CHE 0313

HEAT AND
MASS TRANSFER
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
1

Engr. Peniel Jean A. Gildo, MS ChE

Chemical Engineering Department
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
 MASS TRANSFER
 the transport of one constituent from a region of
higher concentration to that of a lower concentration.

 when there exists a concentration difference between

two regions, mass transfer occurs to minimize the
concentration difference between the two regions.

 the transport of components are towards achieving

equilibrium
 MASS TRANSFER
Applications:
Biological Processes:
 oxygenation of blood
 transport of ions across membranes
Chemical Processes:
 chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
 doping silicon water to form a semiconducting film

 aeration wastewater

 purification of ores and isotopes

 MASS TRANSFER
Applications:
Chemical Separation Processes:
 Distillation
 Gas Absorption/Stripping

 Humidification/Dehumidification

 Adsorption

 Liquid Extraction

 Solid-Liquid Extraction

 Membrane Separation
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Mass Transfer as a Transport Phenomenon
General Rate Equation:
driving force
rate of a transfer process 
resistance
For Mass Transfer:
dC 1
rate  J driving force  resistance 
dz D
C The negative sign indicates the
J  z transfer of mass in the
1 direction of decrease in
D concentration.
Fick’s Law of Molecular Diffusion:
C
J  D 5

z
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Transport Phenomena in ChE
Quantity Transport
Equation
Transported Property

 (  v) Newton’s Law for

   Fluid Momentum
Momentum Viscosity x
Sir Isaac Newton
     momentum diffusivity
(1642-1726)
Fourier’s Law of
q dT
Thermal  k Heat Conduction
Energy A dx Jean-Baptiste
Conductivity
k  thermal conductivity Joseph Fourier
(1768-1830)
Fick’s Law of
C
J  D Molecular
Mass Diffusivity x Diffusion
D  mass diffusivity Adolf Eugen Fick6
(1829-1901)
MECHANISMS OF MASS TRANSFER
Mass Transfer by Diffusion
 the transfer of mass on a microscopic level as a result
of concentration gradient of one or more constituents
(species) in the system – molecular diffusion
 the movement of molecules is imagined to be in a
straight line at uniform velocity, and changes when
they are bombarded with other molecules – Random
Walk process
 when one of the
diffusing fluids is in
turbulent motion, eddy
or turbulent diffusion
takes place.
MECHANISMS OF MASS TRANSFER
Mass Transfer by Convection
 the mass transfer between a surface and a moving
fluid or between two immiscible moving fluids –
convective mass transfer
 Convective Mass Transfer depends on (1) transport
properties of the fluid, and (2) dynamic
characteristics (laminar or turbulent) of flowing fluid
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Mass Transfer by Diffusion
Molecular Diffusion

J 

NA
  DAB
c A
  DAB
 cA2  c A1 
AB
A z  z2  z1 
Eddy or Turbulent Diffusion

J 
   DAB   M 
 cA2  cA1 
AB
 z2  z1 
J AB  kc  c A1  cA 2 


kc ─ Mass Transfer Coefficient (m/s)

INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Mass Transfer by Convection

N A  kc  cL1  cLi 

kc ─ Mass Transfer Coefficient (m/s)

 the mass diffusivity DAB is analogous to the

thermal conductivity in heat transfer, k.
 mass transfer by molecular diffusion is analogous
to heat transfer by conduction
 the mass transfer coefficient k’c is analogous to the
heat transfer coefficient in heat transfer, h.
 mass transfer by convection is analogous to the
heat transfer by convection
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Concentrations:
Mass Concentrations:
mass of component A
A 
unit volume of mixture in a given phase
Total Mass Concentrations (Density)
n
total mass in mixture
   i
unit volume of mixture in a given phase i 1
Mass Fraction, ωA
A n
A  n  i  1.0

i 1
i
i 1
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Concentrations:
Molar Concentrations:
moles of component A
cA 
unit volume of mixture in a given phase
Mass to Molar Concentration:
A
cA 
MA
For Gas Phase Mixtures:
nA p A
cA  
V RT
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Concentrations:
Total Molar Concentration:
n
total moles in mixture
c   ci
unit volume of mixture in a given phase i 1
for Gases:
n P
cA  
V RT
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Concentrations:
Mole Fractions:
moles of species A in liquid mixture cA
xA  
total moles of all species in the liquid mixture c
moles of species A in gas mixture cA
yA  
total moles of all species in the gas mixture c
cA p A RT p A
yA   
c P RT P
n n

x
i 1
i  1.0 y
i 1
i  1.0
INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Velocities: n n

 v  v i i i i
Mass-Average Velocity: v i 1
 i 1
n


i 1
i

n n

c v c v i i i i
Molar-Average Velocity: V i 1
n
 i 1

c
c i 1
i

Diffusion Velocity – the velocity of a particular species

relative to the mass- or molar-average velocity
vi  v vi  V
 INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER
Fluxes:
 The mass (or molar) flux of a given species is a
vector quantity denoting the amount of the
particular species, in either mass or molar units,
that passes per given increment of time through a
unit area normal to the vector.
 molar flux   moles of species A transferred   kg-moles A 
   
     2
 of A in mixture cross-sectional area for flux time m -sec 