Chapter 1

Basic of Computer New

syllabus
Organisation
2023-24

Computer Science
Class XI ( As per CBSE Board)
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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Introduction to computer system
A computer is an electronic device, under the control of
instructions stored in its memory that can accept data (input),
process the data according to specified rules(Program) on
processor & produces information (output), and store the
information for future use.
Data vs Information
Data are raw numbers or other findings which, by themselves,
are of limited value.
Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful
and useful context.
Computers are being used extensively nowadays in
everyday life/every field
In the form of laptop, desktop, smartphone,gadgets
etc.
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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Introduction to computer system
Advantages of computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Huge storage
• Versatility
• Tirelessness
Disadvantages of computer
• Data security issue
• Computer crimes
• Health risk
• Bad impact on environment if not properly
disposed off
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 Basics of Computer Organisation

Introduction to computer system

Any digital computer performs five functions in
gross term.
1. Take data as input
2. Stores data/instructions
3. Process those stored data
4. Generate the output
5. Control all above steps

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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Introduction to computer system
Computer Components Any kind of computers consists of
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.
Hardware: Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements/parts that constitutes a computer system,such as the
monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive
disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects &
can be touched.
Software :Software is a generic term for organized collections of
computer data and instructions,often broken into two major
categories: system software that provides the basic nontask-
specific functions of the computer, and application software
which is used by
users to accomplish specific tasks.
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 Basics of Computer Organisation

Introduction to computer system

Functional components of a computer

Microprocessor unit(mpu) = (CU+ALU)

control unit+arithmatica / logical unit

CPU=MPU+Memory Unit

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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Hardware
Input/Output Units
Input Unit
A device through which data and programs
from the outside world enter the computer
system.
Output unit
A device through which results stored in the
computer memory are made available outside
the computer system.

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 Basics of Computer Organisation

Hardware
Central processing unit – Comprises three parts
1. Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction
Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT. Most
modern ALUs have a small amount of special storage units called
registers that can be accessed faster than main memory.
2. Control unit
It organizes the computer to work computer as single unit &
generates control signals for various devices regarding read/write or
execute operation
3. Memory
A collection of cells, each with a unique physical address
Most computers are byte-addressable
Cell at address 11111110
Visit contains 10101010
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 Basics of Computer Organisation

Memory Units – How much memory is required for a

file/data/progam etc. is measured by memory units.
Following are the memory units.

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 Basics of Computer Organisation

Memory Types

*Primary Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM) - is a type of volatile
memory that is stores information on an integrated circuit
which hold the data mainly when the program is being
executed by the CPU. As it is volatile in nature so it can't
store data permanently.
Read Only Memory (ROM) - a non-volatile memory chip in
which data are stored permanently, and can not be altered by
the programmer.
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*Secondary Memory: A storage, which suppliments the main
 Basics of Computer Organisation

Cache Memory - is the volatile computer

memory which is very nearest to the
CPU,so also called CPU memory, and is
between CPU and RAM all the Recent
Instructions are Stored into the Cache
Memory. It is the fastest memory that
provides high-speed data access to a
computer microprocessor.
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 Basics of Computer Organisation

Difference between RAM and ROM

Secondary Storage Devices

Magnetic Tape
mass auxiliary storage
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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Secondary Storage Devices
Hard disk
Fixed Head HDD / Movable head HDD

A hard disk is a set of stacked disks. Each disk has data recorded
electromagnetically in concentric circles, or tracks, on the disk
Hard Drive Types
1. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
2. Serial ATA (SATA)
3. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
4. Solid State Drives (SSD)
Upto 12 TB sized HDD is available in the market

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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Input Devices
Input devices can send data or information to a computer or another device.
Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data in to the computer. The data send depends on
the key pressed by the user.
Mouse: A mouse is a small handheld input device which controls a cursor in a graphical user
interface. It can move and select text, files, folders etc. on our computer according to the user
input.
Scanner: Scanner optically reads and document, file or image and then changes it into digital
signal and sends to the computer.
OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on a document and send them to
computer.
OCR: OCR stands for optical character Recognition, is an input device which reads printed text
and sends that to computer.
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which generally finds application is
banks to process cheques.
Microphone: it receives audio generated by some input source and sends it to a computer.
Webcam: it sends the captured images to a computer.
Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw using hand.
Trackballs: an upside down mouse ,encased within a socket. Is a cursor control device.
Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of various items and feed the same to computer.
Gamepad: Also known as joy pad is the input controller for video games.
Joystick: these input devices are used to control video games.

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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Output Devices
A device that can receive data from computer or another device
and create output with that data is called output device. Examples
of various output devices are as :
Monitor: A monitor is an output device that is responsible for
receiving data from a computer and displaying that information as
text or images for users to see.
Speakers: Receives sound signal from a computer and then
plays that sound signal and thus we hear songs or music or any
other audio.
Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays or projects the
same information onto a screen or a wall. Projector cannot directly
accept data from a user and send that data to another device.

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 Basics of Computer Organisation
Both Input / Output Devices
An input/output device is capable of receiving data from users or another devices
and also sending data to another devices or computers. That means a devices which
can be used as both input device and output device are called Input / Output (I/O)
devices. Some examples of input/output devices are as:
USB drive: Also known as pen drive or flash stick works as both input device to
computer and as an output device. USB drives receive or save data from a computer
as an input and it can also send data to a computer or another device.
Facsimile: Facsimile or FAX machine has a scanner which is an input device and a
small printer to provide output.
Modems: It is used to transmit and receive data from one computer to another
computer or other devices using telephone lines
CD-RW drives and DVD-RW drives: Receives data from a computer as input to copy
onto and save into writable CD or DVD. We also use CDs or DVDs to transfer data
to a computer.
Touch Screen: Touch screen is both input and output device. By touching the screen
input is provided and being a screen, it is used as an output device.
Headsets: Headset consists of speaker as an output device and microphone
functions as an input device.

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