Violence, number who completed Tendency to justify wife agreed or agreed responses that a wife
18(4), 193-206. the self-administered beating; 2) Tendency to blame “deserves to be beaten”):
questionnaire was 362 wives for violence; 3) Tendency
(72.4%). to hold violent husbands 62% an unfaithful wife;
The average age of the responsible;4) Negative 37% a woman who “insults her
respondents was 36.9 attitudes toward women; 5) husband in front of his friends”;
years. The religious Rigid and masculine sex role 29% a woman who, “constantly
make-up of the sample stereotypes; 6) Sexual disobeys her husband”;
were as follows: 82% conservatism; 7) Religiosity; 8)
Muslim; 13% Christian; Patriarchal beliefs, and 9) Family disrespect is also a justification
5% Druze. The average Nonegalitarian marital role for wife beating but as a lesser degree,
family size was 4.94. expectations.” as follows:
43% treats her husband
inappropriately;
39% takes care of her children
inadequately;
22% does not respect his parents or
siblings;
21% lies to her husband;
15% does not respect his relatives.

Age, education level, and patriarchal

ideology were also indicators for
justification of partner violence.
33% Arab men tended to blame the

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

wife for the violence committed against

her
66% also agreed that men who beat
their wives are responsible for their
own behavior.
Most stated that the husband’s behavior
should be understood because of it is
“often caused by pressure at work or
home.”
Eisikovits, Z., 904 National probability Sample from the Israeli Rates of Abuse
Winstok, Z., & both sample of Israelis, National Survey of Family Physical: 13% ever exposed, 6% past
Fishman, G., (2004). mostly women. Violence conducted in year
The first Israeli Men age of women = 200/2001 by Domestic Violence Psychological (past year): 56%
national survey on 43.1 Research Group at the incurred shouting and screaming;
domestic violence. 71.9% of women Jewish University of Haifa, Israel. 20.8% to cursing and humiliation; 10%
Violence Against (rest Muslim, Christian Survey used a stratified experienced threats; and 56% reported
Women, 10 (7), 729- or Druze); 85.5% probability sample, with being controlled
748. married; 38.6% non- dwelling units randomly 25.9% of women not physically abused
religious; average 12.3 selected by socioeconomic in past year reported being controlled,
years of education; 44% characteristics. whereas 55.4% of women who
worked outside home, Inclusion criteria: woman had experienced physically abused reported
and 9.6% reported to be living with male partner controlling behaviors by male partner
family income less than minimum of 1 year within the
$444.00 per month past 5 years; at every fifth Risk Factors
residence, male partner also Compared to non-violent couples,
interviewed, if available. victimized women and their partners
both tended to be younger with a lower
Structured interview level of education, and to suffer from
questionnaire inquired about economic hardship.
physical, psychological and Lowest levels of partner violence
sexual abuse in past year and among the Jewish families, highest

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

before. Psychological abuse among the Muslims.

defined as verbal abuse and Higher percentage of religious men in
various threatening and violent group
controlling behaviors; sexual Lower years of marriage, higher
abuse defined as forced percentage of divorce/separation in
intercourse violent households
Violence by the men excused by a
Respondents also asked about relatively high number of men and
sociodemographic women, especially when woman is
characteristics, conflict topics, abusive or unfaithful
role division at home, social About half of the men and women
support an attitudes about agreed that the man should not be held
violence; and asked about solely responsible for the violence
impact of abuse (physical,
psychological and behavioral)
Sherer, M. (2009). Jewish: Students were selected A self-administered
The nature and 332 from 8 Arab Moslem questionnaire was provided to Prevalence of abuse:
correlates of dating women and 8 Jewish junior and the students to be completed Of those that were dating, 42.3% males
violence among 308 senior high schools, anonymously. Undergraduate and 26.4 females were threatened by
Jewish and Arab men from 9th to 12th grades. students administered the people they were dating;
youths in Israel. Jewish: 640 students questionnaires and offered to 35.3% males and 13.3% females were
Journal of.Family Arab: (308 males and 332 assist the participants if they relationally abused;
Violence, 24:11-26. 434 females). Arab: 717 had difficulty. Three questions 41.4% males and 32.8% females were
women students (283 males and were carefully and repeatedly physically abused;
283 434 females). translated to Hebrew and 46.4% males and 21.7% females were
men Demographics: Arabic. Questions regarding sexually abused;
Jewish average age was demographics, family 88.9% males and 86.7% females were
12.54 for males and dynamics, education verbally abused.
13.84 for females. achievements, alcohol and drug
Male Arab average age use, self-esteem (measured by Risk factors:
was 13.5 and 14.59 for the Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Having violent friends and having a

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

females. Scale), and intimate partner friend who is a victim of violence

A total of 57% violence characteristics influenced all four groups. The more
participating dated. (measured by the Conflict in significant the relationship the higher
Number of dating Adolescent Dating Relationship the likelihood of dating violence within
relationships for Jewish Survey). the Jewish participants, but had no
males averaged 5.09, effect on the Arab students.
Jewish females averaged
5.31; Arab males
averaged 3.86, Arab
females averaged 2.86.
Jordan:
Araji, S. K., & 625 Male and female Questionnaire developed in 17% of males and 16% of females
Carlson, J. (2001). both students at University of English, then translated into reported having been exposed to
Family violence Jordan and Philadelphia Arabic. violence by father on mother
including crimes of University, Jordan. Students asked the extent to
honor in Jordan. Students asked about which they thought the 13% of males and 10% of females
Violence Against current and future lives. following types of family witnessed mother-on-father violence
Women, 7(5), 586- All students single and violence were a problem:
621. 92% Muslim parents physically harming Father on mother violence considered
children; parents using harsh “not much of a problem” by 7.6% of
discipline; husbands physically respondents, and “very much a problem
harming their wives; wives by 70%
physically harming their
husbands; crimes of honor; Mother on father violence considered
emotional abuse by family “not much of a problem” by 10.3%,
members and “very much a problem by 59.6%.
Al-Nsour, M., 356 Sample was selected A structured questionnaire was Prevalence of abuse in past year:
Khawaja, M., & Al- women from nine health centers used to determine prevalence of 87% some form of abuse in last year
Kayyali, G. (2009). run by Ministry of abuse and attitudes towards 47% emotional abuse
Domestic violence Health, and included domestic violence. 20% “wife-beating”
against women in ever-married women Questionnaires were presented 12% neglect

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Jordan: Evidence between the ages of 18 in face to face interviews at the 33% justified beating as discipline
from health clinics. J and 49. 74% married health centers.
Fam Viol, 24:569- before 25 years old Women who justify abuse:
575. 4% were illiterate 35% of those over age 35
42% completed more 33% married younger than age 25
than secondary 36% with less than secondary
education. education
18% were unmarried 32% of those living in urban areas
84% from urban areas 19% of those living in rural areas
64% were unemployed 73% of those not working
60% of those working
Having other wives or not did not have
a significant difference.
Clark, C., Silverman, 523 Women of childbearing This was a combined Prevalence of abuse:
J., Shahrouri, M., women age who attended quantitative and qualitative 38% of the sample reported some form
Everson-Rose, S., & participating programs study. In the qualitative portion of physical and/or sexual violence
Groce, N. (2010). between August and focus groups with 6 participants
The role of the October 2003, were in each were utilized. The 52% physical violence only;
extended family in asked to participate in quantitative portion was a 24% sexual violence only;
women’s risk of this study. The clinic-based survey. Open 24% reported both forms of violence.
intimate partner participating programs coding methodology and
violence in Jordan. included Sisterhood is mapping was used with Risk factors:
Social Science & Global Institute, Young transcripts of the interviews. A childhood exposure to violence within
Medicine, 70, 1, 144- Women’s Christian sample of 517 was selected the family;
151. Association, United from the population of those family interference;
Nations Relief and fitting the criteria of literate residing with the husband’s family (but
Works Agency for never married women from showing more mixed effects).
Palestinian Refugees in seven reproductive health
the Near East, clinics. The analytic sample Although a supportive family showed a
University of Jordan was limited to 418 participants somewhat positive protective role, it
Faculty or Nursing and due to missing data on the was not reliable or effective as a

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Community Service surveys. The studies examined resource.

Office, and the Single the prevalence and relationship
Parents’ Club, and of intimate partner violence to
health clinics The “residence, family interference,
sample were an average family violence, exposure to
of 31 years of age, every violence as a child, and family
socio economic level, support.”
but mostly low to
middle class.
Okour, A., & 303 Data drawn from Study based on the WHO 2005 Rates of Abuse
Badarneh, R. (2011). women pregnant Bedouin Multi-country Study. Arabic Any violence by husband was reported
Spousal violence women who attended Questionnaire to two city and by 40.9% of the women.
against pregnant antenatal clinics in two rural maternity and child
women from a Jordan. health clinics in northern desert Risk Factors
Bedouin community Mean age = 28.3 years area. Interviews conducted by Violence correlated with longer
in Jordan. Journal of female nurses in private rooms. marriage, number of pregnancies,
Women’s Health, 20 Respondents asked about number of children, high marital
(12), 1853-1859. sociodemographic conflict, pressure to have a son, and the
characteristics, childbearing and current pregnancy not having been
family planning, exposure to planned.
partner violence during
pregnancy, consequences of
experiencing partner violence,
husband characteristics, and the
women’s reasons for staying.

Physical violence items based

on a version of the CTS.
Psychological abuse defined as
husband insulting, making her
feel dissatisfied with herself,

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

frightening her, ridiculing or

humiliating her in front of
others, and controlling where
she goes and whom she sess.
Sexual abuse defined as being
forced to have intercourse
against her will.
Lebanon:
Usta, J., Farver, J. A. 1,418 Women aged 14-65 Cross-sectional survey. Face-to- Prevalence of partner violence:
N., & Pashayan, N. women years presenting to four face interviews. The 35% of women experienced domestic
(2007). Domestic primary health care questionnaire was designed and violence by family members.
violence: The centres in different reviewed for the study. It From those offenders 65% were the
Lebanese experience. geographic areas of assessed violence by family husbands of the victim. 23% of
Public Health, 121, Lebanon. Mean age: members, and strangers. domestic violence was physical IPV
208-219. 35.1 years Lifetime physical (1 item), victimisation).
psychological (2 items) IPV
was assessed. Women who were exposed to domestic
violence had higher frequencies of
reported physical
symptoms than those who were not
exposed. Generally, the perpetrators
were spouses who had demographic
backgrounds comparable to their wives.
Women’s education levels, work status,
health status, and familial violence
predicted domestic violence. The rate
of domestic violence is high among
Lebanese women and is a significant
health issue
Pakistan:

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Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Niaz, U., Hassan, S., 140 The sample was The instrument used was the Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
& Tariq, Q. both collected from patients Named Karachi Domestic 63% identified as domestic violence
(2002). Psychologica who visited the Violence Screening Scale victims;
l consequences of outpatient departments (KDVSS). Depression and 36% were males;
intimate partner of Psychiatry, Liaquat anxiety scales were collected 64% were females.
violence: Forms of National Hospital PNS through standardized self-
domestic abuse in Shifa and Sobraj rating, comparing results of Forms of abuse
both genders. Hospital in Karachi, both victims and non-victims. 35% physical abuse;
Pakistan Journal of Pakistan. It included 140 52% psychological abuse;
Medical Science, 18, both male and female 30% sexual abuse.
3, 205-214. participants who were
within the middle-age Psychological consequences:
range. The majority 60% suffered from depression;
were married, with a 67% suffered with anxiety.
few being separated or Both men and women suffered equally
divorced. from the psychological consequences
of abuse.
Ali, T. S., Asad, N., 759 Married women aged Cross-sectional multi-stage Prevalence of partner violence:
Mogren, I., & Krantz, women 25-60 years from the survey. Face-to-face interviews. Physical IPV: Lifetime = 57.6% / 12-
G. (2011). Intimate community in Karachi, Lifetime and 12-month physical month = 56.3%
partner violence in Pakistan (minor-4 items, severe-6 items), Psychological IPV: Lifetime = 83.6% /
urban Pakistan: psychological (4 items), and 12-month = 81.8%
prevalence, sexual (1 item) IPV was Sexual IPV: Lifetime = 54.5% /12-
frequency, and risk assessed with the WHO Multi- month = 53.4%
factors. International country Study on Women’s
Journal of Women’s Health and Life Experiences Risk factors for physical violence
Health, 3, 105-115. Questionnaire related mainly to the husband, his low
educational attainment, unskilled
worker status, and five or more family
members living in one household. For
sexual violence, the risk factors were

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

the respondent’s low educational

attainment, low socioeconomic status
of the family, and five or more family
members in one household. For
psychological violence, the risk factors
were the
husband being an unskilled worker and
low socioeconomic status of the family
Zakar, R., Zakar, M. 373 Women aged 15-49 Cross-sectional study. Face-to- Severe physical IPV: Lifetime 31.9%
Z., Mikolajczyk, R., women attending tertiary-care face interviews. Physical, Severe psychological IPV: Lifetime
& Krämer, A. (2012). hospitals in the cities of psychological, and sexual IPV 75.9%
Intimate partner Lahore and Sialkot in (coercion) was examined using Severe sexual IPV: Lifetime 34.6%
violence and its Pakistan. Mean age: a modified version of the CTS2.
association with 31.9 years Women who experienced severe
women's reproductive Physical IPV was assessed via physical violence were more likely to
health in Pakistan. 13 items, psychological IPV via have their husband's noncooperation in
International Journal 14 items, and sexual IPV via 4 using contraceptives, unplanned
of Gynecology and items pregnancies, and poor self-reported
Obstetrics, 117, 10- reproductive health compared with
14. non-abused women.

Similar associations existed for

psychological and sexual IPV
victimisation
Turkey:
Karaoglu, L., Celbis, 824 Pregnant women living Stratified probability- PV Prevalence
O., Ercan, C., Ilgar, women in Malatya province, proportional to size sample Victimization rates before pregnancy:
M., Pehlivan, E., Turkey methodology used. 36.3% overall, 16.3% physical, 30.8%
Gunes, G., Genc, M., (580 in urban areas, 240 Women asked about e3motinal and 8.5% sexual; and during
& Egri, M. (2005). in rural areas) sociodemographic and fertility pregnancy rates were 31.7%, 8.1%,
Physical, emotional Average age = 26.5 characteristics and violence 26.7% and 9.7%

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

and sexual violence 10.2% illiterate, 55.1% victimization respectively

during pregnancy in completed only 5 years PV definitions: Husband perpetrator in 97.0% of
Malatya, Turkey. of primary school Physical: Hit, pushed, slapped, physical violence cases, 81.4% of
European Journal of education kicked or physically hurt emotional abuse
Public Health, 16 (2), Emotional: humiliated, Risk Factors
149-156. scorned, insulted, threatened Violence victimization correlated with
with violence, left, parted from partner’s low education, and low
her children, or shouted at family income, pregnancy in second
loudly trimester, unwanted pregnancy, having
three or more children, married 4 or
more years
Kocacik, F., Kutlar, 695 Sample was from Sivas, Conducted using questionnaires Prevalence of abuse:
A., & Erselcan, F. women Adiyaman, Denizli and through face-to-face interviews, 28% reported physical or psychological
(2007). Domestic Kirklareli cities, 200 including 30 questions. violence
violence against households in Sivas, 137 25% refused to answer the question
women: A field study in Kirklareli, 306 in 89% of abusers were partners
in Turkey. The Social Adiyaman, 66 in 50%+ experienced violence in last 4 or
Science Journal, 44, Denizli. more years
698-720. 54% over the age of 35
90% were married Physical violence by area:
93% had at least one Sivas – 66% (38% a few times a year)
child Adiyaman – 46% (46% a few times a
10% had a college month)
education Denizli – 56% (44% a few times a
50%+ had very low month)
education Kirklareli – 39% (35% a few times a
(16% of above had no week)
education) (Only Denizli reported sexual abuse,
74% were housewives which was 7 %.)

Most common reasons as reported by

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

women:
Failure to fulfill domestic duties
Failure to fulfill husband’s sexual will
No reason at all
Other
Yildizhan, R., Adali, 122 Women aged 22-39 Cross-sectional study. Face-to- Lifetime IPV: 33.6%
E., Kolusari, A., women years with primary face interviews. Lifetime and Lifetime verbal abuse: 63.4%
Kurdoglu, M., infertility attending an 12-month (and since infertility) 78% reported IPV victimisation after
Yildizhan, B., & obstetrics and IPV (physical) victimisation via their infertility diagnosis.
Sahin, G. (2008). gynaecology outpatient 2 items taken from the Abuse
Domestic violence clinic of Yuzuncu Yil Assessment Screen The percentage of non-abused and
against infertile University Training and Questionnaire abused infertile women who were
women in a Turkish Research Hospital mostly satisfied with their sexual lives
setting. International was 56.87% and 29.2%, respectively
Journal of
Gynecology and
Obstetrics, 104, 110-
112.
Marshall, G. A, & 8,075 Random sampling of Data taken from 2003 Turkey Prevalence of partner violence:
Furr, L.A. (2010). women women aged 15-49 from Demographic and Health
Factors that affect both rural and urban Survey. 41% of women answered yes to at least
women’s attitudes areas. one of dependent variables; 3.5%
toward domestic Dependent variable – attitudinal answered yes to all five;
violence in Turkey. tolerance for wife battering. 13.4% agreed to one;
Violence and Victims, The women were asked if the 9.8% agreed to two;
25 (2), 265-277. following items justified a 8.2% agreed to three;
husband beating his wife with a 6.1% agreed to four.
yes or no: burning food, 59% did not agree with any
wasting money, neglecting justification for wife beating.
children, refusing sex, arguing
with the husband. A yes answer Justification for violence:

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

= 1; no answer = 0. The higher 6% burns food;

the score the greater acceptance 29% argues with husband;
of DV. 17% refuses sex;
23% neglects children;
Nine independent variables 28% wastes money;
were used including frequency 41% any situation.
of reading magazines and/or
newspapers, women’s attitudes Negative factors associated with
toward roles of men, wealth, violence tolerance: frequency of
and demographics. magazine and newspaper reading,
literacy, age first married, educational
level, and wealth.
Positive factors associated with
violence tolerance: patriarchal values,
receiving bride’s money, rural
residency, older age, and household
size.

Nur, N. (2012). The 1,844 A sample was drawn The first questionnaire was Demographics:
Effect of intimate women from Sivia city center. relevant to demographic 33% were 15 – 24 years old
partner violence on Eleven quarters of Sivia information. The second 13% were over 44 years old
mental health status were randomly selected. questionnaire was adapted from 72% did not have a college education
among women of One woman from each the WHO studies. The Conflict 63% were married in the year prior
reproductive ages: household was selected Tactic Scales-2 was used to 26% were employed
A population-based for the study. measure intimate partner
study in a middle violence to determine Prevalence of IPV:
Anatolian city. prevalence of physical, sexual 34% overall IPV
Journal of and emotional violence. Two 10% physical violence over lifetime
Interpersonal timeframes of abuse were 6% physical violence past 12 months.
Violence, 20 (10), 1- measured, one within one year,

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

16. the other beyond the past year. 7% sexual violence over lifetime
Mental health was measured 4% sexual violence past 12 months.
using the 12-item General
Health Questionnaire to Risk factors:
determine emotional disorder Lower level of education,
and self-perceived health status. unemployment and low income, having
4 or more household members, higher
rates of mental distress and bad self-
perceived health overall.
Multi-Country
Straus, M.A. (2008) 378 Data from the A consortium of researchers Prevalence of overall assault
Dominance and (Middle International Violence from all major regions of the perpetration for the past year reported
symmetry in partner East) Study regarding dating world took part in this in Middle Eastern countries are as
violence by male and violence were collected International Dating Violence follows:
female university from a convenience Study. This section summarizes Iran: males at 96%, females 71%;
students in 32 sample of 13,601 the research data for the Middle Israel: males 21%, females 18%.
nations. Children and students at 68 Eastern countries of Iran and Prevalence of severe assault reported
Youth Services universities in 32 Israel only. The core questions are as follows:
Review nations. The subgroup are the same in every region Iran: males 18%, females 16%;
Volume 30(3), 252- of those reporting more where the research was Israel: males 9%, females 7%.
275. than one incident of conducted. Students who Prevalence of any mutual physical
assault included 4,239 participated in the study were violence reported are as follows:
students. In this table advised of their rights to refuse Iran: 77%; Israel: 19%. Prevalence of
segment, the samples participation and the purpose of mutual severe physical violence
were collected from the the study. Most universities reported are as follows:
Middle East countries had a participation rate of 85% Iran: 16; Israel: 7%.
included are: Iran (91; to 95%. Dominance Scores:
75.8% F)) and Israel Dominance was measured by Iran: 2.27 M, 2.32 F
(287; 81.5% F). items from the Personal and Israel: 1.81 M, 1.86 F
Students included in the Relationships Profile – e.g., “I
study either currently generally have the final say

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 2: Partner abuse in the Middle East
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

were, or had been in a when my partner and I

relationship for one disagree,” and “My partner
month or more. needs to remember that I am in
charge.”
Impression management was
controlled by using. The
Limited Disclosure Scale of the
PRP.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Table 3. Partner abuse in the Africa

Studies are organized by year of publication oldest to current. Multiple publications in the same year are alphabetized.
Botswana:
Zungu, l. I., Salawu, 320 Women aged 21 years Cross-sectional survey. Lifetime IPV: 49.7%
A. O., & Ogunbanjo, women or older attending a Randomised sampling. Face-to- 12-month: 21.2%
G. A. (2010). public hospital for face interviews. Lifetime and
Reported intimate consultation. 12-month IPV (described as any Experiences of IPV were
partner violence form of abuse from an intimate predominantly reported by women
amongst women partner) victimisation was aged 21 – 30 years (38%). Most of the
attending a public assessed following World allegedly abused participants were
hospital in Botswana Health Organisation criteria and single (54%) and unemployed (44%).
recommendations for Significant associations were found
researching domestic violence. between alcohol use by participants’
The questionnaire was not male intimate partners
described. and IPV, as well as cigarette smoking
Jankey, O., Prospero, 562 Students at Botswana Measures administered: Males significantly reported higher
M., & Fawson, P. both University (71% female, Conflict Tactics Scale-2 rates of sexual perpetration and pro-
(2011). Mutually 29% male) (physical and sexual violence); violent attitudes; no significant
violent attitudes: Mean age = 23.9 years Revised Controlling Behavior differences across gender in physical
effects on intimate In intimate relationship Scale (measures threats, perpetration or use of controlling
partner violence and minimum of 3 months intimidation and emotional behaviors
mental health during past year abuse); Revised EXPAGG
symptoms among (attitudes about use of violence Sexual violence perpetration correlated
couples in Botswana, for instrumental reasons); significantly with respondent coercion
Africa. Journal of Mental Health Symptom and pro-violent attitudes, sexual
Aggression, Conflict Questionnaire (PTSD, violence victimization. Gender not
and Peace Research, depression) significantly related to sexual violence
3(1). perpetration.

Females reported significantly more

mental health symptoms than males

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Mental health symptoms correlated

with respondent being coerced or
sexually abused by partner, and partner
having pro-violent attitudes.

Cameroon:
Alio, A., Salihu, H., 2,570 Women of childbearing Data from Cameroon Prevalence of abuse:
Nana, P. Clayton, H., women age, 15-49 years Demographic Health Survey Lifetime victimization: 38.7%
Mbah, A., & Marty, P. (DHS), sample from each physical, 30.7% emotional, 14.8%
(2011). Association region of the country; two stage sexual
between intimate sampling design.
partner violence and Questionnaire administered Physical and sexual PV, but not
induced abortion in under conditions of privacy, and emotional PV, increased risk for
Cameroon. asked about demographic induced abortion
International Journal characteristics, reproductive
of Gynecology and history and lifetime PV
Obstetrics, 112, 83-87. victimization.
Physical PV items similar to
CTS items
Emotional abuse defined as
verbal abuse, threats and public
humiliation; sexual abuse
defined as being forced to have
sex or perform sexual acts
Democratic Republic
of Congo:
Peterman, A., 3,436 The sample population This study was a cross-country Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Palermo, T., & women came from 11 provinces population-level household The total population of women within
Bredenkamp, C. and included 9,995 survey. It used the 2007 the study reported 221 out of 1000

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

(2011). Estimates and women ages 15 to 49 Demographic and Health were sexually assaulted by an intimate
determinants of sexual years old. A subsample Survey for the DRC for their partner, 121 reported being raped
violence against of 3,436 was selected to data collection. The purpose throughout their lifetime, and 29 out of
women in the measure sexual assault was to prove the collected 1000 reported being raped in the last
Democratic Republic within intimate partner facility data was agencies such 12 months.
of Congo. American relationships. as police departments and
Journal of Public clinics were underestimated. This shows that IPVS is nearly twice as
Health, 101(6). They also measured specific high as rape by strangers or in war
areas of Nord-Kivu and Sud- conflict tactics. DRC women
Kivu. Data was also collected to experience a rate of sexual violence of
compare intimate partner sexual 35%, compared to 12 to 15% in
assault from other forms of neighboring countries. Nord-Kivu was
sexual violence. the highest for a lifetime history of
rape and rape within the last 12
months, while Bandundu was
significantly higher for IPSV.

There were few background factor

predictors. The study reports the
limitations of this study are that there
was no on migrated, internally
displaced, or fatalities resulting from
the violence, which are predicted to be
a significant missing population.

Egypt:
Kishor, S., & Johnson, 7,123 Ever-married women Data from DHS conducted in Women physically victimized at rate of
K. (2004). Profiling women age from the community Egypt 1995-1996 by National 34.4% lifetime, 12.5% past year (of the
domestic violence: A 15-49 in Egypt. Since Population Council; one latter, 9.1% reported 5 or more
multi-country study. the DHS had slight randomly selected ever-married assaults)
Calverton, Maryland, variations in variables it woman in each household; 18.0% reported bruises and aches,

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

USA: ORC Macro assessed there were asked women about PV 10.2% required medical attention
some differences in the victimization (one question on
inclusion criteria for the having being beaten, other
administration of the questions on sexual abuse)
domestic violence
module from country to
country (e.g. eve-
married women vs. all
women).
Community sample

Akmatov, M., 12, 736 Married Egyptian Data from DHS representative PV Prevalence
Mikolajczyk, R., women women aged 15-49 surveys in Egypt in 1995 and 17.5% in 1995, 18.9% in 2005 (16%
Labeeb, S., Dhaher, years from the 2005. Face-to-face interviews when PV defined as in 1995, as
E., & Khan, M. community conducted in Arabic in beating)
(2008). Factors representative of the respondents’ households asked 2.3% of women experienced extreme
associated with wife female population in about woman’s reproductive levels of PV, 52.5% scored low on all
beating in Egypt: Egypt. health, sociodemographic forms of violence
Analysis of two characteristics and PV
surveys (1995 and victimization by husband in Risk Factors
2005). BMC Women’s past 12 months. Women more likely to be beaten in
Health, 8:15. In 1995,PV defined as having rural regions compared to urban areas,
been beaten; 2005 survey if they had no education, married at a
defined PV according to CTS young age or were younger in age
items
Sexual abuse defined as being
forced to have intercourse when
woman did not want to
Yount, K.M. & Li Li 5,272 Ever-married women A household survey gathering Prevalence of abuse:
(2010). Domestic women between 15 and 49 years demographics, reproductive Physical violence victimization:
violence against of age from 26 history, health knowledge and 33% ever, 18% prior year

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

married women in governorates of Egypt. practices, and history of female Minor violence:
Egypt. Sex Roles, genital cutting. The Revised 32% ever, 18% prior year
63:332-347. Conflict Tactics Scale was used. Severe violence:
Questions were asked regarding 14% even, 8% prior year
lifetime experiences and
frequency of psychological, Risk factors:
physical and sexual abuse by 23% - Physical punishment by a parent
her current or last husband. after the age of 15.
Two questions were asked 96% - Experienced genital mutilation
regarding the women’s 29% - high risk childhood exposure
perpetration of abuse on their 39% - dependence on marital resources
husbands in the prior year. The
also answered question
regarding any physical abuse
since they were 15 years old.
Ethiopia:
Deyessa, N., Berhane, 1,994 Respondents married Community-based cross- Lifetime PV victimization rates:
Y., Alem, A., women women age 15-49 sectional survey conducted in 49.5% physical,
Ellsberg, M., Mean age = 31,6 Meskan and Mareko districts of 59.5% sexual;
Emmelin, M., 85% of women illiterate Ethiopia, part of WHO multi 18.9% mild emotional violence (one
Hogberg, U., & 73% Muslim, 87% from country study on women’s form only);
Kullgren, G. (2009). rural communities; health. Sample conducted 8.9% severe (two or more forms).
Intimate partner 31.3% in polygamous within the Butajira Rural Health
violence and marriage Programme demographic More than half reported to be partially
depression among surveillance site. 85% of or completely restricted in what they
women in rural sample recruited from rural could do by their husband
Ethiopia: A cross- areas, corresponding with
sectional study. population. After adjusting for age and other
Clinical Practice and Depression measured by the factors, depression in previous 12
Epidemiology in Amharic language version of months correlated with any form of
Mental Health, 5:8. the Composite International PV, especially physical violence

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Diagnostic Interview.
Sociodemographic
Philpart, M., Goshu, 1,378 Male college students in A self-administered Prevalence of committed violence:
M., Gelaye, B., men Awassa, Ethiopia questionnaire was used.
Williams, M.A., & 24.4% admitted performing gender-
Merhane, Y. (2009). 2 groups of physical violence based violence during the current term;
Prevalence and risk were used and designated as 15.8% admitted to physically abusing a
factors of moderate or severe: partner/non-partner during the current
gender-based violence term with pushing and shoving being
Moderate physical violence – the most common at 9.5%;
committed
shoving, pushing, throwing 17% admitted to acts of sexual
by male college
things, and slapping; violence with unwanted sexual
students in Awassa,
Ethiopia. Violence and touching being the most common at
Severe physical violence –
Victims, 24(1). 12.9% followed by attempted rape at
using a weapon or threatening
4.6% and rape at 3.2%.
with a weapon, choking,
37% admitted to physical violent acts
burning, kicking, strangling,
only;
and dragging.
42.1% admitted to sexual violent acts
3 items of abuse toward female only;
intimate partners and non- 20.9% admitted to both sexual and
partners included unwanted physical violent acts.
sexual touching, attempting and
failing to rape the partner or Factors that increased the likelihood of
non-partner, and raping the committing acts of either sexual or
partner/non-partner. Lifestyle physical violence were one year in
questions included the use of college, having a female partner but
that and other unmarried, having an urban childhood
sociodemographic items. upbringing, being a smoker of
cigarettes, that and alcohol use, and
Questionnaire was translated to witnessing parental violence as a child.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Amharic.
The definition for gender-based
violence was defined as
committing one or more acts of
sexual or physical abuse of a
female partner/non –partner
during the current term.

Abeya, S., Afework, 1,540 A systematic random The standard WHO multi- Demographics
M.F., & Yalew, A.W. women sample representing the country study questionnaire was 84.2% lived in a rural setting;
(2011). Intimate urban and rural used for this study. Although 78.6% were between 20 and 34 years
partner violence population of the the data were collected through (mean of 28.4 year);
against women in country (15% and 85% interview, the WHO 98.7% were ever married;
western Ethiopia: respectively) was used questionnaire is a structured 97.5% Christian and 96.4% Oromo;
prevalence, patterns, to select households that survey tool. The four questions 59.7% no formal education;
and associated factors; had two or more eligible to assess psychological abuse 83.3% unemployed;
BMC Public Health. participants. involved insults, belittlement, 59.5% moved to the area for marriage
http://www.biomedcen teasing and threats. Physical or employment;
tral.com/1471- violence included slapping, 63.1% married between the ages of 15
2458/11/913, retrieved throwing things, pushing or and 19 years, and 2.3% married before
July 7, 2012. shoving, to more severe forms the age of 15;
of hitting, kicking, beating, 26.3% of marriages were arranged;
choking, burning or use of a 7.2% were abducted into the marriage.
weapon. Sexual violence was
assessed by forced sex, for Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
consent in response to fear or 62% moderate abuse, i.e. slapped and
retaliation, or humiliating shoved in their lifetime;
sexual acts. 54.2% severe abuse, i.e. burning and
chocking in their lifetime;
49.2% severe abuse in the past 12

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

months.
76.5% experienced some form of IPV
in their lifetime, and 72.5% experience
IPV in the last 12 months.
All acts were reported as being
repeated acts.

Sexual Violence
59% forced sexual intercourse in their
lifetime;
51% forced sexual intercourse in the
last 12 months;
46.2% sexual coercion through fear in
a lifetime;
40.4% in current relationships;
8.3% during a lifetime and 7.0% in the
past 12 months experienced
humiliating sexual acts.

Belachew Bekele, A., 764 Random sampling of Participants responded to Demographics

M.A.G. van Aken, & women female students from 3 questionnaires translated into 68.8% were below 18 yrs;
Dubas, J.S. (2011). secondary schools the Amharic language. Verbal 31.2% had had sexual intercourse at
Sexual violence (Jijiga, Harar, and Dire consent was obtained from all the time of the study;
victimization among Dawa) during the school participants as well as approval Mean age for 1st time sexual encounter
female secondary year 2008-2009 whose from school officials and was 15.9 yrs;
school students in mean age was 16.81. education bureaus. 14 teachers 89.1% of these were with men 18 yrs
Eastern Ethiopia. and 4 supervisors helped to and older; of the sexually active
Violence and Victims, administer the questionnaires in females;
26(5). sessions lasting 1 hour and 20 22.7% used a condom at least once;
minutes. 8.4% said they used a condom every
Sexual violence victimization time.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

(SVV) was classified into 4 Sexual Violence

forms: sexual assault, coercion, 68% experienced a minimum of one
offence, and aggression. A experience of sexual violence;
“yes” or “no” answer was 52% had at least one experience of
required for 21 items. sexual offense, 55.8% of sexual
Study incorporated focus assault, 25% of sexual coercion,
discussion groups using 3 14.7% of sexual aggression.
professionals and the first
author guiding the discussion Risk Factors
and interviews using school More sexual violence was reported by
employees and female club females who began having sexual
members to obtain qualitative intercourse at an early age;
data. Females who had a tolerant attitude
toward sexual violence and were
sensitive to their partner’s rejection;
Sexual forwardness and self-esteem
were not linked;
Multiple partners, substance use, risky
behaviors, & watching pornography;
Pressure from female friends;
Those with a fearful attachment to
parents .

Findings from Interviews and group

discussions:
It’s common for older men to seek out
relationships with girls 3-5 yrs
younger; the males’ persistent pressure
resulted in the relationships; males use
the girls’ female friends to pressure the
girls into relationships; males feel that

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

the responsibility to maintain the

relationship is the responsibility of the
females; regular weekend leisurely
activities include drinking alcohol,
smoking shisha, chewing khat, as well
as watching pornographic films; most
males desire short-term relationships.
Feseha, G., G/mariam, 422 Women in a refugee Community-based cross- Victimization Rates of Physical PV
A., & Gerbaba, M. women camp in northern sectional study. Subjects 31.0% lifetime, 25.5% past year
(2012). Intimate Ethiopia with intimate selected through random Slapping most common form of PV,
partner physical partner sampling. Subjects experienced by 61.6% of abused
violence among administered a questionnaire women.
women in Shimelba adapted from the WHO
refugee camp, domestic violence protocol, Risk Factors
northern Ethiopia. defined physical PV with items Working as a farmer, being Muslim,
BMC Public Health, similar to CTS, asked about and partner’s alcohol abuse
12:125. past year and lifetime
victimization, and socio-
demographic characteristics.
Ghana:
Próspero, M., 358 Classroom surveys Measures administered: No significant differences across
Dwumah, P., & Ofori- both given to students at Conflict Tactics Scale-2 gender for physical/sexual violence
Dua, K. (2009). Kwame Nkrumah (physical and sexual violence); victimization, controlling behaviors
Violent attitudes and University of Science Revised Controlling Behavior perpetration or victimization, or
mental health and Technology in Scale (measures threats, attitudes justifying violence.
symptoms among Kumasi, Ghana (51% intimidation and emotional Males reported significantly greater
mutually violent female, 49% male) abuse) ; Revised EXPAGG physical/sexual violence perpetration.
Ghanaian couples. Mean age = 26.98. (attitudes about use of violence
Journal of Aggression, for instrumental reasons); Significant predictors of
Conflict and Peace Had intimate Mental Health Symptom physical/sexual violence perpetration:

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Research, 1(2), 16-23. relationships in past Questionnaire (PTSD, (Females)

year for minimum three depression and conduct High coercion perpetration, attitudes
months disorder) justifying violence, alcohol abuse
(Males)
Attitudes justifying violence, conduct
disorder

For both males and females, mental

health symptoms significantly
correlated with partner’s pro-violent
attitudes and childhood abuse
Kenya:
Fonck, K., Els, L., 520 Women using health Convenience sample of women PV Prevalence
Kidula, N., Ndinya- women clinic. Mean age of recruited from health clinic in 26% of respondents reported to having
Achola, J., & those reporting any PV Nairobi, Kenya ever been physically beaten, and 6% to
Temmerman, M. = 27. Trained nurse administered have every been raped; majority of
(2005). Increased risk 64% married or questionnaire in English or those having been physically beaten,
of HIV in women cohabitating Swahili. Respondents asked 74% were beaten by a partner.
experiencing physical More than half with no about ever being beaten or Risk Factors
partner violence in income; 60% had only raped PV victimization correlated with lower
Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 5-8 years of education education level, having first sexual
and Behavior, 9 (3), experience before age 15, high number
335-339. of pregnancies and children born
Simister, J.G. (2010). 17,262 Sample from three Data collected from all three WAS data - Men and women reporting
Domestic violence and both surveys of Kenyan surveys on partner abuse – having experienced physical and
female genital adults – single, married definitions, prevalence, attitude; psychological abuse with their partner
mutilation in Kenya: or cohabitating; includes and female circumcision. DHS (“experienced” could mean either
Effects of ethnicity 10 most prominent and WAS used modified perpetration or victimization):
and education. Journal ethnic groups: Conflict Tactics Scale, with
of Family Violence, some differences between them Slap during an argument: 33% male,

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

25j, 247-257. Demographic & Health 37% female

Survey (DHS): a large, Physical beating: 34% male, 37%
nationally representative female
survey of 11,773 urban Verbal abuse: 46% male, 48% female
and mostly rural Denial of conjugal rights: 25% male,
households (70% 24% female
women) Non-provision of financial support:
28% male, 35% female
Work, Attitudes & Cold war: 46% male, 46% female
Spending Survey Humiliation in front of others: 23%
(WAS): Stratified male, 29% female
sample from all regions Chasing spouse from home: 27%
(1,564 women, 1,527 male, 27% female
men)
35% of men, 28% of women agreed
Afrobarometer Survey: with statement, “There are situations
2,398 adults across the when it is justified for a man to beat his
country wife”

GBV data – Women reporting on 10

items of physical and psychological
abuse victimization:
Highest rates: slapped during
argument(32%); pushed, shaken, had
something thrown at them (22%);
humiliated in front of others (18%)
Abuya, B.A., Onsomu, 5,729 This study sample This study utilized the Kenya Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
E.O., Moore, D., & women included 5,729 women Demographic and Health during marriage:
Piper, C.M. (2012). between the age of 15 Survey (KDHS-2003) and was 85% were currently married, reported:
Association between and 49 years who were a dross-sectional study. Only 40% physical violence;
education and offered HIV test and women were included because 13% sexual violence;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

domestic violence were tested. All of the domestic violence 22% emotional violence.
among women being participants were questions included.
offered an HIV test in married or formerly Socioeconomic questions were The women who were formerly
urban and rural areas married. asked, as well as questions married reported:
in Kenya. Journal of about religion, perceived risk of 63% physical abuse;
Interpersonal HI, and questions about 27% sexual violence;
Violence, XX(X), 1- domestic violence, using the 49% emotional violence.
17. Conflict Tactics Scale.
Risk Factors
Domestic violence was highest among
those with limited education: 64%
physical;
65% sexual;
62% emotional, compared to those
with a college education, which all fell
below 5%.
Malawi:
Pelser,E., Gondwe, L., 3,546 3,546 female, 2,246 Multi-stage probability sample PV Prevalence
Mayamba,C., women male drawn from 1998 Malawi 30% of women reported some lifetime
Mhango,T., Phiri, W., 88% of women from Population and Housing physical abuse victimization
& Burton, P. (2005). 2,246 rural areas, 54% Census, divided into regional 28% economic abuse
Intimate partner men married, 31% and district samples 25% emotional abuse
violence: Results from cohabitating; 27.5% had Respondents asked about 18% sexually abused
a national gender- no schooling54% self- lifetime PV victimization 49% experienced any partner abuse
based violence study employed during lifetime
in Malawi. Pretoria, Male partner controlled PV definitions: Economic abuse reported to be
South Africa: Institute finances in 71% of Physical abuse items from CTS ongoing; most women reported other
for Security Studies. households Emotional: prevented from forms of abuse to have occurred only
communicating with others, once
having movements limited
outside house, humiliated, told Risk Factors

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

you are crazy, threatened with Partner’s alcohol intoxication present

being taken to mental facility or in 18% of economic abuse cases, 36%
threatened with harm, or threats physical abuse cases
against children, and threats of Women reporting physical or sexual
suicide victimization more likely to be
Economic: forced to hand over dependent on money from friends,
partner money or to ask others family or partner
for money or goods, prevented 31%-42.5% of abused women were
from having access or knowing unemployed
about income, prevented from Perpetrators age 21-39 perpetrated
having one’s own income 36% of economic abuse, 43% of
Sexual: Being sexually touched physical abuse; however, most sexual
against your will, forced to abuse committed by men under 20
watch others have sex, or forced years old
to have sex for money
Impact of Abuse
73% of economic abuse victims
reported depression; 54% of all victims
reported irritability, and slightly less
than half reported sleep disturbance
Four-fifths of emotional abuse (mostly
public humiliation) victims reported
flashbacks, and 69% experienced
depression
52% of physical abuse victims reported
irritability, 43% disturbed sleeping
patterns
Victims of sexual abuse were the most
impacted: 74% reported flashbacks,
73% changes in eating patterns, 62%
depressed

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Nigeria:
Owoaje, E.T., & Ol, F. 400 Women aged 15-49 Cross-sectional survey used Lifetime physical IPV 5.3% (Minor =
M. (2006). Intimate women years living in Sabo (a random sampling. Face-to-face 3.3% / Severe = 2%)
partner violence migrant community in interviews. Examined lifetime 12-month physical IPV: Minor = 1.5%
among women in a southwest Nigeria). and 12-month minor and severe / Severe = 0.3%
migrant community in Mean age: 26.5 years physical IPV victimisation. Most common types of lifetime abuse
southwest Nigeria. Questionnaire was designed for was verbal abuse experienced by
International the study. No specific details 75.5%, followed by verbal threats,
Quarterly of about the domestic violence reported by 26%.
Community Health section of the questionnaire are Overall IPV: Lifetime = 87% / 12-
Education, 25(4), 337- provided month = 20%
349. Regarding attitudes to IPV, 79.5% of
women believed that wife beating was
justified in at least one of seven
situations. Respondents who were not
living with a male partner were more
likely than their counterparts who were
married/cohabiting to accept IPV
Obi, S.N., & Ozumba, 600 Married men seen at Sample from first 600 men to 70% reported a history of abuse in their
B.C. (2007). Factors men General Outpatient enter clinics who were married family; female partners the victims in
associated with Clinics of two tertiary and willing to participate in 92% of the cases, the man in 8% of
domestic violence in health institutions in study. cases
south-east Nigeria. Abakaliki and Enugu,
Journal of Obstetrics southern Nigeria; from Asked about their opinions on Most common forms of abuse:
and Gynaecology, Ibo-speaking tribe domestic violence, reasons for Verbal (92.9%)
27(1): 75-78. Mean age = 38 years such violence and ways of Slapping or pushing (76.9%)
98.1% Christians reducing it. (No definition of Punching or kicking (45.7%)
domestic violence given)
Domestic violence correlated with low
social class, alcohol consumption, age
disparity and spouse unemployment

15
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Injuries:
Sore muscles (91.4%)
Lacerations (63.4%)
Black eyes (51.7%)
Swollen lips (28.2%)
Burns (1.4%
Deep muscle injuries (1.1%)

Major physical injuries (deep knife cut,

burns) occurred among the male
victims
Okenwa, L.E., 934 Systematic sample of A demographic and health Prevalence Rates of Partner Violence
Lawoko, S., & Women women aged 14-49 issues questionnaire covering 8.6% Physical abuse;
Jansson, B. (2009). years old that attended both the women’s and spouses 22.8% Psychological abuse;
Exposure to intimate the obstetrics and backgrounds, history of 8.3% Sexual abuse.
partner violence gynecological clinics reproduction, types of family
amongst women of located in the Lagos planning methods used 29.1% Women reporting at least one of
reproductive age in University Teaching including fertility, knowledge the above abuses in one year.
Lagos, Nigeria: Hospital of STD’s, mortality of children,
Prevalence attitudes and opinions regarding Risk Factors:
and predictors. IPV, with the main issues of Demographics –Physical abuse
Journal of Family interest being domestic decreased with education and literacy;
Violence, 24: 517-530. violence, social indicators and Catholic women experienced a higher
demographics. incident of sexual abuse than other
religions; women with at least one
A modified version of the child were more likely to report
Conflict Tactic Scale (CTS) psychological abuse and women in
was used to evaluate whether polygamous relationships more likely
respondents experienced to report physical abuse.
physical, psychological, and

16
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

sexual abuse by the spouse or Finances - unemployment increased

partner during the last year or at the likelihood of physical abuse as did
any other time. working from home; financial
problems were associated with an
Risk factors under investigation increase of all abuse.
were classified as
demographics, financial Participation in financial decisions –
problems, participation in increased likelihood of abuse.
finances, participation in
decision making, behavioral Participation in other areas of decision
factors, and access to making – women who had complete
information such as say over visitations to family and
newspapers, television, etc. friends were more exposed to physical
abuse than their colleagues who did not
make those decisions.
Women who made their own decisions
about the number of children to have
and when to have them were more
likely to report physical abuse.
Behavioral – consumption of alcohol
by both women and spouses increased
exposure to abuse; women with
spouses who smoked were also more
likely to experience abuse.
Access to information – highest
proportion of abused women were
those that seldom or never read
newspapers, although those that did

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

read also report abuse.

Women ages 15-24 years old were
more likely to experience abuse than
that of 25-44 year old.

Odimegwu, C., 648 Random sampling of There were 10 interviews of Demographics:

Okemgbo, C.N., & women women from urban town women abused by their partners 56.7% from urban areas
Ayila, R. (2010). of Gboko and rural town and focused on attitudes and 43.3% from rural area.
Dynamics of gender- of Gwer. perceptions of gender-based
based violence among violence. Perception of sexuality and gender
the Tivs roles including reproductive rights
of North Central Five community opinion leaders 33% said women have a right to decide
Nigeria. African were chosen as key informants when to bear children;
Population Studies, 24 who conversed about four of every 10 said women should
(3). prevalence, incidence, causes, have a right to decide when to have
consequences, and perceptions sex:
of gender-based violence. 94% agreed that men should hold the
final say in the home;
Information from the
more than 2/3 said partner should not
interviews, key informants, and
be expected to help with household
six focus groups were used to
chores;
develop the questionnaire.
four out of 10 said it is necessary for
Four dependent variables were partner to beat his wife.
used for the questionnaire:
lifetime physical violence, Prevalence of gender-based violence
forced sexual intercourse, 66.5% reported being physically
current intimate partner assaulted by someone sometime in
violence, and psychological their lifetime;
abuse. 75.9% reported being physically
assaulted by their partner;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

21% reported being raped;

17% reported being raped by their
partner;
66.4% reported lifetime psychological
abuse.

Risk factors:
Lifetime physical violence –as age
increases odds of experiencing abuse
decreases by 6%;
The longer the marriage the longer the
abuse;
Urban area women more likely to
experience abuse than those in rural
area.
As family size increases, odds of abuse
decrease by 5%.
Rape – Urban women are more likely
to report it than those in rural areas;
women with lower educational levels
are more likely to experience it; those
that stick with gender stereotypes are
more likely to experience it.
Psychological – the lower the
educational level, the less likelihood of
abuse; women who have experienced
physical abuse are more likely to

19
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

experience it.

Antai, D. (2011). 2,877 Women aged 15-49 Data from 2008 Nigeria DHS, a PV Prevalence
Controlling behavior, women residing or visiting the cross-sectional nationally 63% reported any lifetime experience
power relations within sampled households at representative study using two- of being controlled, 15% physical
intimate relationships the time of the study in stage cluster sample design. violence, 3% sexual abuse
and intimate partner Nigeria. Community Face-to-face interviews. 79% of controlled women also reported
physical and sexual sample. Asked about sociodemographic physical abuse and 85% sexual abuse
violence against characteristics, lifetime
women in Nigeria. exposure to PV Risk Factors
BMC Public Health, Physical and sexual PV PV victimization associated with being
11:511. measured with modified CTS from a rural area, having decision-
Controlling behaviors defined making autonomy, and being in a
+ as: partner jealous if she talks monogamous relationship; partner’s
with other men, accuses her of secondary or higher level of education,
being unfaithful, limits contact agricultural employee or self-employed
with friends and family, insists or unskilled laborer
on knowing where she is,
doesn’t trust her with money
Brisibe, S., Ordinioha, 159 Married or cohabitating Cross-sectional design Rates of PV victimization for past
B., & Dienye, P. Women adults ages 16-65 (males Data collected from Okoloba, a year: 55.78% (83.42% male on
(2012). Intersection = 187; females = 159) rural community in Bayelsa female, 23.7% female on male)
between alcohol abuse 187 ages 16-65 years old State, Nigeria; chosen because 36% were alcohol abusers
and intimate partner’s men Mean age = 41.4 it is a typical Ijaw community. 77.2% of abusers reported to having
violence in a rural 91.9% Christians, Interviews in Ijwa language, been under influence of alcohol when
Ijaw Community in 52.3% farmers or asked about sociodemographic abusive
Bayelsa State, South- fishermen information, alcohol use, and
South Nigeria. PV for previous 12 months,
Journal of based loosely on CTS items
Interpersonal PV questions asked in privacy.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Violence, 27 (3), 513-

522.
Rwanda:
Ntaganira, J., Muula, 600 Pregnant women aged Cross-sectional study. Physical IPV: 35.1%
A., Masaisa, F., women 18-47 years, attending Convenience sample of 300 HIV (+) women = 46%
Dusabeyezu, F., either of two antenatal HIV positive and 300 HIV HIV (-) women = 24.7%
Siziya, S., & clinics in Kigali and negative women. Face-to-face
Rudatsikira, E. (2008). North Province, interviews. It assessed 12- HIV+ pregnant women had higher
Intimate partner Rwanda. Mean age: month prevalence of physical rates of all acts of IVP violence than
violence among 30.2 years IPV via 6 items (behavioral HIV- pregnant women. Other factors
pregnant women in acts: 1 item was mild physical positively associated with physical IPV
Rwanda. BMC IPV, and the other 5 items were included sexual abuse before the age of
Women’s Health, 8:17 severe physical IPV related) 14 years, having an alcohol drinking
male partner, for occasional drinkers,
and having a male partner with other
sexual partners
Kayabanda, J., Bitera, 2,715 Women age 15-49 and Data from Rwanda third DHS. PV Prevalence
R., & Alary, M. Women their male partners using Face-to-face interviews in Lifetime PV victimization by women:
(2012). Violence a 2-stage cluster Kinyarwanda language, asked 29.2% physical, 22.2% psychological,
toward women, men’s 2,461 sampling based on 2002 about HIV risk factors, 12.4% sexual; and 52.1% reported
sexual risk factors and men housing census. sociodemographic having been controlled
HIV infection among characteristics, PV
women: Findings victimization, and attitudes on Impact of PV and Risk Factors
from a national PV Higher PV victimization significantly
household survey in PV definitions: correlated with HIV status, or having
Rwanda. Journal of Physical: push, shake, thrown being controlled
Acquired Immune something at you, slap, twist
Deficiency Syndrome, arm, punch with fist, hit with
59 (3), 300-307. something that could hurt, kick
or drag you, try to strangle or

21
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

burn you
Psychological: threaten to harm,
do something to humiliate in
front of others, spit on you
Control: partner angry when
you talk to other men, accuses
you of being unfaithful, tries to
limit contact with friends or
family, insisting on knowing
where you are, doesn’t trust you
with money
Sexual: physically force you to
have sexual intercourse or to
perform other sexual acts you
did not want to do
South Africa:
Mwamwenda, T. S. 138 Sample of first-year Respondents asked to give Prevalence:
(1998). Reports of women students (138 women, “yes” or “no” answer to 2% reported to have seen their fathers
husband battering 81 men) enrolled in whether they had ever beaten by their mothers
from an undergraduate 81 psychology classes at witnessed husbands beaten by 18% witnessed male relatives beaten
sample in Umtata. men University of Transkei, their wives – their own father at by their wives
Psychological Umtata, South Africa home, or other husbands at 26% witnessed neighbor husbands
Reports, 82, 517-518. homes of relatives or neighbors beaten by their wives
Author suggests that low incidence of
Term “beaten” not further reported father victimization may be
defined due to respondents’ reluctance to
embarrass themselves or insult their
family
Jewkes, R., Levin J., 1279 Randomly selected DV definition used is physical Prevalence of physical violence:
& Penn-Kekana, L. women aged 18-49 ever violence by a current or ex- 24.6% Lifetime prevalence;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

(2002). Risk factors women having had a boyfriend husband or boyfriend. 9.5% in the past year;
for domestic violence: or husband and with 11.6% threats of DV in the past year.
findings from a South 1164 having a partner in Questionnaires translated into 9
African cross- the previous year, and languages were used to collect Of the total of women reporting DV,
sectional study. residing in Eastern data on women’s partners in the 45.9% reported having an injury in the
Social Science & Cape, Mpumalanga, and past year and type of past year.
Medicine, 55, 1603- the Northern Province. relationship.
1617. 1,166 women had a Risk Factors:
To determine types of DV
partner the previous Women were more likely to consume
women were asked if they had
year. alcohol;
in the last year been slapped,
less likely to live in Northern Province;
threatened, punched, beaten,
more likely to be African;
bitten, kicked, burned, choked,
more likely to have been victims of
threatened or injured with a
childhood violence and to have
weapon or other object.
witnessed violence to their mothers;
Women answering no to the more likely to have grown up in urban
above were then asked if they areas;
had ever been beaten by a more likely to have multiple partners in
boyfriend or ex-husband. the previous year;
to be a sole wife and to know about
All women were asked if they their partners other girlfriends.
were victims of violence during
pregnancy. Male partners were less educated than
total sample;
lived in rural areas during childhood;
more likely to be unemployed;
more likely to drink alcohol.
Factors associated with abuse in all
models: women not having post-
school education, alcohol consumption,
having no confidence, having more

23
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

liberal ideas or women’s roles,

violence in childhood.

Swart, L.A., Seedat, 928 Sample from 3-nation Students administered adapted Dating violence rates
M., Stevens, G., & both study of HIV/AIDS risk version of CTS-2 on experience 35.3% of males and 43.5% of females
Ricardo, I. (2002). factors. with physical, psychological reported at least one incident of
Violence in South African sample and sexual violence in current physical violence perpetration; 37.8%
adolescents' romantic comprised grades 9-12 dating relationship during past of males and 41.7% of females
relationships: findings students (53% female) year reported any physical victimization
from a survey amongst attending seven
school-going youth in secondary schools in Also asked about experiencing Beliefs
a South African Eldorado Park, south of or witnessing violence in their 25.0% of males and 19.6% of females
community. Journal of Johannesburg. family, witnessing violence endorsed statement, “Physical
Adolescence, 25(4), Average age for boys = among other couples the use of aggression is part of a romantic
385-395. 17; average for girls = alcohol, and beliefs about the relationship”
16 use of violence
Risk factors
Experiences with violence in the
family correlated with dating violence
for males only; witnessing friends
fighting with partner correlated with
dating violence for both males and
females

Abrahams, N., 1,368 Random sampling of Study was conducted between Demographics and background:
Jewkes, R., men men working in Cape June 1998 and February 1999. Men identified 2,056 total partners;
Laubscher, R., & Town municipalities Men’s ages were between 20-76 years;
Hoffman, M. (2006). Face to face interviews were 64.3% of the men were classified as
Intimate Partner conducted in the language of colored under apartheid.
Violence: Prevalence the participants’ choice.

24
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

and Risk Factors for Sociodemographic data was Prevalence of abuse:

Men in Cape Town, collected. 67.55 current partners;
South Africa. Violence 28.5% on current and previous
and Victims, 21 (2). Childhood variables included – partners;
discipline used, presence of 3.9% on previous only.
father in the home, physical 42.3% reported using physical violence
abuse of mother. against partner in past 10 years;
8.8% hit partner in past year;
Respondents were to answer
15.3% reported sexual abuse;
acceptable or unacceptable to
42.2% reported emotional abuse;
18 scenarios of violence.
55.0% reported verbal abuse;
Sexual violence was defined as 33.8% reported none of the five; 49.3%
forcing partner to have sex or reported using more than one type.
trying to force to have sex. 31.1% reported using physical,
emotional and sexual abuse.
Emotional abuse defined as 59.7% men who had reported physical
threats to leave the relationship, abuse reported a severe incident with
damaging partner’s possessions, 21% reporting that partner had to seek
breaking or kicking objects, medical attention.
humiliation in front of others,
evicting partner, threats with a Men more likely to have been violent
weapon or other object. over past 10 years were younger,
colored or Indian, low education and
Physical abuse defined as skill level, had more than one partner,
grabbing, hitting, pushing, alcohol and drug users, had witnessed
smacking, throwing object at in childhood and experienced in
partner. childhood violence, not religious,
involved in crime, involved in fights.

Partners that were abused had the

following characteristics: cohabitation

25
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

with partner, more or less educated

than partner, used alcohol.

Kaminer, D., 4,351 South African adults, Data from South Africa Stress Partner Violence Prevalence Rates
Grimsrud, A., Myer, both Female: 58.6% and Health Study (SASH). Lifetime rate of any severe partner
L., Stein, D., & Male: 41.4% National probability sample of violence victimization reported by
Williams, D. (2008). Ethnicity: 79.7% Black adult South Africans living in 14.0% of women, 3.5% of men
Risk for post- Mean age: 37 years households and youth hostels. Risk Factors
traumatic stress 50.1% married Three-stage sample design; last Sever partner violence victimization
disorder associated 69.2% unemployed stage: random selection of second most strongly associated type
with different forms of 62.7% had less than 12 adult in each sampled housing of violence with PTSD, after rape,
interpersonal violence years education unit. For men, PTSD most strongly
in South Africa. 61.6% lived in urban Asked about various forms of associated with childhood abuse and
Social Science and areas violence criminal assault
Medicine, 67, 1589- Physical partner abuse
1595. measured by question: “Were
you ever badly beaten up by a
spouse or romantic partner?”

Interviews conducted face-to-

face using language preferred
by the respondent
Gass, J. D., Stein, D. 1,715 Data came from South Survey administered in person, Victimization rates
J., Williams, D. R., & both Africa Stress and Health in one of seven languages: 29.3% (women), vs. 20.9% (men)
Seedat, S. (2010). Study, a nationally- English, Afrikaans, Zulu, Perpetration rates: 25.2% (women),
Gender Differences in representative survey. Xhosa, Northern Sotho, vs. 26.5% (men)
risk for intimate Participants randomly Southern Sotho, and Tswana.
partner violence selected from three- Respondents asked about Risk factors
among South African stage clustered area perpetration and victimization Males reporting perpetration more
adults. Journal of probability sample. of partner abuse during likely than non-violent men to be in
Interpersonal disagreement in current or most cohabitating (vs. married); 3.5 times as

26
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Violence, 25(12), 1- 78% married; 63% recent marriage or cohabitating likely to have being physically abused
26. women; 73% Black, relationship: pushing, grabbing, as children and 4 times as likely to
57% urban dwellers. slapping or hitting partner have witness parental violence; 7 times
Mean age = 42 more likely to have experienced
Majority unemployed Respondents also asked about Intermittent Explosive Disorder as
demographic characteristics risk children or adolescents. In adulthood,
factors, childhood of origin risk were twice as likely to have been
factors and adult risk factors abusing alcohol or have a mood
disorder.

Males reporting victimization more

likely to be young and earn a low
income; twice as likely to have been
physically abused as children and 3.5
times as likely to have witnessed
violence between parents; and 3 times
as likely to not having been close to
primary female caregiver as children

Women reporting perpetration likely to

be of Indian heritage and in a
cohabitating relationship; 3 times more
as likely to have either been abused as
a child or witness parental violence,
and more likely to have not been close
to primary female caregiver; as adults,
7 times as likely to abuse alcohol and
twice as likely to have an anxiety
disorder.

Women reporting victimization more

27
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

likely to be young and Indian, in a

cohabitating relationship and have
lower educational and economic
achievement; 4 times as likely to have
been abused as children and 3 times as
likely to have witnessed parental
violence, and twice as likely to report
not having been close to primary male
caregiver as children; also more likely
to report anxiety disorder as adults.
Tanzania:
McCloskey, L.A., 1,444 Women age 20-44 with Respondents identified through 21% reported any victimization in past
Williams, C., & women a partner, living in the random cluster sampling year
Larsen, U. (2005). Moshi district of procedure, interviewed face to PV correlated with lower education,
Gender inequality and Tanzania and from face and asked about being in a polygamous marriage,
intimate partner various ethnic groups. demographic and social partner making minimal financial
violence among Three quarters were characteristics, as well as PV in contribution, trouble conceiving a child
women in Moshi, under 35; two-thirds past year with a shortened CTS, and having 5 or more children
Tanzania. Christian, rest Muslim. but including items on insulting,
International Family Most had 1-4 children. threatening, “hit, slap or
Planning otherwise physically hurt”, and
Perspectives, 31 (3), several questions on sexual PV
124-130.
Prabhu, M., Mchome, 2,436 Women attending clinic Cross-sectional study of women 17.7% reported physical or sexual PV
B., Ostermann, J., women 18 years and over obtaining services at HIV clinic lifetime victimization
Itemba, D., Njau, B., in Moshi, Tanzania between PV correlated with low education,
& Thielman, N. 2005 and 2008. Subjects asked unemployment, having children and
(2011). Prevalence about demographic information, being older and being married.
and correlates of sexual behavior and lifetime 22.4% of single women who reported
intimate partner experiences of PV PV were HIV seropositive, compared

28
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

violence among victimization. Physical PV to 15.1% who reported no PV

women attending HIV defined as partner doing
voluntary counseling something to physically hurt;
and testing in northern sexual PV as being forced to
Tanzania, 2005-2008. have sexual intercourse when
International Journal subject did not want to
of Gynecology and
Obstetrics, 113, 63-67.
Uganda:
Karamagi, C., 457 Women age 15-45 Cross sectional household Lifetime PV victimization: 43%
Tumwine, J., women (mean age = 25) survey of women with infants PV victimization significantly
Tylleskar, T., & 58% rural, 62% Muslim, (one year of less) in Mbale correlated with infant illnesses (e.g.,
Heggenhougen, K. 91% married, 71% with district of Uganda, using diarrhea, fever, and cough).
(2003). Intimate less than 8 years of WHO/EPI cluster survey
partner violence and schooling, 88% worked method
infant morbidity: in agriculture Respondents asked in
Evidence of an Lumasaba language about
association from a sociodemographic
population-based characteristics, infant health and
study in Eastern PV, defined as being beaten by
Uganda in 2003. husband, or threatened with
BMC Pediatrics, 7:34 weapon, had weapon used
against you, or been kicked,
bitten or hit (Sexual abuse
defined as being raped or
otherwise sexually abused by
husband)
Uganda Bureau of 2,087 2,087 women (age 15- Nationwide representative Partner Abuse Rates
Statistics & Macro women 49) and 1,844 men (age survey (Uganda Demographic Women:
International (2007). 15-54) living in the and Health Survey -UDHS). 48.0% ever victimized physically,

29
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Uganda demographic 1,844 sampled households in Probability sample from 9,864 36% sexually, 49% emotionally
and health survey men Uganda. Community households in all 80 districts, 68% have experienced any kind of
2006. Calverton, sample rural and urban; 2-stage partner abuse
Maryland, USA: sampling design; focused on Slapping most common, experienced
UBOS and Macro family violence. Surveyed by 40% of women
International Inc. ever-married women and men 7% report ever physically abusing
Asked about spousal violence current or previous husbands
after age 15.
Men:
Spousal violence questionnaire 20% ever victimized physically, 7%
based on CTS; sexual abuse sexually, 35% emotionally
defined as “physically force you Being pushed , shaken or having
to have sexual intercourse with something thrown at them reported by
him/her even when you did not 10% of men
want to”; emotional abuse Compared to women, men who sustain
defined as saying or doing partner violence do so less often
something to humiliate, 41% of men report ever initiating
threatening to hurt or harm physical violence against current or
victim or someone else, and previous wives
insulting or making victim feel
bad about themselves Risk Factors
Women:
Younger age; divorced, separated or
widowed; live in rural area; husband’s
infrequent alcohol use or alcohol abuse
(moderate drinking not a stress factor)

Men:
Older age; having three or more
children; being divorced, separated or
widowed; living in rural area risk

30
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

factor for physical violence only;

having a primary level education
(having no education not a risk factor)

Impact of Abuse
43% of physically abused women
reported injuries, and 33% of men
Zablotska, I. B., Gray, 3,422 Women aged 15-24 Cross-sectional study that used Prevalence of abuse:
R. H., Koenig, M. A., women years from a cohort in census data. It assessed lifetime Physical IPV: Lifetime = 50.2% / 12-
Serwadda, Rakar, Uganda and 12-month physical (7 month = 26.9%
D.,Nalugoda, F., items:3 for minor IPV and 4 Sexual IPV: Lifetime = 22.4% / 12-
Kigozi, D., items for severe IPV) and month = 13.4%
Sewankambo, N., sexual IPV (coercion- 1 item)
Lutalo, T., Wabwire victimization Influence of alcohol use:
Mangen, F., & Alcohol use before sex was
Wawer, M. (2009). associated with physical violence and
Alcohol Use, Intimate sexual coercion, and both are jointly
Partner Violence, associated with HIV infection risk in
Sexual Coercion and young women. Similar proportions of
HIV among Women women reported physical IPV and
Aged 15–24 in Rakai, sexual coercion regardless of who was
Uganda. AIDS and drinking alcohol before sex: a woman,
Behavior, 13, 225-233 her partner or both
Tumwesigye, N., 1,743 Women aged 15-49 Demographic health survey. Prevalence of intimate partner violence
Kyomuhendo, G., women from the community Cross sectional study. Face-to- and risk factors:
Kennedy Greenfield, face interviews. The Domestic 48% experienced physical IPV. 49.5%
T., & Wanyenze, R. violence module of this survey reported that their partners got drunk at
(2012). Problem examined prevalence of female least sometimes.
drinking and physical physical intimate partner Women whose partners got drunk often
intimate partner violence and male problem were 6 times more likely to report
violence against drinking (as reported by physical IPV than those whose partners

31
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

women: evidence women). never drank alcohol.

from a national survey The higher the education level and
in Uganda. BMC It examined the probability of wealth status of the women the less the
Public Health, 12:399 examining female physical IPV likelihood of experiencing physical
by different sociodemographics. IPV.
Problem drinking among male partners
Physical (minor and severe) is a strong determinant of physical
IPV in the previous 12 months IPV among women in Uganda
was assessed by 7 items
Zambia:
Kishor, S., & Johnson, 5,029 Ever-married and non- DHS survey conducted in Lifetime physical PV victimization rate
K. (2004). Profiling women married women age 15- Zambia in 2001-2002 by the of 48.4%, 26.5% past year (of the
domestic violence: A 49 in Zambia. Since the Central Statistical Office, latter, 4.3% assaulted 5 times or more)
multi-country study. DHS had slight sampled one woman in each Sexual abuse: 5.1% lifetime, 3.9%
Calverton, Maryland, variations in variables it household; examined past year
USA:ORC Macro assessed there were demographic characteristics and
some differences in the PV victimization (one question
inclusion criteria for the asking about being beaten, other
administration of the questions on forced sex)
domestic violence
module from country to
country (e.g. ever-
married women vs. all
women).
Community sample

Okenwa, L., & 3,969 One randomly selected Comprehensive questionnaire, Social prevalence of IPV exposure in
Lawoko, S. (2010). women currently married or in compliance with the WHO past year:
Social Indicators and partnered woman recommendations, including 42% exposed to IPV
physical abuse between the ages of 15 demographic and health Lowest age exposed to violence was

32
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

of women by intimate and 49 years who were questions. Only the domestic 15-19 (32%)
partners: residents or visitors of violence questions and social Highest age exposed to violence was
A study of women in the households.. indicators were reported in this 25-29 (47%)
Zambia. Violence and study. 47% Urban rate of exposure
Victims, 25(2). 40% Rural rate of exposure
80% of victims had a primary or lower
level of education
84% never read the newspaper
78% never watch TV
Multi-Country:
Andersson, N., Ho- 20,639 Adults 16-60 years old Cross-sectional design; Prevalence of partner violence
Foster, A., Mitchell, both (58% female, 42% respondents identified from Across all 8 countries, 18% of women
S., Scheepers, E., & male)in 8 southern- stratified urban/rural random and 14% of men reported to have been
Goldstein, S. (2007). African countries: sample of enumerated areas physically abused by their partner at
Risk factors for Botswana, Lesotho, from latest national census in least once in past year.
domestic physical Malawi, Mozambique, each country.
violence: national Namibia, Swaziland, Questionnaire in 29 languages; Countries in which rates similar across
cross-sectional Zambia and Zimbabwe. Respondents interviewed at gender:
household surveys in Sample from all areas: home (without partner present),
eight southern Rural (63%), Urban asked about demographic Botswana: 19% female victims, 21%
African countries. (22.1%), Capital/metro information, HIV, attitudes male
MNC Women’s habitants (14.8%) towards partner violence. Lesotho: 16% female victims, 12%
Health, 7:11. Partner violence measured from male
answers to question, “In the last Namibia: 17% female victims, 15%
year, have you and your partner male
had violent arguments where Swaziland: 21% female victims, 21%
your partner beat, kicked or male
slapped you?” (Severity or Zimbabwe: 17% female victims, 17%
frequency not measured) male

Countries in which females

33
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

experienced significantly more partner

violence:

Malawi: 11% female victims, 6% male

victims
Mozambique: 11% female victims, 8%
male
Zambia: 36% female victims, 27%
male victims

Men’s attitudes about sex and partner

violence
Across all countries, 47% of male
respondents endorsed statement,
“Women do not have the right to refuse
to have sex with their husbands or
boyfriends”; 41% agreed that “Women
sometimes deserve to be beaten”; and
34% agreed that “Forcing your partner
to have sex is NOT rape”

Risk factors
Higher rates of partner violence among
30-39 year olds, compared to younger
and older respondents
Mixed findings for education level
No significant effect of rural vs. urban
dwellers
Correlation in Namibia and Zambia
between income gap between wife’s
and total household income and partner

34
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

violence
Straus, M.A. (2008) 215 Data from the A consortium of researchers Prevalence of overall assault (past year
Dominance and (Africa) International Violence from all major regions of the perpetration) reported in African
symmetry in partner Study regarding dating world took part in this countries are as follows:
violence by male and violence were collected International Dating Violence South Africa: males 43%, females 39%
female university from a convenience Study. This section summarizes ; Tanzania: males 32%, females 44%
students in 32 sample of 13,601 the research data for the African Prevalence of severe assault reported
nations. Children and students at 68 countries of South Africa and are as follows:
Youth Services universities in 32 Tanzania only. The core South Africa: males 43%, females
Review nations. The subgroup questions are the same in every 14%; Tanzania: males 15%, females
Volume 30(3), 252- of those reporting more region where the research was 26%
275. than one incident of conducted. Students who Prevalence of any mutual physical
assault included 4,239 participated in the study were violence are as follows:
students. In this table advised of their rights to refuse South Africa: 40%; Tanzania: 38%
segment, the samples participation and the purpose of Prevalence of mutual severe physical
were collected from the the study. Most universities violence reported are as follows:
African continent: South had a participation rate of 85% South Africa: 16%; Tanzania: 20%
Africa (85; 94.1% F)) to 95%. Dominance Scores:
and Tanzania (130; Dominance was measured by South Africa: 2.01 M., 2.08 F
45.4% F). items from the Personal and Tanzania: 2.38 M, 2.38 F
Students included in the Relationships Profile – e.g., “I
study either currently generally have the final say
were, or had been in a when my partner and I
relationship for one disagree,” and “My partner
month or more. needs to remember that I am in
charge.”
Impression management was
controlled by using. The
Limited Disclosure Scale of the
PRP.
Lawoko, S. (2008). 3578 Sampling of households Subsample from a two-stage Social differences:

35
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Predictors of attitudes men from Zambia and sampling design from the Dept Zambian men were older; more likely
toward intimate Kenya. Sample were of Health Services. A to be married; less educated;
partner violence : A men from the ages of 15 comprehensive questionnaire agricultural workers; less access to
comparative study of to 55 years old chosen developed by the MEASURE information; more conservative
men in Zambia and from every second DHS program was used, regarding “shared partner decision.”
Kenya. J Interpers household. including social status, Zambian men were more likely to
Violence, 23: 1056- empowerment indicators, justify beating their wives on issues of
1074. attitudes towards wife beating, going out “without telling her husband
issues concerning marriage, or burned the food.”
sexual activity, and STD’s. This
study focused on partner abuse Kenya men were more likely to justify
issues. abuse of the wives for, “neglecting the
children or agued with their husband.”

Zambian men justified IPV more

frequently than Kenyan men.

Predictors of attitudes toward IPV:

68% of both live in rural areas;
54 % Zambian, 54% Kenyan have only
a primary education;
79% Zambian, 94% Kenyan read
newspapers or magazines;
Attitudes towards women’s autonomy
and access to information were strong
indicators of attitude towards
justification of beatings.
Manchikanti Gómez, 16232 Women aged 20-29 Community-based Lifetime IPV (physical and sexual):
A., & Speizer, I. S. Liberia= years from the representative cross-sectional
(2010). Community- 2463 community from 5 multi-stage survey. This study Liberia = 39%
level intimate partner Zimbab African countries reports on a subset from recent Zimbabwe = 29%

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 3: Partner abuse in the Africa
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

violence and the we= Demographic Health Survey Mali = 21%

circumstances of first 2916 (2003-2007). Face-to-face Congo (DRC) = 64%
sex among young Mali = interviews. Lifetime physical (6 Kenya = 41%
women from five 5032 items) and sexual (2 items) IPV
African countries. Congo victimization was assessed.
Reproductive Health, (DRC)=
7:11 3171
Kenya=
2650
Hung, K., Scott, J., 46,697 Married women with Data obtained from Prevalence of partner abuse:
Ricciotti, H., women children in various Demographic and Health 25.1% reported physical PV
Johnson, T., & Tsai, African nations Surveys conducted from 2004- victimization;
A. (2012). Median birth interval 2008 in various African 10.6% reported sexual victimization.
Community-level and across countries: 29 countries: Cameroon,
individual-level months Democratic Republic of the PV victimization associated with
influences of intimate Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, shorter interval between births
partner violence on Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda,
birth spacing in Sub- Uganda, Zambia and
Saharan Africa. Zimbabwe.
Obstetrics & Lifetime PV exposure measured
Gynecology, 119 (5), by CTS; sexual abuse defined s
975-982. forced intercourse or other
forced sexual acts

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Table 4. Partner abuse in Latin America/Caribbean

Studies are organized by year of publication oldest to current. Multiple publications in the same year are alphabetized.
North and Central
America
Curacao
Van Wijk, J.Ph.L, & 491 Convenient sample of Standardized questionnaire Prevalence of abuse:
de Bruijn, J.G.M. Women men and women distributed over 2 months in Physical abuse: 22% female, 11%
(2012). Risk factors entering one of four public waiting rooms at the male;
for domestic violence 325 public waiting rooms. governmental registry office, Psychological abuse: 32% female, 20%
in Curacao. Journal men health insurance company, male;
of Interpersonal governmental food handling Sexual abuse: 9% female, 1% male
Violence, 27(15), permit distribution unit and a Any abuse: 38% female, 25% male
3032-3053. medical facility.
Risk factors:
Lower than professional education
(69%)
Divorced (42%)
Single parent (53%)
Childhood victimization (63%
psychological; 52% physical; 76%
sexual)

Dominican Republic
Kishor, S., & 8,746 Ever-married and non- Data from DHS conducted in Prevalence of partner violence:
Johnson, K. (2004). women married women age 15- Dominican Republic in 2002 by Physical victimization: 18.4% lifetime,
Profiling domestic 49 in the Dominican CESDEM; one woman 9.8% past year (of the latter, 42.3%
violence: A multi- Republic. Since the randomly selected per assaulted 5+ times)
country study. DHS had slight household, asked about Sexual: 6.4% lifetime, 4.2% past year
Calverton, Maryland, variations in variables it demographic characteristics and Emotional: 17.7% lifetime, 11.3% past
USA: ORC Macro. assessed there were PV victimization based on year
some differences in the modified CTS

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

inclusion criteria for the Of the women who reported any

administration of the lifetime victimization, 29.3% reported
domestic violence any violence against husband;
module from country to 16.1% said they had been violent
country(e.g. ever- towards him in past year;
married women vs. all 47.5% of physically victimized women
women). Community reported bruises or aches; 12.9%
sample injuries or broken bones; 20.7% sought
medical attention
Guatemala
Johri, M., Morales, 1,897 Pregnant women, age Cross section study use sample Prevalence of partner violence:
R., Boivin, J., women 15-49 attending a of women visiting maternity 18% reported an PV victimization for
Samayoa, B., Hoch, maternity ward in ward in Guatemala City, past year (16% verbal, 10% physical,
J., Grazioso, C., . . . Guatemala City Guatemala, as part of an HIV 3% sexual).
Arathoon, G. (2011). reduction project. Women 86% of women experiencing physical
BMC Pregnancy and asked about demographic PV also experienced another form of
Childbirth, 11:49. information, risk behaviors, abuse
medical history and PV in past
year. PV victimization correlated with low
PV questions based on WHO income, low education, being married,
Multi-country Study on use of alcohol or illegal drugs, and
Women’s Health and Domestic having been sexually abused as a child
Violence, and focused on PV also correlated with having a
physical, verbal and sexual miscarriage
forms of abuse
Haiti:
Kishor, S., & 10,159 Ever-married and non- Data from DHS conducted in Prevalence of partner violence:
Johnson, K. (2004). women married women age 15- Haiti in 2000 by Institut Haitien Physical PV victimization: 17.3%
Profiling domestic 49 in Haiti. Since the de L’enfance, one randomly lifetime, 12.5% past year (of the latter,
violence: A multi- DHS had slight selected woman per household. 41.8% assaulted 5 times or more)
country study. variations in variables it Asked about demographic Sexual: 17.0% lifetime, 14.8% past

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Calverton, Maryland, assessed there were characteristic about PV year

USA: ORC Macro some differences in the victimization with modified Emotional: 13.2% lifetime, 10.8% past
inclusion criteria for the version of CTS including items year
administration of the on sexual abuse Among women who had ever been
domestic violence physically abused by husband, 14.5%
module from country to had ever assaulted him lifetime, and
country(e.g. ever- 11.9% in past year
married women vs. all Among physically victimized women,
women). Community 15.5% reported bruises and aches,
sample 7.7% injuries or broken bones, and
9.2% sought medical attention
Gage, A. (2005). 3,389 The survey was Combined qualitative and Prevalence of partner violence:
Women’s experience women distributed to a quantitative. This was a two- 29% experienced some form of
of intimate partner nationally representative stage stratified cluster design intimate partner violence in the past 12
violence in Haiti. sample. All women were used to collect data on months;
Social Science & included in the questions socioeconomic, demographic 13% experienced at least two different
Medicine, 61, 2, 343- regarding violence and health indicators, meant to forms of violence.
364. committed by family measure individual, partner, and
members, while partner community characteristics Risk factors:
abuse questions were associated with the occurrence Lack of “completion of primary school;
only directed to ever of intimate partner violence. history of violence exposure in
married or cohabitating The four questionnaires used women's families of origin either
women between ages 15 from the 2000 Haiti through witnessing violence between
– 49. Every other Demographic and Health parents while growing up; direct
household was included Survey conducted from experience of physical violence
for the domestic February to July 2000 by the perpetrated by family members;
violence module. If Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance partner's jealousy; partner's need for
more than one woman were: the Household control; partner's history of
lived in the household, Questionnaire, the Women's drunkenness; female-dominated
one was randomly Questionnaire, the Men's financial decision-making.
selected, otherwise the Questionnaire, and the Additional risks for sexual violence

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

only woman in the Community Questionnaire. included:

house was asked to Neighborhood poverty; male
participate. unemployment; number of children
living at home; women's acceptance of
the abuse; male-dominated financial
decision-making.
The sample education level was 41.2%
having no education and 1/5th having
some primary school.
Mexico:
Rivera-Rivera, L., 7,960 Male (42%) and female Respondents administered Prevalence rates of dating violence
Allen-Leigh, B., both (585) students in junior written questionnaire in the Victimization:
Rodriquez-Ortega, high, high school and classroom; asked about 9.37% of girls and 8.57% of boys
G., Chavez-Ayala, R., college, from a demographic characteristics. reported to have been psychologically
& Lazcano-Ponce, E. systematic, random Health risk behaviors, intra- abused at least once by dating partner;
(2007). Prevalence sample in urban, family violence, dating violence 9.88% of girls and 22.71% of boys said
and correlates of suburban and rural areas Administered modified Conflict they were physically abused; 8.6% of
adolescent dating of Mexico. Tactics Scale, in Spanish . girls and 15.15% of boys reported both
violence: Baseline Ages: 11-24 Asked about violence Perpetration:
study of a cohort of perpetrated against them by 4.21% of girls and 4.33% of boys
7960 male and female other family members; and reported psychological abuse
Mexican public asked if their most recent dating perpetration against a dating partner;
school students. partner had made them feel 20.99% of girls and 19.54% of boys
Preventive Medicine, inferior, insulted them, forced reported physical abuse; and 7.48% of
44:477-484. to commit an illegal act, pushed girls and 5.51% of boys reported both
or punched them; then asked if
they perpetrated each on Risk factors
partner. Female dating violence victimization
correlated with: physical victimization
by other family members; high number
of sexual partners; alcohol

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

consumption; living in a rural area

Male dating violence victimization
correlated with: physical victimization
by other family members; high number
of sexual partners; gang membership.

Correlated with dating violence

perpetration: high number of sexual
partners, illegal drug use, and gang
membership (both genders); alcohol
consumption (girls), middle to high
socioeconomic level (boys)
Salazar, M., 478 Pregnant women in Longitudinal study conducted Prevalence of partner violence:
Valladares, E., women Leon, Nicaragua. with sample of pregnant women 64.6% partner violence at some time –
Ohman, A., & in Leon, Nicaragua. Women lifetime, during pregnancy, or at follow
Hogberg, U. (2009). interviewed first in 2002-2003, up
Ending intimate then again in 2007.
partner violence after Of those reporting violence at
pregnancy: Findings Partner violence measured pregnancy, 51% reported continued
from a community – according to WHO multi- violence at follow-up
based longitudinal country study. Also measured:
survey in Nicaragua. sociodemographic variables, Women who stopped being abused
BMC Public Health, emotional distress, partner were significantly more likely to be
9: 350. control, social resources, and either alone or with new partner at
women’s views on partner follow-up; or experienced no partner
violence and help-seeking control and high social support.
Ending abuse also correlated with
lessening approval by women of
violence or rigid gender roles
Nicaragua
Kishor, S., & 8,507 Ever-married women Data obtained from DHS Prevalence of partner violence:

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Johnson, K. (2004). women from the community in conducted in Nicaragua from Physical victimization: 27.6% lifetime,
Profiling domestic reproductive age (15-49) 1997-1998 by Instituto 11.9% past year (of the latter, 29.3%
violence: A multi- in Nicaragua. Since the Nacional de Estadisticas y assaulted 5 times or more)
country study. DHS had slight Censos. One randomly selected Sexual abuse: 10.2% lifetime, 3.9%
Calverton, Maryland, variations in variables it woman per household; asked past year
USA: ORC Macro assessed there were respondents about demographic Emotional: 29.0% lifetime, 15.9% past
some differences in the characteristics and PV year
inclusion criteria for the victimization, based on Of those women who reported lifetime
administration of the modified CTS, including physical victimization, 15.1% reported
domestic violence questions on sexual abuse ever physically hitting him
module from country to Among physically assaulted women,
country(e.g. ever- 22.7% reported bruises or aches, 4.9%
married women vs. all injuries or broken bones, and 4.9% had
women). Community to seek medical attention
sample

Salazar, M., Wave Pregnant women (at the Data was selected from the Prevalence of partner violence:
Valladares, E., 1= 478 time of the first wave) 2002-2003 León Health and
Öhman, A., & Wave aged 18-50 years at time Demographic Surveillance Results for wave 2 were reported.
Högberg, U. (2009). 2= 398 of wave 2 from the System. Longitudinal multi- 65.6% of women were victimised at
Ending Intimate community in León, cluster sampling design. Face- either during wave 1 or wave 2
Partner Violence after Nicaragua to-face interviews. (Physical, 53% were also exposed during
pregnancy: Findings psychological, and sexual) IPV pregnancy
from a community- victimisation at wave 1 was
based longitudinal assessed as lifetime prevalence, Lifetime IPV: 32% / 12-month: 31%
study in Nicaragua. and as 12-month in wave 2 via
BMC Public Health, the WHO multi-country study Of the women exposed to lifetime or
9:350 questionnaire. pregnancy IPV, 59% reported that their
abuse ended. This finding took place in
a context of a substantial shift in
women's normative attitudes

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

towards not tolerating abuse

South America

Bolivia:
Diaz-Olavarrieta, C., 6,002 Women were recruited This was a nested dross- Prevalence of partner violence:
Wilson, K.S., Garcia, women from a larger study sectional study. After recruiting 20.4% physical or sexual violence. Of
S.G., Revollo, R., measuring issues a sample from the ICS test, a those, the break down is:
Richmond, K., Paz, addressing syphilis. quantitative interview regarding 52.2% physical violence only;
F., & Chavez, L.P., Only women who had abuse was conducted in the 29.2% sexual violence only;
(2009). The co- completed the ICS rapid participants’ languages of 18.1% both sexual and physical
occurrence of text and agreed to Spanish, Aymara, or Quechua. violence;
intimate partner complete the violence Various socioeconomic 0.3% only sexual violence by partner
violence and syphilis questionnaire were questions were asked about and physical violence by some other
among pregnant included. themselves and their partners. person;
women in Bolivia. The Abuse Assessment Screen 0.2% only physical violence by partner
Journal of Women’s (AAS) was used to measure and sexual violence by someone else.
Health, 18(12), 2077- abuse. Only 4 of the 5 questions
2086. from the AAS were used. No violence in the past 12 months was
reported by 77.6%.

Risk factors:
50.5% Women reporting any violence
were most commonly between the ages
of 20 and 29;
91.2% had high school or less
education (49.4% had secondary or
less);
87% were married or in a consensual
reunion;
63.3% were homemakers;
62.8% were low income.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Partner’s characteristics were:

50.7% between 20 and 29 years of age;
92.8% unemployed;
74.3% high school or less education.
Brazil:
Reichenheim, M., 26,003 Sample of women from Questionnaire included items on Prevalence rates of abuse
Moraes, C., Szklo,A., women national survey in several topics, including: Across all locations, the percentage of
Hasselmann, M., de Brazil, the Household demographics, risk behaviors, any physical partner abuse perpetrated
Souza, E., Lozana, J., Survey on Risk quality of life and partner in past year was 19.7% by females, and
& Figueiredo,V. Behaviors and Reported violence. Partner violence 14.6% by males.
(2006). The Morbidity from Non- section based on Conflict
magnitude of intimate Communicable Tactics Scale – Form R, However, females perpetrated lesser
partner violence in Diseases. From target translated into Portuguese. number of physical assaults (average =
Brazil: Portraits from population of 24, 426, Survey administered in private 1.70) compared to males (average
15 capital cities and 350, the final sample by only female interviewers. 2.31).
the Federal District. was comprised of
Cad.Saude Publica, 26,003 women ages 15- About 75% of respondents reported to
Rio de Janeiro, 22(2), 69 in 15 cities, who have experienced some psychological
425-437 were married, co- abuse in past year (no data on
habitating with partner, respondent perpetration rates)
or had dating
relationship of 3months Risk factors
minimum in past year. Younger women more likely to be
All of Brazil’s regions involved in abusive relationships than
were represented. older women; correlations also found
between partner violence and woman’s
low educational level and living in the
North or Northeast sections of the
country
Schraiber, L. B., 940 Women aged 15-49 Multi-stage (cluster) cross- Prevalence of partner violence:

8
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

D’Oliveira, A. F. P. women years from the city of sectional population-based Physical IPV: 27.2%
L., França-Junior, I., São Paulo representative survey. It was Psychological IPV: 41.8%
Diniz, S., Portella, A. and 15 municipalities in part of the World Health Sexual IPV: 10.1%
P., Ludermir, A. B., a rural region of the Organization (WHO) Multi-
Valença, O., &. northeast, the Zona da country Study on Women’s There was significant overlapping
Couto, M. T. (2007). Mata de Pernambuco Health and Domestic Violence. among the types of violence, which
Prevalence of Face-to-face interviews. seemed to be associated with the most
intimate partner Lifetime physical (6 items- severe types of violence. The findings
violence against three items assessed mild IPV reiterate previous international studies
women in regions of and three severe IPV) , results with regard to high magnitude
Brazil. Revista de psychological (4 items), and and overlapping of types of intimate
Saúde Pública, 41(5), sexual (3 items) IPV partner violence.
1-10. victimization via the WHO
standardized multi-country
questionnaire

Moura, L., Gandolfi, 278 Women between 15-49 Cross-sectional survey of Prevalence of partner violence:
L, Vasconcelos, A., women with male partner women in Varjao, an Highest PV victimization was for
& Pratesi, R. (2009). Mean age = 30 years economically impoverished psychological (80.2% lifetime, 50% in
Intimate partner 62% did not complete metropolitan area of Brasilia, past year).
violence against primary school Brazil 36% were prevented from seeing
women in an 28% had been married PV measured according to friends, 22% had contact with family
economically more than once WHO standards into moderate limited, 45% said their husbands
vulnerable urban Median age of partners or serious physical, needed to know where they were at all
area, Central-West = 32 years, with 71% emotional/psychological and times, and 52% became angry when
Brazil. Rev Saude not completing primary sexual abuse lifetime and in they talked to other men
Publica, 43 (6). education past 12 months
12% of women reported Physical violence: 58.6% lifetime,
partners drank almost 32.4% past year
every day and 11% said Sexual violence: 28,8% lifetime,
partners were illicit drug 15.5% previous year

9
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

users Most common forms of physical PV:

36% of households pushing partner
headed by the woman,
15% by both partners 45% of women said wives should obey
husbands, but 96% disagreed that
disobedience in a valid reason for PV
victimization
Gomez, A. M., 198 This study involved A survey was distributed to Prevalence of partner violence:
Speizer, I. S., & women participants that were measure the association 32% any victimization;
Moracco, K. E. between the ages of 15 between IPV and gender 40% any perpetration;
(2011). Linkages 240 and 24 years living in equality. The time frame 22% both victimization and
between gender men Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. measured was the last 6 months perpetration.
equity and intimate Of the sample 240 were at the time of the survey. 18% male youth reported recent
partner violence males and 198 were perpetration;
among urban females.
Brazilian youth. Gender equality support was protector
Journal of Adolescent against IPV victimization and male IPV
Health, 49(4), 393- perpetration.
399.
The most frequent response to abuse by
the females was to leave but later
return.
For males retaliation with violence was
the most common response. Females
reported jealousy as the most common
motivation for their violent acts.
Chile:
Lehrer, J.A., Lehrer, 484 This study was This study utilized the 2005 Prevalence of partner violence:
E.L., & Zhao, Z. women conducted in Santiago, Survey of Student Well-Being 67.3% of women and 79.9% of men
(2009). Physical and Chile at a large public created to collect quantitative reported at least one psychological
psychological dating 466 university. All students data. Questions regarding abuse within the last 12 months; 15.1%

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

violence in young men attending the general psychological dating violence, of women and 26.6% of men reported
men and women in education classes physical violence victimization some form of physical violence in the
Chile: results from a conducted in the Winter in the last 12 months and since last 12 months;
2005 survey of of 2005 were included in the age of 14, severity of abuse 25.4% of women and 37.9% of men
university students. the study. There were and injury were asked. reported physical abuse since the age of
International Journal 484 women and 466 Respondents were to answer 14 years.
of Injury Control and men. No age questions that involved a date or
Safety Promotion, requirement was set, but romantic relationship in the Most reported mild to moderate
16(4), 205-214. the ages of participants testing period. Assaults or violence, while the question of “most
ranged from 17 to 30 injuries were omitted if the severe” was left unanswered by a
years of age, with a partner was acting in self- significant number of respondents (50-
median age of 20 years. defense. 53% of women and 34-43% of men).

The subsample of those reporting

violence reported injury as follows:
15.9% women and 6.9% men in the
past 12 months of violence;
19.5% of women and 13.3% of men
since the age of 14 years.
There was no external reporting of the
abuse in 33% of the women, and 42.7%
of men.
Lehrer, J.A., Lehrer, 441 Females enrolled in a Questionnaire was used that Prevalence of partner violence:
E.L., & Z. Zhao, Z. women public university in included 3 questions to 36% reporting having witnessed DV
(2010). Physical Santiago, Chile, winter determine physical before 14 yrs;
dating violence term of 2005 who had victimization: 1. No incident; 2, 20.9% reported sexual abuse before 14
victimization had a date or romantic at least one but no physical yrs;
in college women in relationship since age injury; 3. At least one resulting 21% reported one or more incidents of
Chile. Journal of 14. Age range 18-30. in physical injury. being physically violated with no
Women’s Health, resulting injury;
19(5). Also included were questions 5% reported at least one resulting in

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

regarding sexual activity before injury.

age 14, and since age 14,
whether willfully or un- Risk factors:
willfully and by whom, types of
Sexual abuse, witnessing DV in
physical violence experienced,
childhood, low parental education,
types of injuries incurred.
living outside of parent’s home during
Five models were used to show college, urban residence, participation
results of survey using the in sexual intercourse.
following headings:
Socioeconomic and
demographic variable only

Colombia:

Kishor, S., & 11,536 Ever-married and non- Data obtained from national Prevalence of partner abuse:
Johnson, K. (2004). women married women age 15- Demographic and Health Lifetime victimization: 40.0%
Profiling domestic 49 in Colombia. Since Survey (DHS) conducted in physical, 11.0% sexual, 11.5%
violence: A multi- the DHS had slight Columbia in 2000, by emotional.
country study. variations in variables it PROFAMILIA. Asked about
Calverton, Maryland, assessed there were demographic characteristics and 13.4% of women having experienced
USA: ORC Macro some differences in the PV victimization based on physical violence said they had ever
inclusion criteria for the modified CTS physically assaulted husband.
administration of the 53% of physically victimized reported
domestic violence bruises and aches, 10.2% injury or
module from country to broken bones, 2.5%
country (e.g. ever-
married women vs. all
women). Community
sample

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Peru:
Kishor, S., & 27,259 Ever-married and non- DHS conducted in Peru in 2000 Prevalence of partner violence:
Johnson, K. (2004). women married women from the by Instituto Nacional de
Profiling domestic community in Estadistica e Informatica, asked 42.4% reported any lifetime physical
violence: A multi- reproductive age (15-49) one randomly selected woman PV victimization
country study. in Peru. Since the DHS in each household about
Calverton, Maryland, had slight variations in demographic characteristics and
USA: ORC Macro variables it assessed about physical PV, based on
there were some CTS items
differences in the
inclusion criteria for the
administration of the
domestic violence
module from country to
country(e.g. ever-
married women vs. all
women).
Community sample
Sanchez, S. E., Qiu, 676 339 pregnant women Case-control cross-sectional Prevalence of partner violence during
C., Perales, M. T., women with preeclampsia/337 study. Physical (3 items- one pregnancy:
Lam, N., Garcia, C., controls (pregnant item referred to severe IPV and
& Williams, M. A. women) identified by two to mild IPV) and Women with Preeclampsia = 43.1%
(2008). Intimate medical records and psychological (4 items) IPV Women without Preeclampsia = 24.3%
partner violence recruited during their and controlling behaviour (5 Compared with those reporting never
(IPV) and stay in two hospitals in items) victimisation was exposure to IPV during pregnancy,
preeclampsia among Lima, Perú. They were assessed within the pregnancy women reporting any exposure had a
Peruvian women. identified in three age period. The items were taken 2.4-fold increased risk of preeclampsia.
European Journal of groups: <20 years, 20- from the Abuse Assessment
Obstetrics & 34, and >34 Scale and the Psychological Emotional abuse in the absence of
Gynecology and maltreatment of Women physical violence was associated with a
Reproductive Inventory- short form. 3.2-fold increased risk of preeclampsia.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Biology, 137, 50-55. Emotional and physical abuse during

pregnancy was associated with a 1.9-
fold increased risk of preeclampsia.
IPV among pregnant women is
common and is associated with an
increased risk of preeclampsia
Perales, M.T., Cripe, 2,131 Women who gave birth Subjects administered Lifetime PV Victimization:
S.M., Lam, N., women at INMP hospital, Lima, structured questionnaire in
Sanchez, S., Sanchez, Peru between 2005- private, asked about Physical: 34.2%
E., & Willliams, 2006, age 15-49 sociodemographic Emotional: 28.4%
M.A. (2009). (analysis only includes characteristics, mental health Sexual: 8.7%
Prevalence, types and women reporting PV symptoms and PV
pattern of intimate and current pregancy) victimization. Physical PV PV victimization correlated with being
partner violence measured according to modified older (30 years or more), single,
among pregnant CTS; emotional abuse defined employed but economically
women in Lima, as saying or doing something to disadvantaged, and having had a poor
Peru. Violence humiliate or threatening her or education
against Women, 15 someone close with harm;
(2), 224-250. sexual PV defined as being
physically forced to have
intercourse when women did
not want to, or forcing other
sexual acts against her wishes
Multi Country for
all Latin America:

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Straus, M.A. (2008) 803 Data from the A consortium of researchers Prevalence of overall assault (past year
Dominance and Latin International Violence from all major regions of the perpetration) reported in the Latin
symmetry in partner America Study regarding dating world took part in this American countries surveyed are as
violence by male and International Dating Violence follows:
violence were collected
female university Study. This section summarizes Brazil males at 22%, females 23%;
students in 32 from a convenience the research data for North Guatemala males at 17%, females 32%,
nations. Children and sample of 13,601 America’s region of Mexico, Mexico: males 27%, females 47%
Youth Services students at 68 and South American countries Venezuela: males 25%, females 24%.
Review, 30, 3, 252- universities in 32 of Brazil, Guatemala and Prevalence of severe assault reported in
275. nations. The subgroup of Venezuela. The core questions the Latin American countries surveyed
those reporting more are the same in every region are as follows:
where the research was Brazil: males 7%, females 6%;
than one incident of
conducted. Students who Guatemala: males 6%, females 9%,
assault included 4,239 participated in the study were Mexico: males 13%, females 17%
students. In this table advised of their rights to refuse Venezuela: males 15%, females 10%.
segment, the samples participation and the purpose of Prevalence of any mutual physical
were collected from the the study. Most universities violence reported in the Latin
Latin countries of Brazil had a participation rate of 85% American countries surveyed are as
(236), Guatemala (168), to 95%. follows:
Dominance was measured by Brazil: 22%, Guatemala: 24%,
Mexico 190), and
items from the Personal and Mexico: 44% Venezuela: 24%.
Venezuela (209); The Relationships Profile – e.g., “I Prevalence of mutual severe violence
average responding generally have the final say reported in the Latin American
gender in this region when my partner and I countries surveyed are as follows:
was 65.9% female. disagree,” and “My partner Brazil: 6%, Guatemala: 7%, Mexico:
Students included in the needs to remember that I am in 17% Venezuela: 11%.
charge.” Dominance Scores:
study either currently
Impression management was Brazil: 1.96 M, 1.94 F
were, or had been in a controlled by using the Limited Guatemala:1.97 M, 1.98 F
relationship for one Disclosure Scale of the PRP. Mexico: 2.03 M, 2.10 F
Venezuela: 2.03 M, 1.93 F

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

month or more.

Le Franc, E., Samms- 3,401 Men and women aged Stratified (3-level) cross Physical IPV Perpetration
Vaughan, M., Barbado 15-30 years living in the sectional sampling was used. Barbados: 53.9% women, 48.8% men
Hambleton, I., Fox, s: 1,003, community of the three Mimicked national census Jamaica: 52.4% women, 39.9% men
K., & Brown, D. Jamaica: nations. methodology from each Trinidad and Tobago: 48.2% women,
(2008). Interpersonal 1,402, country. Face-to-face 45% men
violence in three Trinidad interviews. Lifetime physical, Psychological IPV Perpetration
Caribbean countries: and psychological, and sexual IPV Barbados: 74.6% women, 76.5% men
Barbados, Jamaica, Tobago: perpetration and victimization Jamaica: 76.6% women, 69.8% men
and Trinidad and 996 by partners, acquaintances, and Trinidad and Tobago: 77.4% women,
Tobago. Pan strangers was assessed via the 70.5% men
American Journal of CTS2 Sexual IPV Perpetration
Public Health, 24(6), Barbados: 47.4% women, 42.1% men
409-421. Jamaica: 67.9% women, 60% men
Trinidad and Tobago: 49.9% women,
52.9% men
Physical IPV Victimization
Barbados: 50% women, 44.7% men
Jamaica: 45.3% women, 40.4% men
Trinidad and Tobago: 45.2% women,
47.7% men
Psychological IPV Victimization
Barbados: 70.7% women, 76.1% men
Jamaica: 69.4% women, 66.5% men
Trinidad and Tobago: 69.3% women,
66.6% men

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 4: Partner abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Sexual IPV Victimization

Barbados: 52.8% women, 39.6% men
Jamaica: 72.6% women, 57.2% men
Trinidad and Tobago: 51.6% women,
52.5% men

Very high levels of reported IPV

indicate very high levels of tolerance
among victims in these countries, and
suggest a culture of violence and of
adversarial intimate relationships may
be well entrenched. The findings
support the view that co-occurrence of
general interpersonal violence and
partner violence may be limited, and
that one may not necessarily be a
predictor of the other. They also reveal
that, among partners, not only are there
no gender differentials
in victimization by physical violence,
but more women than men are self-
reporting as perpetrators of IPV.

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Table 5. Partner abuse in Europe

Studies are organized by year of publication oldest to current. Multiple publications in the same year are alphabetized.
Albania:
Burazeri, G., Roshi, 1,039 A population sample of The women were asked to Prevalence of partner violence:
E., Jewkes, R., women 1039 married women complete a questionnaire on 37%; experienced violence.
Jordan, S., Bjegovic, between the ages of 25- intimate partner violence and
V., & Laaser, U 65 living in Tirana, social and demographic Risk factors:
(2005). Factors Albania was included in characteristics to measure their Women at higher risk of violence
associated with the study. The sample experience of being hit, were women aged 25-34; women with
spousal physical was selected from the slapped, kicked, or otherwise a higher education than their
violence In Albania: 2001 census. physically hurt by the husband husbands; those with tertiary
Cross sectional study. within the past year. education; women working in white
BMJ: British Medical collar jobs; women married to men
Journal, 331, 7510, raised in rural areas.
197-20. Results show that contrary to most
developed countries, women who
were more educated and self-sufficient
were at a higher risk of abuse.
Belgium:
Roelens, K., Hans 537 The sample included An anonymous questionnaire Prevalence of partner violence:
Verstraelen, H., Van women pregnant women was provided to the 10.1% lifetime prevalence of IPV;
Egmond, K., & attending five large participants. They were asked 3.4% IPV during pregnancy and/or in
Temmerman, M. hospitals in the province to complete the questionnaire at the year preceding pregnancy.
(2008). Disclosure of East Flanders, home and to return it
and health-seeking Belgium. From that anonymously by mail. The Whether the women’s partners
behavior following selection 537 women questionnaires included the attended the appointment with her
intimate partner returned the Abuse Assessment Screen made a significant difference in
violence before and information. The (AAS) plus questions about the lifetime reporting rates. Attending
during pregnancy in average age of most recent episode of physical with a partner was 6.8%, and without

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Flanders, Belgium: A respondents was 29.4 or sexual violence, if abuse had was 13.9%.
survey surveillance years. ever been reported to the police,
study. European and if they approved of house Women experiencing physical or
Journal of Obstetrics IPV is screened at clinics and sexual abuse were less likely to seek
& Gynecology and hospitals. medical care, resulting between 6.6%
Reproductive and 19.2%. It was largely accepted by
Biology, 137, 1, 37- the participants for the medical
42. professional to conduct a routine
screening for IPV.
Finland:
Heiskanen, M., & 4,955 Swedish and Finnish- Representative sample of 7,100 Rates of Partner Abuse
Piispa, M. (1998). women speaking women in women 18-74, drawn from 22% of women reported any physical
Faith, hope, battering Finland. Central Population Registry. violence, threats, or sexual violence
– A survey of men’s 55% married, 15.5% Questionnaire administered by (lifetime rate), and 9% reported any
violence against cohabitating mail. Sought to obtain for the past year.
women in Finland. information on violence against Most common form of violence:
Helsinki: Statistics women, including violence by being grabbed and prevented from
Finland partners, and sexual harassment. leaving
36% said that current partner first
Partner physical violence perpetrated violence on them more
section of questionnaire than 10 years earlier. Of the men who
contained 8 items, from had been violent for the first time 10
“preventing from moving” to or more years earlier, 41% were no
“armed violence”; also asked longer violent at time of survey
about sexual violence 50% of women who reported violence
had also been abused in a previous
relationship
Risk Factors
Most common risk factors (victim):
Young age, cohabitation, relationship

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

2 years or more, woman’s alcohol

abuse, witnessing violence by father
against mother in childhood, those
who went out regularly (e.g., dancing)
and those earning a low income
Most common characteristics of
perpetrator: man’s younger age,
alcohol abuse, tendency to be
controlling.

Impact of Abuse
49% who had experienced physical
abuse reported suffering a physical
injury; 10% sought medical care, 2%
hospitalized
Emotional consequences (depression,
low self-esteem, sleeping disturbance,
shame, guilt) suffered by 67% of
victims
Leppäkoski, T., 35 Women aged 18 and Cross-sectional multicenter Prevalence of partner violence:
Paavilainen, E., & women older who had been study that included 28
Ǻstedt-Kurki, P. exposed to acute emergency departments in 13 Lifetime physical IPV: 94%
(2011). Experiences physical IPV and sought Finnish hospital districts. Face- Lifetime physical and psychological:
of emergency care by help for their injuries to-face interviews. Physical, 97%
the women exposed and symptoms at 24- psychological, and sexual IPV Physical and sexual victimization by
to acute physical hr.emergengy were assessed via questionnaire current husband: 17%
intimate partner departments. designed to obtain IPV 33% sought help for injuries
violence from the Mean age: 39 years victimization experiences, and
Finnish perspective. experiences of care when Women highlighted individual needs
International visiting health care clinics. for care, including appropriate medical
Emergency Nursing, Number of items is not care of injuries, and psychological and

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

19, 27-36. specified. tangible support. The women worried

about their children and partners and
regarded supporting the whole family
as important
Germany:
Stockl, H., Heise, L., 10,264 Representative sampling Most of the interviews were Prevalence of partner violence:
& Watts, C. (2011). women of women between 16 conducted in the women’s Using the subset of 3866 women:
Factors associated and 86 yrs of age homes with 12% taking place 17% reported sexual or physical
with violence by a selected randomly from outside of the homes to preserve violence by current partner;
current partner in a 250 communities privacy. 15% experiencing only physical;
nationally throughout Germany for 1% only sexual;
representative sample the original survey. Survey had 2 parts: a face to 1% experiencing both.
of German women. face interview focused on
Sociology of Health A subset of 3866 experiences of violence by any Demographics:
& Illness, 22 (5), currently in a perpetrator and a written Mean age was 35;
694-709 relationship and questionnaire that focused on 91% were German nationals;
between the ages of 16 violence by a partner including 96% completed secondary education;
to 49 at the time of the psychological abuse, physical 26% had A-level or university degree;
original survey was used and sexual violence in the 4% had no education;
in this analysis. women’s childhood as well as 2/3 of respondents were employed.
with an intimate partner.
Risk factors:
If a women disclosed
Higher risk of experiencing partner
experiencing any sexual and
violence in the current relationship if
physical violence in either parts
the following factors were present:
of the survey, they were
exposure to violence as children; drug
considered to have experienced
use within the previous 5 yrs.;
partner violence.
experience of violence with non
A modified version of the partners; physical disabilities or
conflict tactics scale was used chronic illness of the women; if both
partners lacked vocational education

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

to measure physical and sexual and/or training or if the woman had

violence but the partner had no vocational ed
and/or training; if the man along or
Comparisons were made both drank heavily the previous
between women reporting month; if the woman had more than 3
experiencing no violence to children; if the woman had been in the
those that experienced any current relationship between 3-5 yrs;
violence. and if the women felt socially
excluded.
Stockl, H., Watts, C., 2,805 Only women with Health, Well-Being and Prevalence Rates
& Penhale, B. (2012). older current partners Personal Safety of Women in 50-65 age group:
Intimate partner women included Germany Survey – national 23% rate of any physical or sexual
violence against older 2,030 age 50-65; 11% survey of 10,264 women abuse; 60% of these reported lower
women in Germany: had high school or more between ages 16-86; response level violence
Prevalence and risk education; 81% had rate of 52%
factors. Journal of occupational training Administered by female 66 + age group: 10% prevalence rate
Interpersonal 79 women age 66-86 ; interviewers in respondent’s for any physical, sexual abuse; 82%
Violence, XX (X), 1- 6% had high school or home reported lower level violence
20. greater education, 62% Partner violence measured by
had occupational modified version of CTS – Risk Factors
training certain items modified to Both age groups: experienced partner
In both groups, 77% include “so that it hurt or I violence correlated with having
said they were religious, became frightened,” or “that it witnessed father-on-mother violence
and more than 83% in could have injured me”; sexual in childhood, physical or sexual child
relationships more than violence defined as forced or abuse
20 years attempted forced sexual Among 65 year old and older group,
intercourse, forced petting, heavy drinking by both partners
forced watching or re-enacting correlated significantly with partner
pornography violence

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Norway:
Neroien, A., Schei, B. 2,143 Women 20-55 years National random sample Abuse Rates and Injuries
(2008). Partner women who were married or surveyed on health and 26.8% reported violence by current
violence and health: cohabitated with current experience with partner partner, 5.5% in past year
Results from the first or a previous partner violence Sexual abuse reported by 9.4% of
national study on Questions adapted from women, and by 35% who had reported
violence against previous surveys in Sweden and any physical abuse
women in Norway. Finland, a modified version of 8.8% reported severe violence by
Scandinavian Journal the CTS, with violence divided current or previous partner
of Public Health, 36, between mild (e.g., grab),
161-168. moderate (e.g., slap) and severe 30.8% of those who reported any
(e.g., strangling); sexual abuse violence also reported physical
defined as “tried to force you to injuries; of those reporting injuries,
have sex” 42.9% said the injuries led them to
miss work or school

Risk Factors
Following correlated significantly
with partner violence: low education;,
or being unmarried, divorced or
separated
Also correlated: getting social
security, unemployment benefits or
welfare, or were unemployed,
classified as poor, or had no children

Impact on Health
Violence victims more likely than
non-victims to report longstanding
illness, to be taking prescribed drugs,

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

being depressed or having anxiety, or

to report psychosomatic complaints

Portugal:
Machado, C., 1,334 2,391 parents from Between October and April Prevalence of partner violence:
Goncalves, M., women North Portugal between 2004 by select sampling 26.2% of participants reported at least
Matos, M., & Dias, the ages of 20 – 67 who through the local psychologists. one act of abuse within the prior year;
A. (2007). Child and 1,057 were either married or No Ethics Committee was 12% reported physically abuse; 23.7%
partner abuse: Self- men co-habiting participated utilized, as they do not exist in reported committing emotional abuse.
reported prevalence in this study. The Portugal. Selected participants
and attitudes in the families were two- were contacted personally. Ten Physical abuse included slapping,
north of Portugal. parent families with percent of those contacted pushing, throwing objects, pulling
Child Abuse & children under the age refused to participant in the hair, punching, threatening use of a
Neglect, 31, 6, 657- of 18 years old. Eight study. Questionnaires were weapon, and strangulation.
670. regions were included. provided to the participants to
One parent was selected complete. Information on just Emotional abuse included insulting or
from each family. The one child in the household was humiliating, yelling or threatening,
end sample included included. Four scales were breakings objects or throwing food,
1,057 males and 1,334 used, the IPE (Inventory of and isolation.
females. Educational practices), the Women had a higher percentage of
ECPF (Scale of Beliefs about committing abuse against their
Physical Punishment), the IVC children, while men had a higher rate
(Marital Violence Inventory), of committing abuse against their
and the ECVC (Scale of Beliefs partners.
about Marital Violence).
Machado, C., 4,667 Secondary school Two questionnaires were Prevalence of partner violence:
Caridade, S., & both students, professional distributed in this study to 31% in dating relationships reported
Martins, C. (2010). school students (same measure behavioral inventory committing one or more abusive acts
Violence in juvenile age as secondary and attitudinal scale. The during the preceding year;
dating relationships students), and university questionnaires used were The 18.1% committed physical abuse;
self-reported students were included Marital Violence Inventory and 22.4% committed emotional abuse;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

prevalence and in the study. Participants the Scale of Beliefs about 10.6% committed both forms of
attitudes in a were between the ages Marital Violence. abuse;
Portuguese sample. of 13 and 29 years, 7.3% committed severe physical
Journal of Family comprising of 42.2% violence.
Violence, 25: 43-52. males and 57.7%
females. A subsample of Victim reports were reported as
56.6% of the follows:
respondents reported 25.4% one or more acts of abuse;
being in a relationship at 13.4% physical abuse;
the time of the study. 19.5% emotional abuse;
8% both forms of abuse;
6.7% severe physical abuse.

It was reported that 20.9% were both

perpetrators and victims. A significant
percentage of perpetrators and victims
left off too much information to be
classified as a “perpetrator” or a
“victim” (48.3% and 55.6%
respectively).
Russia:
Lysova, A. V. (2007). 338 Students from three Cross-sectional study part of the Perpetration
Dating Violence in Men:15 universities in Russia International Dating Violence Physical IPV: Overall = 20.5% men
Russia. Russian 6 Study. Assessed 12-month and 37.9% women/ Severe = 8.4%
Education and Women: overall and severe physical IPV men and 15.4% women
Society, 49(4), 43-59. 182 and overall sexual coercion via Sexual IPV: 23.2% men and 25.7%
Mean the CTS2. Face-to-face women
age interview
men:19. Victimization
8 years Physical IPV: Overall = 25.6% men
Mean and 24.8% women/ Severe= 8.5% men

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

age and 8.9% women

women: Sexual IPV: 14.5% men and 36.6%
19.5 women
years
Prevalence in this study is in
agreement with those of most similar
studies in the United States and
Canada. More violence is committed
by women.
Stickley, A., 510 men Using sex and age, Data was taken from the Prevalence of attitudes towards
Kislitsyna, O., 680 random sampling of Moscow Health Survey 2004. partner violence:
Timofeeva, I., & women greater Moscow. A questionnaire was used in 53% of participants had a high level of
Vagero, D. (2008). Ages chosen were 18 face to face interviews education.
Attitudes toward and over. Participants were asked to Responses for whether violence
intimate partner answer 2 questions: 1) did they against women is a serious problem in
violence against think violence against women Russia today:
women in Moscow, was a serious problem in Agree – men 33.3%, women 52.9%,
Russia. J Fam Viol, Russia, and 2) in what all 44.5%;
23:447-456. situations was this violence Disagree – men 19%, women 10.9%,
justified. For question 2 seven all 14.4%;
scenarios were given for Difficult to say – men 47.6%, women
consideration. For both 36.2%, all 41.1%.
questions 3 alternatives were Responses to scenarios that justify
give as answers – agree, wife beatings:
disagree, difficult to say. Man not satisfied with her housework
Demographic information was performance – men 2.5%, women
also collected. .9%, all 1.6%;
She is disobedient – men 2%, women
.7%, all 1.3%;
Refusal of sex – men 1.4%, women
.4%, all .8%;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

She questions him about other

girlfriends – men .8%, women .7%, all
.8%;
He thinks she is unfaithful – men
4.1%, women 2.1%, all2.9%;
He discovers she has been unfaithful –
men 18.6%, women 7.4%, all 12.2%;
She argues with him – men 3.3%,
women 1%, all 2.0%.
Men who were heavy drinkers felt
violence was less of a problem;
younger women were more likely to
think violence against women was
more of a problem than those age 70
or more; women with a mid-level
education saw it more of a problem;
both men and women of low-level
education were more likely to support
men being able to hit his wife; men
facing financial difficulty were twice
as likely to support violence.

Lokhmatkina, N. V., 1,232 Women patients aged 15- Multi-center cross-sectional Prevalence of partner violence:
Kuznetsova, O. Y., & women 70 attending general survey. Assessed 12-month IPV Physical IPV: 6.4%
Feder, G. S. (2010). practices in 12 victimization prevalence via a Emotional/psychological: 9.2%
Prevalence and administrative districts Russian version of the Harassment: 4%
associations of (24 general practices) in Composite Abuse Scale (CAS). Overall IPV (combination of the 3):
partner abuse in St. Petersburg, Russia. Face-to-face interview 7.2%
women attending Mean age: 43.6 years
Russian general Cohabiting women were 1.9 times
practice. Family more likely and divorced women were

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Practice, 27, 625- 2.3 times more likely to be abused

631. than married respondents. Only 34.7%
of women would agree to GPs asking
about partner abuse. The high
prevalence of partner abuse is
consistent with international findings
in general practice-based studies
Zhan, W., Shaboltas, 440 Consecutive adult Cross-sectional study. IPV Prevalence of partner violence:
A. V., Skochilov, R. both patients aged 18 years (compound measure of physical 7.2% of participants perpetrated IPV.
V., Kozlov, A. P., and older who reported and sexual IPV perpetration No significant gender differences were
Krasnoselskikh, T. genitourinary complaints within the previous 3 months found.
V., & Abdala, N. or had a need for STI- was assessed via the CTS2
(2011). Alcohol related services in a Risk factors:
misuse, drinking clinic in Saint. Participants with alcohol misuse were
contexts and intimate Petersburg, Russia. 3.28 times as likely as those without
partner violence in St. alcohol misuse to perpetrate IPV.
Petersburg, Russia: Among participants who had
results from a cross- consumed alcohol in the past three
sectional study. BMC months, those who usually drank on
Public Health, 11: the streets or in parks were more likely
629. to perpetrate IPV. Both alcohol misuse
and certain drinking contexts were
associated with IPV perpetration.
Spain:
Ruiz-Perez, I., 1,402 Mean age = 38.83 years Convenience sample of women Abuse Prevalence
Plazaola-Castano, J., women 32.8% had two children participants recruited from 23 32% reported any victimization -
Alvarez-Kindelan, 65% married, 51% general medical practices in 14.3% physical violence, 30.8%
M., Palomo-Pinto, employed. three regions of Spain; had to emotional abuse, 8.9% sexual abuse
M., Arnalte-Barrera, 65.4% lacked a be 18-65 years of age and
A., Bonet-Pla, A.,The university degree seeking medical care. Risk Factors
Gender Violence Participants administered 21- Having 3 or more children

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Study Group (2006). item written questionnaire at significantly correlated with physical
Sociodemographic clinic, on partner violence, and sexual abuse; being separated,
associations of sociodemograhic variables and divorced or widowed significantly
physical, emotional health status. correlated with all three forms of
and sexual intimate Partner violence questions abuse; unemployment significantly
partner violence in based on previous WHO Multi- correlated with physical and
Spanish women. Country Study on Women’s emotional abuse, but employment
AEP Journal, 16 (5), Health and Life Events, and correlated with ever experiencing any
357-363. asked about current partner. partner violence
Physical violence defined as Lower education significantly
being hit, slapped, kicked or correlated with emotional and sexual
pushed; emotional abuse abuse; women with low family income
defined as having been significantly more likely to experience
threatened, insulted or all types of violence, as were women
humiliated; sexual abuse who lacked social support
defined as being forced to have
sexual activities against her will

Zorrila, B., Pires, M., 2,136 Women aged 18–70 Stratified cross-sectional Prevalence of partner violence:
Lasheras, L., Morant, women years, living in the representative study of violence
C., Seoane, L., Madrid region for a against women in Madrid. Physical IPV = 2.4%
Sanchez, L. M., period of 12 months or Telephone interviews by female Psychological IPV = 8.6%
Galán, I., Aguirre, R., more with a partner or interviewers. Physical IPV was Sexual IPV = 1.1%
Ramírez, R.,& who had been in contact assessed with the CTS-R. Overall IPV = 10.1%
Durbán, M. (2009). with an ex-partner in the Psychological and sexual IPV
Intimate partner previous year. was assessed with a validated Women experienced past year
violence: last year module used in the National partner violence at a similar level as in
prevalence and violence against women survey other industrialized countries.
association with in France. Sexual IPV was Unemployment and low occupational
socio-economic assessed via two items that status are associated with physical and
factors among implied sexual abuse. The study psychological-only violence,

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

women in Madrid, assessed IPV victimisation respectively

Spain. European within a 12-month timeframe.
Journal of Public
Health, 20(2), 169-
175.
Rodriguez Franco, L., 2,205 Women ages 15-25 from DVQ/CUVINO was used; self- Demographics:
de los Angeles women secondary schools and labeling with the purpose of 989 women were from secondary
Antuna Bellerin, M., universities that had been identifying most frequent schools and 1208 were from
Lopez-Cepero in a relationship for more violent behaviors and the universities.
Borrego, J., than 1 month. degree of tolerance or
Rodriguez Dias, F.J., acceptance and attitude the Average age of male partners was
& Bringas Molleda, women have toward this 20.6.
C. (2012). Tolerance behavior.
Prevalence of partner violence:
towards dating
violence in Spanish Statistics software used was
125 women (5.7%) had felt abused in
adolescents. SPSS 18.0.
their relationship.
Psicothema, 24(nº 2),
236-242 Outcome:
4% of women were little or not
bothered at all by criticisms, insults,
and yelling by their partner.
5-8% were not bothered by being hit,
unwanted touches, being treated as a
sexual object, being humiliated,
ridiculed.

Sweden:
Rådested, I., 2,563 Postnatal clinics in This study measures the likely Prevalence of partner violence:
Rubertsson, C., women Sweden recruited prevalence and indicators of 2% reported being hit within the first

13
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Ebeling, M., & Swedish speaking women in their early pregnancy year after childbirth;
Hildingsson, I. postnatal women. There being abused by her partner of those, 61% were hit once; 23%
(2004). What factors were 2,563 women who during the first year after giving twice; and 15% three or more times.
in early pregnancy returned questionnaires. birth. Women who agreed to
indicate that the The Swedish Medical participate provided their Risk factors:
mother will be hit by Birth Register showed addresses and were mailed the Unmarried women 24 years or
her partner during the approximately 5500 live first questionnaire after giving younger were at a higher risk of abuse.
year after childbirth? births during the permission to participate, and
A nationwide timeframe of the study. A another 1 year after childbirth. Women who suffered from various
Swedish survey. follow-up questionnaire The questionnaires provided a somatic disorders after childbirth were
Birth: Issues in was also sent, and 2,534 sealed envelope with a unique more likely to be hit than women who
Perinatal Care, women responded. code number to preserve did not.
31(2), 84-92. anonymity.

Ukraine:
Dude, A. (2007). 3,587 The sample was selected This was a self-reporting study. Prevalence of partner violence:
Intimate partner women from the 1999 Ukraine The women were asked several 39% physical abuse;
violence and Reproductive Health questions to determine the type 17% physical violence at the hands of
increased lifetime Survey (RHS) of ever of abuse they have experienced, a sexual partner;
risk of sexually married women. The if any. The information gained 7% experienced violence within the
transmitted infection participating sample was is the prevalence of abuse by an past year;
(STI) among women between the ages of 17- intimate partner in the last 12 30% were physically abused as a
in Ukraine. Studies in 44 years married at least months, abuse by their sexual child;
Family Planning, 38, once. partners, and prevalence of 10% were physically abused during
2, 89-100 abuse in her lifetime excluding childhood and adulthood.
the last 12 months. This 4% reported having more than one
information was correlated with sexual partner in the past 12 months.
the participants have been
infected with a sexually Outcome:
transmitted disease by her 50% reporting having contracted an

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

partner. Questions about sexual STI.

behavior, total number of sexual Women who reported experiencing
partners in the last 12 months, abuse by a sexual partner within the
protection used to prevent last 12 months were significantly less
pregnancy and disease were likely to use condoms in their current
also asked. sexual relationships, and were more
likely to report having multiple sexual
partners in the past year.
O'Leary, K., Tintle, 558 Part of World Mental Survey administered in booklet Partner violence rates
N., Bromet, E., & women Health Survey form, to minimize Victimization:
Gluzman, S. (2008). Consortium; used embarrassment, in Russian and 8.6% of men and 20.1% of women
Descriptive 558 nationally representative Ukrainian; respondents asked reported to have ever been physically
epidemiology of men sample of adults who how often they had been abused by their partner; and 5.8% of
intimate partner were married or pushed, grabbed or shoved; had men and 12.7% of women said they
aggression in cohabitating with partner something thrown at them; and were abused in past year
Ukraine. Social (558 men, 558 women) slapped or hit; and how many Perpetration:
Psychiatry and from Ukraine’s 24 states, times they had done these to a 18.7% of men and 18;.5% of women
Psychiatric and the Republic of partner. Asked about lifetime said they had ever been violent toward
Epidemiology, 43(8), Crimea; urban and rural and past year. their partner; 11.4% of men, 11.3% of
619-626. areas proportionately women said they had been violent in
represented. Survey also asked about past year
Average age: mid-40s; demographic characteristics,
half had post-high school early life risk factors and adult Risk factors
education; men and risk factors Male perpetrated partner violence
women had comparable correlated with: being married only
income level once; witnessed parental aggression in
childhood; show signs of Intermittent
Explosive Disorder (IED); abuse
alcohol; and report more marital
problems
Female perpetrated violence correlated

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

with: unemployment; live in a rural

area; have early onset anxiety or
depression; show signs of IED; abuse
alcohol; and report high levels of
marital problems
Multi-Country:

Center for Disease 40,898 Sample of women in 6 Subjects drawn from national Physical abuse victimization reported:
Control and ORC women countries in Eastern probability samples of women Moldavia: 15% lifetime, 8 % current
Macro DHS (2003). Europe (Moldova, of reproductive age regardless Romania: 29% lifetime, 10% current
Reproductive, Romania, Russia and of marital status; subjects Russia: 19% lifetime; 6% current
maternal and child Ukraine)and the interviewed in person at their Ukraine: 19% lifetime, 7% current
health in Eastern Caucasus (Azerbaijan homes Azerbaijan: 20% lifetime, 8% current
Europe and Eurasia: and Georgia); from the Georgia: 5% lifetime, 2% current
A comparative report. Reproductive Health Surveys used modified Conflict
Atlanta, USA: U.S. Surveys between 1993 Tactics Scale that includes Verbal abuse victimization reported:
Department of Health and 2001. verbal and physical violence; Moldavia: 23% lifetime, 14% current
and Human Services. sexual abuse by intimate partner Romania: 45% lifetime, 23% current
Sample size ranged from defined by asking subjects if “a Russia: 20% lifetime; 7% current
a low of 5,412 in partner ever physically forced Ukraine: 19% lifetime, 6% current
Moldavia to a high of you to have sex against your Azerbaijan: 30% lifetime, 14%
7,798 in Georgia. will.” (Subjects asked about current
abuse victimization, not Georgia: 19% lifetime, 13% current
Eastern Europe: perpetration.)
Majority urban Sexual abuse victimization reported
population in Eastern (3 countries):
European sample; age of Romania: 7% lifetime, 2% current
women between 15-44 Azerbaijan: 10% lifetime, 5% current
years; two-thirds Georgia: 3% lifetime, 1% current
currently married or
cohabitating with partner;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

low proportion of women

without secondary
education
Caucasus: Somewhat
more urban dwellers than
rural; higher proportion
never married; majority
have completed
secondary school
Copic, S. (2004). 2,092 Women in age range 25- Three separate, large population Prevalence Rates of Abuse
Wife abuse in the women 48 years the largest group surveys conducted in three Serbia:
countries of the in all three samples. countries formerly part of 46.1% psychologically abused, 30.6%
former Yugoslavia. 49.4% employed in Yugoslavia: Serbia, Macedonia physically (plus 25.3% victim of
Feminist Review, 76, Serbia, 26.4% in and Bosnia-Herzogovina (700 threats), 8.7% sexually victimized
46-64. Macedonia, 26% in in Serbia, 850 in Macedonia, 27% of women suffered violence more
Bosnia-Herzogovina and 542 in Bosina- than five times
Herzegovina) 8.7% sexual victimization
Face to face interviews
conducted with adult women, Macedonia:
asked about partner violence 23.9% physically abused
and other forms of violence 26.2% victimized more than 20 times
“Violence” in all surveys 61.5% psychologically abused and
defined as psychological, controlled
physical, and sexual violence 5% sexual victimization
against women
Bosnia-Herzogovina:
23% physically abused, of which 77%
involved repeat violence
Risk Factors
Alcohol abuse correlated with partner
violence in 51.5% of cases in

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Macedonia, and 37.2% in Serbia

Having witness father-on-mother
violence in childhood correlated with
partner violence in about a third of
cases in Serbia and Macedonia
Straus, M.A. (2008) 4,732 Data from the A consortium of researchers Prevalence of overall assault
Dominance and Europe International Violence from all major regions of the reported(past year perpetration) in
symmetry in partner Study regarding dating world took part in this these European countries surveyed are
violence by male and International Dating Violence as follows: United Kingdom (not
violence were collected
female university Study. This section summarizes provided);
students in 32 from a convenience the research data for the Greece: males 39%, females 26 %;
nations. Children and sample of 13,601 European countries of United Netherlands: males 31%, females 32
Youth Services students at 68 Kingdom, Greece, Netherlands, %; Malta: males 30%, females 16%;
Review universities in 32 nations. Malta, Romania, Belgium, Romania: males 29%, females 32%;
Volume 30(3), 252- Sample participation of Switzerland, Hungary, Belgium: males 29%, females 35 %;
275. those reporting one or Germany, Russia, Lithuania, Switzerland: males 27 %, females
Sweden, and Portugal. The core 24%; Hungary: males 27%, females
more incident of assault
questions are the same in every 21%; Germany: males at 24 %,
totaled 4,239. In this region where the research was females 28%; Russia: males at 24 %,
table segment, the conducted. Students who females 38 %; Lithuania: males at
samples were collected participated in the study were 22%, females 39%; Sweden: males at
from the European advised of their rights to refuse 19%, females 18%; Portugal: males at
countries of United participation and the purpose of 14%, females 18%.
Kingdom, Greece, the study. Most universities Prevalence of severe assault reported
had a participation rate of 85% in these European countries surveyed
Netherlands, Malta,
to 95%. are as follows:
Romania, Belgium (686), Dominance was measured by United Kingdom: not provided;
Switzerland (310), items from the Personal and Greece: males 18%, females 14%;
Hungary (152), Germany Relationships Profile – e.g., “I Netherlands: males 8%, females 5%;
(483), Russia (398), generally have the final say Malta: males 0%, females 5 %;
when my partner and I Romania: males 9%, females 11%;

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Lithuania (347), Sweden disagree,” and “My partner Belgium: males 7%, females 12 %;
(671) and Portugal (352). needs to remember that I am in Switzerland: males 7%, females 5 %;
The original sample charge.” Hungary: males 12%, females 11%;
Germany: males 6%, females 8%;
totaled 4,732 students.
Impression management was Russia: males 9%, females 15%;
The average responding controlled by using The Limited Lithuania: males 5%, females 11%;
gender in this region was Disclosure Scale of the PRP. Sweden: males 1 %, females 2%;
65.9% female. Students Portugal: males 5%, females
included in the study 5 %. Prevalence of overall mutual
either currently were, or assault reported in these European
had been in a relationship countries surveyed are as follows:
United Kingdom: not provided;
for one month or more.
Greece: 29%; Netherlands: 32%;
Malta: 19 %; Romania: 32%;
Belgium: 34%; Switzerland: 25 %;
Hungary: 23%; Germany: 27%;
Russia: 32%; Lithuania: 34%;
Sweden: 18 %; Portugal: 17%.
Prevalence of severe mutual assault
reported in these European countries
surveyed are as follows:
United Kingdom: not provided;
Greece: 15%; Netherlands: 5%;
Malta: 4%; Romania: 11%; Belgium
11%; Switzerland: 6 %; Hungary:
11%; Germany: 7%; Russia: 12%;
Lithuania: 9%; Sweden: 2%;
Portugal: 5%.
Dominance Scores:
Greece: 2.17 M, 1.98 F
Netherlands: 1.67 M, 1.70 F

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 5: Partner abuse in Europe
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Malta: 1.75 M, 1.95 F

Romania: 2.00 M, 2.01 F
Belgium: 1.77 M, 1.80 F
Switzerland: 1.73 M, 1.76 F
Hungary: 2.08 M, 1.93 F
Germany: 1.82 M, 1.90 F
Russia: 2.37 M, 2.21 F
Lithuania: 2.11 M, 2.20 F
Sweden: 1.65 M, 1.68 F
Portugal: 1.89 M, 1.89 F

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Table 6. International comparative research

Archer, J. (2006) N/A Meta-analysis of data The author sought to determine The higher the GEM in a nation, the
Cross-Cultural from several countries: if rates of partner violence higher the proportion of female-
differences in differ in non-Western countries perpetrated PV
physical aggression ASIA from those in the industrialized Highest rates of female perpetrated PV,
between partners: a Bangladesh, Cambodia, West, and if so, if gender and lowest male-perpetrated, in
social-role analysis. China, India, Japan, differences could be explained individualistic societies (e.g., U.S.,
Personality and Korea, by societal factors – according Western Europe)
social psychology Malaysia, Pakistan, to either Social Role Theory or Gender empowerment negatively
review Volume Papua New Guinea, Feminist Patriarchal Theory. correlated with both hostile sexism and
10(2), 133-153 Philippines, Russia, Author conducted two analyses, benevolent sexism.
South Korea, Sri Lanka, one of 16 countries, the other of A strong correlation was found
Thailand 52 countries. between societal approval of husband
In addition to rates of verbal slapping his wife and female PV
AFRICA and physical PV (measured by victimization
Egypt, Nigeria, South the CTS), the author looked at High correlation between high scores
Africa, Zambia, the extent to which women in on Sex Role Ideology Scale and GEM;
Zimbabwe each country are empowered and there was a negative correlation
vis-à-vis men, using two United between SRIS scores and women’s PV
MIDDLE EAST Nations measures – the GEM victimization – i.e., modern gender role
Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, and GDI; attitudes towards attitudes associated with lower rates of
Turkey women’s roles (Sex Role female victimization
Ideology Scale, and Ambivalent A country’s degree of masculinity or
LATIN AMERICA Sexism Inventory); attitudes femininity unrelated to GEM or
Barbados, Bolivia, towards wife-beating; cross- women’s PV victimization
Brazil, national variables (extent to GEM strongly correlated with
Chile, Columbia, Costa which a country is collectivistic individualism; collectivism was the
Rica, Dominican or values individual rights, and strongest predictor of women’s PV
Republic, El Salvador, extent of masculinity versus victimization
Guatemala, femininity); and also overall
Haiti, Honduras, violence in each country Author concluded that the data supports

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Mexico, a link between patriarchal values and

Nicaragua, Paraguay, PV by husbands; however the author
Peru, Uruguay also found that husbands are frequently
assaulted even in nations where
U.S. AND EUROPE women’s empowerment is low, and
Belgium, Canada, that the data is thus best explained
Finland, according to Social Role Theory rather
France, Germany, than Feminist Theory
Lithuania, New Zealand,
Ireland, Poland,
Switzerland, U.K.,
U.S.A.
World Health 20,497 20,497 women at 15 There were between 1172 and Ethiopia Province
Organization (2005). women sites in 10 countries 1837 interviews per site, with Ever/Past Year Physical: 48.7, 29.0
Summary report: between the ages of 15- the exception of Ethiopia which Ever/Past Year Sexual: 58.6, 44.4
WHO multi-country 49 years who had ever had over twice the women Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
study on women’s had a relationship with a completing interviews. Sexual: 70.9, 53.7
health and domestic man. The countries Totaling 3,016. Research
violence. Geneva, involved with the study institution or government Japan City
Switzerland: WHO included; Bangladesh, agency who have experience Ever/Past Year Physical: 12.9, 3.1
Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, conducting population surveys, Ever/Past Year Sexual: 6.2, 1.3
+ Namibia, Peru, Samoa, and an organization experienced Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
Garcia-Moreno, C., Serbia, Montenegro, in providing services to abused Sexual: 15.4, 3.8
Jansen, H., Ellsberg, Thailand, and Tanzania. women were utilized to
M., Heise, L., & complete this cross cultural Namibia City
Watts, C. (2006). study. Ever/Past Year Physical: 30.6, 15.9
Prevalence of Ever/Past Year Sexual: 16.5, 9.1
intimate partner Surveys asked about physical Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
violence: Findings and sexual PV and controlling Sexual: 35.9, 19.5
from the WHO behaviors victimization for past
multi-country study year and lifetime, based on Peru City

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

on women's health Conflict Tactics Scales. PV Ever/Past Year Physical: 48.6, 16.9
and domestic definitions: Ever/Past Year Sexual: 22.5, 7.1
violence. The Physical – slapped or something Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
Lancet, 368, 9543, thrown at you (moderate); hit Sexual: 51.2, 19.2
1260-1269. with fist or something that
could hurt, kicked, dragged, or Peru Province
beaten up, chocked or burned, Ever/Past Year Physical: 61.0, 24.8
had weapon used or threatened Ever/Past Year Sexual: 46.7, 22.9
to be used on you Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
Sexual – Physically forced to Sexual: 69.0, 34.2
have sexual intercourse when
you didn’t want to or when you Samoa
were afraid, forced to do Ever/Past Year Physical: 40.5, 17.9
something sexual that was Ever/Past Year Sexual: 19.5, 11.5
degrading Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
Control – Kept from seeing Sexual:46.1, 22.4
friends, restricted in contact
with friends or family, he Serbia and Montenegro City
insisted on knowing where you Ever/Past Year Physical: 22.8, 3.2
are at all times, ignored and Ever/Past Year Sexual: 6.3, 1.1
treated indifferently, he got Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
angry if you talked to another Sexual: 23.7, 3.7
man, he was often suspicious,
he expected you to get Thailand City
permission before seeking Ever/Past Year Physical: 22.9, 7.9
health care Ever/Past Year Sexual: 29.9, 17.1
Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
Conducted in the capital (or Sexual: 41.1, 21.3
other large city) and also one
representative province with an Thailand Province
urban and rural population in Ever/Past Year Physical: 33.8, 13.4

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Ever/Past Year Sexual: 28.9, 15.6

Thailand and Tanzania. A rural Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
province was selected for the Sexual: 47.4, 22.9
Ethiopia study. The samples
for Japan, Namibia, Serbia and Tanzania City
Montenegro were drawn from a Ever/Past Year Physical: 32.9, 14.8
large city in each country. In Ever/Past Year Sexual: 23.0, 12.8
Samoa, the whole country was Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
sampled. Sexual: 41.3, 21.5

RESULTS Tanzania Province

Ever/Past Year Physical: 46.7, 18.7
% PV Victimization Rates Ever/Past Year Sexual: 30.7, 18.3
Bangladesh City Ever/ Past Year Combined Phys. and
Ever/Past Year Physical: 39.7, Sexual: 55.9, 29.1
19.0
Ever/Past Year Sexual: 37.4, According to the authors, “the study
20.2 results show that the proportion of
Ever/Past Year Combined Phys. women who reported instigating
and Sexual: 53.4, 30.2 violence against their partner was
small” (p. 1267), but no statistical data
Bangladesh Province was provided and men were not
Ever/Past Year Physical: 41.7, interviewed.
15.8
Ever/Past Year Sexual: 49.7, Controlling behaviors:
24.2 The percentage of women reporting
Ever/ Past Year Combined having experienced at least 1
Phys. and Sexual: 61.7, 31.9 controlling behavior ranged from 21%
in Japan to nearly 90% in Tanzania
Brazil City City. Across all countries, women who
Ever/Past Year Physical: 27.2, had been subjected to physical or

4
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

8.3 sexual PV were more likely than those

Ever/Past Year Sexual: 10.1, who were not to experience more than
2.8 4 incidents of control.
Ever/ Past Year Combined
Phys. and Sexual: 28.9, 9.3

Brazil Province
Ever/Past Year Physical: 33.8,
12.9
Ever/Past Year Sexual: 14.3,
5.6
Ever/ Past Year Combined
Phys. and Sexual: 36.9, 14.8
Straus, M.A. (2008) 13,601 Male and female Data from the International Across the 32 countries, nearly one-
Dominance and both students in dating Dating Violence Study, third of the female as well as male
symmetry in partner relationships for conducted by a worldwide students physically assaulted a dating
violence by male and minimum of one month, consortium of researchers. partner in the previous 12 months. The
female university at 68 universities in 32 most frequent pattern was bidirectional
students in 32 countries, representing The same basic questionnaire (both partners violent), followed by
nations. Children all major world regions. was administered at each site; female-only PV; the least common
and Youth Services Age range: 18-40 partner violence with the CTS-2 patterns was male-only, as reported by
Review (mean = 23) (measuring physical, both male and female participants.
Volume 30(3), 252- 9.7% of students had psychological and sexual abuse,
275. been in relationship 1 and rates of injury); questions The predominance of bidirectional
month, 38% 1 month to were added at various sites to violence, even in countries that are
one year reflect issues of specific local or male-dominant, are consistent with
theoretical interest. results from the ongoing Global
School-based Health Survey conducted
Dominance was measured by by the World Health Organization
items from the Personal and (WHO) among students 13 to 15 years
Relationships Profile – e.g., “I old.

5
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

generally have the final say

when my partner and I The mean dominance score across
disagree,” and “My partner countries for men was 1.98 and it was
needs to remember that I am in 1.99 for women - essentially equal
charge.” across gender, but higher for women in
24 of the 32 countries. For men, high
Students were also given a dominance scores are consistent with
Social Desirability scale, which low women’s empowerment as
resulted in 6.2% of the measured by the U.N. Gender
respondents being dropped from Empowerment Measure
the sample.
Dominance by either males or females
is correlated with higher rates of
physical PV, and especially severe PV,
by either gender – that is, dominance
increases likelihood of that person
being violent as well as the partner.
Devries, K. M., 316 Since this was a This is a secondary analysis of African and Latin American countries
Kishor, S., Johnson, women secondary analysis of the Demographic and Health showed a higher prevalence of IPV
H.,Stöckl, H., data obtained from the Surveys (DHS) examining during pregnancy than most European
Bacchus, L., Garcia- various surveys across intimate partner violence during and Asian countries surveyed.
Moreno, C. & Watts 19 countries regarding pregnancy, with cross-sectional Lifetime prevalence varied greatly
, C. (2010). Intimate IPV during pregnancy, data obtained through 20 from 10.7% in the Philippines to 64.4%
partner violence the samples varied and surveys in 15 countries); and in the Democratic Republic of Congo
during pregnancy: are not listed in this the International Violence (DRC).
Analysis of summary. Ever pregnant against Women Surveys Another area of great variance was in
prevalence data from women were the subject (IVAWS, 4 surveys in 4 IPV within the past year, which ranged
19 countries. sample of these surveys. countries). These surveys were from 1% in Denmark to 63% in the
Reproductive Health collected for 9 years between DRC. Severe IPV over a lifetime
Matters, 18, 36, 158- 1998 and 2007. ranged from 5% in Azerbaijan to 39%
170. in Uganda.

6
PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Azerbaijan maintained the same rate of

severe IPV whether the woman was
pregnant as well as lifetime
experiences.
However, other areas showed a vast
difference, with severe IPV rates much
higher than IPV during pregnancy:
Uganda 39% vs. 13%; DRC 38% vs.
9%; and Mozambique 34% vs. 7%.
Harling, G., Msisha, 60,114 Women 15-49 in 10 Analysis of data from Lifetime PV Victimization:
W., & Subramanian, women countries: Dominican Demographic and Health
S.V. (2010). No Republic, Haiti, India, Surveys, conducted between %Physical/Sexual
association between Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, 2003 (Kenya) to 2007
HIV and intimate Mali, Rwanda, Zambia (Dominican Republic, Liberia Dom. Rep. 15.7 5.5
partner violence and Zimbabwe and Zambia); focused on PV Haiti 11.9 10.6
among women in 10 physical and sexual India 34.1 6.9
developing victimization and correlation Kenya 39.9 14.4
countries. Plos One, with HIV status Liberia 35.9 9.2
5 (12). Mali 16.2 3.5
Malawi 21.6 14.0
Rwanda 31.1 13.9
Zambia 45.0 17.0
Zimbabwe 30.2 13.9

Significant positive correlation found

between both physical and sexual PV
victimization and HIV infection, with
strongest effects for both forms of PV

Rico, E., Fenn, B., Adult All respondents were National representative Egypt
Abramsky,T., & Women recruited from the demographic health surveys Physical IPV = 29.2%

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PASK#14 Online Tables – Table 6: International comparative research
Study N Sample Characteristics Method and Design Results

Watts, C. (2011). community (households) conducted face-to-face. Multi- Sexual IPV = 0.6%
Associations Egypt: stage samples using national Overall IPV = 36.2%
between maternal 5,711 Women aged 15-49 census data. Cross-sectional Honduras
experiences of Honduras Men aged 15-54 (15-59 studies. Domestic violence was Physical = 10.6%
intimate partner 14,371 in the Rwanda sample) one of several modules Sexual IPV = 1.1%
violence and child Kenya: assessed. Studies generally used Overall IPV = 15.5%
nutrition and 4,679 a modified/shortened version of Kenya
mortality: findings Malawi: the CTS-R to assess physical Physical IPV = 29.3%
from Demographic 8,787 and/or psychological, and/or Sexual IPV = 3.2%
and Health Surveys Rwanda: sexual violence victimisation. Overall IPV = 46.2%
in Egypt, Honduras, 2,871 Experiences of IPV were Malawi
Kenya, Malawi and assessed as “since 15 years of Physical IPV = 14.5%
Rwanda. Journal of age”. Study reports female Sexual IPV = 6.5%
Epidemiology and victimisation only. Overall IPV = 28.5%
Community Health, Rwanda
65, 360-367. Physical IPV = 25.7%
Sexual IPV = 3.1%
Overall IPV = 40.2%

IPV and under-2-year old mortality and

child stunting in these nations seems to
contribute to child malnutrition and
mortality. As such results encourage
including IPV to be included in
maternal and child health programs.