 Wr i

teas hortnot eonAug me ntedreali

tya ndVi rtua lRe al
ity:Aug me nt
ed  HELI PORTSANDSTOLPORTSThe reha sbe encons ide rabler e s
e archa nd
real
ityi sat e
c hnolog yt hatenha ncest
her ealworldbya f
fi
xingl ayersofdigi
tal de velopme ntf orthel a s
ts oma nyy earsondi f
ferenttypesofa i
rv ehicleswhi ch
ele
me ntsontoi t.The see l
eme ntsincl
udec omput er
-ge neratedg raphics
,sound ca ns tandstil
lwhi l
ef l
y ing.Themos twi delyk nowna ndpopul a roft hisf amil
y
orv ide oe ff
ec t
s,ha pticfeedba ckors ensorypr oj
ec ts.
Thei ntensi
onbe hi
nd ofv ehiclesist hehe li
c opter.Thee arli
esta ttemptf ors uc h ama c hineis
addingt hisdig i
tali
nf or mati
oni stoprovi
dea ne ngaginga nddy namicc ust
ome r recor dedt oha v ebe enma dei n1872.Butt hes uccess
fulf li
g htwa sa chie vedin
experiencet ha tise na bledwitht heinputr e
c e
ivedfrom v ari
e dha rdwarelik
e 1937.•Thehe l
icopteri sav ehi
clewhi c hessential
lyc anl iftofft heg roundi n
sma r
tg l
ass,s martl ens esands martphones.Augme nte dRe ality(AR)i soft
en mor eorl essav er
ticaldi recti
ona ndi tisr ef
erredt oasthev e rt
ica ltak eof fand
mistake nwi t
hVi rtua lRe ali
ty( VR).Thema indiff
er encebe twe ent hetwoi s landi ng( VTOL) .•I nr ec e
nty ea
rs,thea ttempt sarema det oi nv esti
g atethe
thatwhi lev i
rtualre alityrepla
c estheenti
rer ealenvi
r onme ntwi tha na r
ti
fic
ial pote ntialoft hes hor tt akeof fandl a nding( STOL)v ehic l
esf ort hei nt er
cit
y
one.Aug me ntedr ealit
yi sa ppl
iedin a di rectv iew ofa ne x
isti
ng real transpor tat
ion.The e x te
ns iv
er e
sear cha nd de vel
opme nte ffortsa rey e
t
environme nta nda ddse l
eme ntlikesounds,Vi deosorg raphi csont oit
.The cont inuingi nt heUni tedSt at
es,Ca na daa nde l
sewhe r
ef ort hee v al
ua tionof
ter
ma ugme ntedr ea li
tywa scoinedba c
ki n1990byBoe ingr esearcherTom STOL a sa me ansoft ransport.
•Theg eome tri
cde s i
g ns tanda rdsoft he
Code llandoneoft hef irs
tcomme rci
al stolpor t
sa r
et he ref
orey etnotf ramedbyt heI CAO wi tht hes amec ertaintyas
fort he he li
copt ersa nd t he conv entionalt ak e of
fa nd l andi ng ( CTOL)
 ashor tnot e:Bui l
dingI nforma ti
onMode ll
ingf ora irport:Bui l
dingI nforma tion aircra ft
.•Int hisc hapte r,t hec haracterist
icsoft hehe licopte ra nd STOL
Mode lling( BI M)i sadi gitalrepresentationofaf acil
ity'
sphy si
cala ndf unc tional aircra fta nd t he c or responding g round r equire
me nts wi ll be br i
efl
y
char acte ris
tics.• I tc an be s ha red by pl anne rs,de signers,c ons tr
uc tors
, de s
c ribed.
•Thepl anni ngofahe li
por trequiresc aref
ulc ons idera ti
onsa ndfor
ope rator sa ndma i
ntaine rstopr ovider eliablei nforma tionf orde c i
sionma king thepur poseofdi scussion,
throug houtt hef aci
li
ty'sl i
fec yc l
e.⚫ BI M of ferst oolst hata llow a i
rport
decisionMa ke rstounde r s
tanda l
lc ompoundsoff acilit
y,t hei
rl oc a
tion,a nd  4.7ELEVATED HELI PORTSWhe nt hes it
ef orahe l
iportatg roundl evelis
theira ttribut es,bothg r aphicall
ya nds ymme tri
callytomi ni mizet het otalc os
t nota va
ilableori sunsuitabl e,i tbe come sne cessar
yt oha v
ea ne le
v at
e ds ite
.
ofowni nga ndope rat
inga na ir
por tfacility
.•Theobj e c
t i
ve softhi ss ynthe s
isis Thee le
va t
edhe li
por t
sa repr ovide dont her oofsoft hebui ldi
ng sort he yma y
toi nfor ma tiona boutt heg enera l
,c urre nts tateofa rta ndpr a cticei nBI M bel ocatedont hepi ersorot he rstructure sov erwa ter.
•Thedi me nsionsoft he
appl i
ca tionsi ni ndustrya ndt opr ovideas na pshotofe x i
stinge xpe rienc erelated touchdowna r
eaa r
et hes a mea sf ort hehe l
iportsont heg round.Butt he
tot hee me r genc eofBI Mi nnor thAme rica na i
rpor ts
.Theg oa li stopr ovide landinga ndt akeoffa r
eac a nbes ma ll
e ra ndt herewi l
lbenone cessit
yf ort he
inf
or ma tion a boutBI M a nd a ssista ir
por t
si n unde rsta
ndi ng a v
a i
lable peripherala r
ea.•Forpl anni ngahe li
por tont her oofofabui l
ding ,itbe come s
oppor tuni t
ies,be nefi
tsa ndv al
uer e l
atedt oe ng agingi nBI M.•Cur rentlylittl
e nece ss
aryt oma keat horoug hs tudyoft hea i
rc urrentscausedbyt hepr e s
e nce
guida nc ei sa v aila
blef ora i
rportope ratorsonhow t oi mpl eme ntBI Mf rom ofa djacentbuildings.Followi nga r
et hea dva ntagesofs uchhe liports:
(1)I tis
projec tc onc eption throug h pla nning ,de sig n,c onstruc t
ion,c ommi s s
ioning, possibletol ocatethehe l
ipor tc losert ot hec entreofbus i
nessa cti
v i
ti
e si na
ope rationma intenanc ea ndde mol iti
on.Al thoug hs evera la i
rportsha veut il
ized cit
y.(ii
)Thel andc osti spa rtial
lya bs orbe dbe c
aus ethel owerf l
oorsoft he
someBI M t oolsa ndpr ocess
esi nt heirde v e
lopme ntpr ograms ,t he rei sa buildinga reputtos omeot he rc omme rcialus e.*•Fol l
owi ngare,howe ve r,the
shor t
a geofdoc ume ntationonbe ne fi
tsme tri
c sandl es
sonsl earned. disadvantagesoft hee l
ev a
te dhe li
por tsont her oofofabui l
ding:(1)Itmus tbe
ane nvi
ronme ntall
ya ccepta blepr oposition.(i
i)Thea spectofv i
s i
bili
tyist obe
 Ex plainRi gi
dpa veme ntsforAi r port:Fort hepur poseofde sign,t hepa v eme nts cons i
deredbe causethef oga ccumul atesmor ea thighera l
tit
udest hanne art he
are di vided i ntot he f oll
owi ng t wo c at
e gor i
es wi t
h r e spe ctt ot heir ground. (
ii
i)Thec omme rcialhe liportwi l
la lsor equires pacef orof fi
c e,c ar
structur al•Thef lex iblepa v eme ntsc annott akeupt hete nsilestre ssesc ausedby pa r
k i
ngfa ci
li
ti
es,etc.
loada ndt heirl oa dc arry i
ngc apacityde vel
opsf r
om t hel oa ddi stri
but i
ng
cha rac t
e r
isti
csoft hel ayere dsys te
m.Suc hpa ve me ntsisi nfluenc edc ons is
tofa  GQ.Wha tisBr i
dg e?Wha ta rether e quireme nt
sofi dealbri
dg es?
Abr i
dgeisa
seriesofl ayerswi tht hes trong esta torne art hes urfa ce.•A t ypica lflexible str
ucturethatfa cil
it
atesinc rossi
nga nobs t
a cleinthef ormofal owg roundora
pav eme ntconsistofs oilsubg rades ub- basec oursea nds urfacec our se.•Thes ub str
eam orar iv
e rorov e rag apwi thoutc losingt hewa ybe neat
h.Ther equired
bas ec ours e
,ba sec our sea nds urfac ecour sema yc onsistofoneormor enumbe r passagema ybef oraRoa d,ar ail
wa y,Pe de s
trians,ac anal
,api pel
inea ndev en
ofl ayersoft hes ameors lightlydi f
fe r
e ntma terialsa nds pec i
fications .•Thust he forthec arr
iageoff l
uids .
5.1.1Re quir eme ntsofa nI dealBridgesIts houldbe
str
e ng thoff l
exiblepa veme ntsde pe ndsont hec onstruc ti
onofl aye rswhi c h economic al
.•Its hould s e rvet he i nte nde d func ti
ons wi th safetya nd
distri
but et heloa dov erthes ubg radea ndt het hi cknessofs uc hpa veme ntsi s convenience.•Iti sprude nt,tode votes pe ci
a lattent
ioni ndesirestr
eng t
ha nd
influenc eda ppr ecia bly by t he s treng t
h of t he s ubg rade .3.6.1.2 Ri gid durabil
it
y ,cons i
stentwi ths afet
ya ndc os t.
•I tshouldg ivea est
heti
ce legant
Pa veme nts•Ther igidpa v eme nt sca nt akeupt ens il
es t
re ss
e sa ndt heyc ons is
tof look.
•Thebr idgesa c
r ossriversands treamsa r
et hemos tVulne r
ablebe cause
ac onc ret
es labwhi c hma ys erv ea ss urf
a ci
ngl a yer.Iti st heus ua lpr ac t
icet o and ma jor da ma get ot he s t
ruc turec anc ompl ete
ly ups ett he total
prov ideag oodba seors ub- ba s
ec our sebe l
owt hec e
me ntc onc re tes l
a bwhi c h communi c a
tions ys
tem,he nc edeta i
le dr econna issa
nc eisve r
yi mpor ta
ntf or
ma ys ervea sori nc reasest hel ifeofpa veme ntc onside rablya ndt hus ,prov es sele
cti
onf orthet ypeofbr idg etobec ons t
ruc ted.
mor ee conomi ca lint hel ongr un.•Ther igi
dpa veme ntsa rema deofc eme nt
conc retewhi ch ma ye i
the rbepl a i
n,r einforc ed orpr e stresse d.•Ther igid  Wha ta ret hedi ffe
rentc ompone ntsofbr i
dg e?Thec ompone nt sofabr idge
pav eme nt,becaus eofi tshi ghmodul usofe last
icityf ora l
lr ang esoft empe r
a t
ur e, ess
entiall
yc ompr i
se of t hre e pa rt
sv iz.Founda ti
on,Subs tructurea nd
tendst odi s
tri
but et heov e rloa dar elati
velywi dea reaa ndama j
orpor tionofa Superstruct
ur e.•Thec ompone ntsde signe dt oc arr
yt het otalwe i
ghtoft he
str
uc tur alstr
eng thoft hec onc rete. bri
dgea reterme da sfounda ti
onc ompone nt s.I tinc l
ude sfounda tionsf ort he
pie
rsa nda butme nts.
•Thec ompone ntsoft hebr i
dg eupt othel ev elofbe a r
ings
 Wr i
teaShor tNot eon:Ai rportMa rki
ngs.Fora s
sist
ingthepi lot
sing ui
dingt he areca l
ledstruc t
ur a
lc ompone nts
.I tinc l
ude sa but me nts,pie rsandwi ngwa l
ls.
air
craftont her unwa y sa ndtax i
wa ys
,thepa veme ntsar
ema rkedwi t
hlinesa nd Substructures uppor t
st heSupe r
structur e.•Al lt hec ompone ntsoft hebr idge
numbe rs.The sea irportma rki
ng sareofbene f
itt
ot hepilotsforrecognizi
ngt he abovet hel evelofbe ari
ng sa reknowna sSupe rs
truc t
uralc ompone nts.The y
vari
ousa irporteleme nt sdur i
ngda yli
ghtanddus k .
•Atni ght,theli
ghtsareus ed i
nc l
udebe a ms,g i
rders,a rc hes,c abl es,f looring,g ua r
ds tones,ha nd r ail
s
toguidet hepilotsinl oa dingandma noeuv r
ingint heair
por t.Thewhi t
ec olour etc
.•Theot herc ompone ntsoft hebr idg einc ludea pproa c
he s,be ari
ng s,river
i
sus e
df ora llthema rking sont herunwa ysandf orthema rki
ngsont hea prons tr
ainingwor ks
.•He nceinnut shellfollowi ngc ompr isethema i
nc ompone ntsof
and taxiwa ys,t hec olourus e disy ell
ow.I na ddit
ion,t hewi nd di r
ection abr i
dg e.
(1)De c k
ing( Slab,g irders,trus s
e se tc.
)(ii
)Be a r
ingsf orthede cking.(ii
i)
i
ndicatorsa rea lsoe s
s entialate ve
rya i
rport.#Ty pes:a pron,r unwa y,r a
wa t Abutme ntsa ndpi ers.
(i
v )Founda tionsf ort hea butme ntsa ndpi ers
.(v)Ri ver
Landingdi recti
oni ndi cator,Shoulderma rking tr
ainingwor ks
.(vi
)Appr oa che stothebr idg es.(
vii)Ha ndr ai
ls,pa rapets

 Wha ta r
et hedi ffer
e nteleme ntsthata ffect
sont heAi rpor tLi g
ht ing ?Ex pla i
ni n  M 5. 6ECONOMI CSPANOFABRI DGEThee conomi cs panofabr i
dg eis
Brief
.Fol lowi nga ret heni nee leme ntsoft hea irportl ighting :
(1)Ai rport theonewhi chr e duc estheov eral
lc ostoft hebr idg et obeami nimum. •The
beacon(3)Apr on a nd ha nga rl ighting(5) Li ghting of l andi ng di recti
on ove r
allc ostofabr idgede pendsupont hef ollowi ngf act
or s:(
ii)Av a
ilabili
tyof
indic
ator(7)Runwa yl ighting (
9)Thr esholdl ighting .(
2)Appr oa chl i
ghting(4) skil
ledl abour .(iv)Na t
ureofs treamt obebr idg ed.(ii
i)Spa nl eng t
h. (
v)Cl i
ma te
Bounda rylight i
ng (
6)Lig hti
ngofwi nddi recti
oni ndi cator(8)Ta x iwa yl i
ghting( 1) andot he rc ondi ti
ons .(
1)c ostofma teri
ala ndi tsna tur e.•Iti snoti nt heha ndsof
Airportbe acon:Abe aconi sas t
rongbe am ofl ightwhi chi sus edt oi ndicate eng i
ne e
rst obr ingdownt hec ostofl i
vingi nde xort hepr i
c eofma ter
ia l
s,like
anyg eog raphi c
a llocation.I ti ss i
tua t
eds li
g htlya bov et hehor i
zontala nd ceme nt,s teel,t imbe re tc
.butt heyc anhe lpi nbr ingingdownt hec ostof
rotat
edt opr oduc et hef lashingl ightt oa nobs e rver.•Ther ot atinga irport bridgesbye volvinge conomi cde s
igns.•Thus ,c ons i
de ri
ngt heonl yv ariable
beacong ivesoutwhi tea ndg reenflashe sinthehor iz ontaldir ections180°a part. it
e ms,t hec ostofs upe rstr
uc t
urei nc r
e as
e sa nd t hatoft hes ub-structure
Thef lashesa rev isi
blet ot hepi lotf rom a nydi rectionofa ppr oa c
ha ndi t dec r
ea s
eswi tha ni ncreasei nt hes panl e
ng t
hs .• Themos te c
onomi cs pan
indic
atest hea pproxima t
es it
ua t
ion ofa na irporte quippe df ort heni ght lengthist ha twhi chs at
isfi
e sthefoll
owi ngi .
e.,Thec ostofs upe rs tructure=The
operati
ons .
•I trotatesa tsi
xr evolutionspe rmi nutea ndi susua llymount edov er costofs ub- structure #Thede ri
vati
onf ort hee c onomi cs panc a nbee st
a blis
hed
thetopoft het erminalbui l
dingorha ngar.Iftheobs tructioni sy e tnotc leared, ont heba s
isoff ollowinga ssumptions- (1)Thebr .ha se qua ls panl eng ths.(
ii
)
as eparatet owe rma y be pr ov i
de df ort he ins ta l
lati
on oft he r otati
ng Thec ostofs uppor tingsy s
te m ofsupe r
structur ev ariesa sthes qua reoft hes pan
beacon.•The t erm c ode be acon isus edt oi ndi catet he l ig htpr ov i
de d length.(
iii)Cos toff loori
nga ndpa rape t
sv arie sdi rectlya st hes pa n.(
iv)Cos tof
suff
ici
entlyhi ght oc learalltheobs tr
uc ti
ons.Itc ons ist
soft wo500wa t
tsbul bs onepi era ndi tsf ounda tioni sconstant.(v)Cos toft hea but me nt
withgreenc ol ourscr e
en.I tcontinuous lyfla
she saMor sec odes ig na ldesignat
 Ex
pla
in Wi
dth ofc
arr
iag
e-wa
yin de
tai
l:The wi
dth of  CHOI CEOFBRI DETYPETheg ene ral,t hebr idges houl dbea esthetically
carr
iagewa
yr equire
d wi l
lde pend on theintensi
tya nd vol
umeoft raf
fi
c pleasi
ngi na ppe arance,s tronge noug ht oc ar rythet raffica ndot he rinc i
de ntal
anti
cipa
tedt o uset he br i
dge.Iti sa lwayse x
presse
di nte
rmsoft raf
fi
c l
oa ds,e conomi cal,e tc.Someoft hea spec tswhi chi nflue nc et hec hoicet obe
la
nes.•Themi nimumwi dthofcarr
iagewayis4.25mf oraonelanebridg
ea nd ma debe twee ndi ff
e re
ntt ype sofbr i
dg esa rea sf ollows :(1)Appr oa che s:The
7.5m forat wol anebr i
dge.Forev er
ya ddi
ti
onallane,ami ni
mum of3. 5m forma t
ion l evela nd l eng th ofa ppr oa che sa tbr idg es it
e wi lla lso ha ve
mustbea l
lowe d.•Forc onsi
derat
ion ofs af
etya nd eff
ect
iveuti
liz
ati
on of cons i
der ablei nfluence on t he c hoice ofa pa rti
c ula rt ype ofbr idg e.
(2)
carr
iagewa
y,iti sdesi
rableofprovi
def oot
pathofa t
leas
t1.5mwi dt
hone it
her Ava il
abi l
ityoffunds :Ifthef unda va il
abl ei snots uffic
ie ntt oputupahi ghl evel
si
deofthecarriagewayfora l
lbri
dges. bridge,t hes ma lls ubme rsi
blebr idgeorc ausewa yma yber e comme nded
instead oft ot
a ll
ya bandoni ngt hepr oje ctf orl ackofmone y.
(3)Cl ima tic
conditions :Ift hee nvironme ntalc ondi tionsa reuns uita bleorunf av our able
 c
ulv
ert:i
sde
fi
neda
sas
mal
lbr
idg
econs
truc
tedov
eras
tre
am whi
ch certai
nt ypesoft hebr idg esc annotbec ons tructed.Fori ns tance ,ifthec l
ima tic
rema i
nsdryf ormos tpa rtofthey ear.Ac ulver
ti sthusac ros sdrainagewor k conditionsa tbr idges itea relikel
yt oa cc eleratethepr oc essofc orrosion,t he
havingat ot a
ll engthnote xce eding6m be twee nthef ace sofa butme ntsor ste
e ltr
us sescannotbea dopt ed.(
4)Ec onomyi nc ons tr
uc tion:I fther i
veri swi de,
extremev entwa ybounda r i
eswhe nme asureda trighta ng lest ot hea xisof thee conomyi nc ons t
ruc ti
onc anbea chi evedbyput t
ingupar oa d-cum-r ail
ventwa y
.•Thec ul
vertsa repr ovideda sthec rossdr ai
nag es tr
ucturesint he bridgei nt wotiersins t
e adoft wos epa r
a tebr idg es
,na me ly,hi ghwa ybr i
dg ea nd
fol
lowingt woc a se
s:( i
)f ordr ainings ma l
lpa cket
sorc atc hme ntswi th no rai
lwa ybr i
dg e
.I twi llre sultint hee conomyi nc ons t
ruc tion.(5)Founda tions:
defi
nitestr
ea mc hannelsa nda lsowhe rethehe ightoftheba nki ssma ll(
ii
)for Thes oi lconditionsa tbr idg esit
ema ybr ingdownt hepos siblea lt
e rnativesa nd
sma l
ls t
reamswi thr i
g i
dbounda rie
sors emi-
ri
g i
dbounda ries.•Ac cordi
ngt o unde rs uchc i
rcums tanc es,t hec hoi ceofapa r
tic
ul art y peofbr idgei st obe
functi
onorpur pose,t hec ulvertsma ybec l
assif
ieda shi g hwa yc ulvert
sor ma def roms uc hlimi te
da lternat
ivesonl y .
rail
wa ycul
v erts
.Thede s
igna spectsforthesetwoc lass
eswi llbedi f
ferent.
•The
i
ndi vi
dualc ostofe achc ulvertma ybes ma l
l.Buti na l
limpor t
anthi ghwayor  6.13MAXI MUM FLOOD DI SCHARGEWhe reverpos s
ible,thema xi
mum
rail
wa yprojects,thet otalcostofa llcrossdrai
na ges t
ructure si nthef orm of fl
ooddischarg
ea tbridgesitei sfoundoutf rom atl e
a s
ttwodi ff
erentme thods
culvert
swillbes ubs t
antial
.•Int hisc hapte
r,thetopicofc ul
v er tsandc auseways andt hehigheroft het wodi ff
erentme thodsdi ff
erbymor ethan50% t he
wi
llbebr
ief
lyde
scr
i d.Ty
be pes
:ar
chboxpi
pes
labs
cuppe
rs(
1) ma xi
mum de si
gndi scharg
ei slimitedto1. 5t i
me sthel owe re st
imate.•Itis
Ar
chc
ulv
ert
s:Anar
chc
ulv
ertofs
tonema
sonr
yma
ybea
dopt
edf
ors
pan consi
deredreas
onablet ode s
ignbr i
dgesforfloodsoccurringonc ein100y e
a r
s
r
ang
esof2m t
o6m.
•Fi
g.6.
3.1s
howsa
nar
chc
ulv
ert
.Thea
rchc
ulv
erti
s andtode s
ignculve
rtsforfloodsoc curri
ngonc ei
n20y ears.Thede signa spect
s
providedwiththea butments,wingwa l
lsa ndparapet.(2)Boxc ulverts:In shouldhoweverensurethatt hel ik
elydama gesduet or ar
e rfloodsa r
ebr ought
downt ot heminimum pos siblee xt
ent.
•Fol lowinga ret het wome thodsof
caseofboxc ulver
ts,therect
a ngul
arboxe sareformedofma sonry,R.C.C.or
calc
ulat
ingthema xi
mum f looddi s
charge:(1)Di r
e c
tme thodofc al
culati
ngt he
ste
el.TheR. C.C.boxc ulv
e rt
sa r
ev eryc ommona ndtheyc onsis
toft he
ma xi
mum f l
ooddischa r
ge.( 2)I ndir
ectme thodofc al
cula t
ingt hema xi
mum
fol
lowingtwoc ompone nts
:•(
i)Theba rrelorboxs ect
ionofsuffi
cie
ntlengthto
accommoda tetheroadwa yandt hekerbs.
(ii
)Thewi ngwa ll
ssplayedat45°for f
looddi
scha
rge
.Di
rec
tMe
thodofCa
lcul
ati
ngt
heMa
ximum Fl
ood
ret
a i
ningtheemba nkme nt
sa nda l
soforguidingthefl
owofwa teri
ntoa ndout Di
scha
rge•I
ndi
rec
tme
thod,t
hea
reaofc
ros
s-s
ect
ionupt
othehi
ghe
stf
lood
oftheba r
rel
. l
e velorH. F.
L.a ndt hev el
ocityofflowa r
edi ed.Themul tipli
cati
onofa r
e aand
velocityg iv
e st he ma xi
mum f l
ood di s
cha rge.(
1)Me asurement ofa r
ea
:Followingpr ocedurei sadopte dtome asuret hea r
eaofc ross
-sec
tionupt othe
 PRELI MI NARY DATA TO BECOLLECTEDThec a r
efulinvesti
ga t
iona t
H. F.L.atbridges i
te:Thei nf
or ma t
ionr egardingt hehe ightoft hehi ghestfl
ood
thepr eliminarys tagea voidsma nye xperi
enc ea tal aters ta
ge.He nce ,the
l
e veli scaref
ull
yg athereda ndi ti sc onfi
rme d,whe r
e verpos si
ble,byf l
ood
i
nv est
igationpr ocessshouldbec arr
iedoutdi agrama ndwi t
he xtre
mec a reto
ma rks.Ifthereisr ailwayt r
ac kne art hebr idg es i
te,thes i
gnsoft hehi ghest
avoidt heoc currenceofs eriousmi st
ak esint hepr oj
e ct.Followingda tas hould
fl
ooddi sc
hargewoul dua l
lybea vailableint hef orm ofma r
kingsonr ail
way
bec ol
le c
teda nds ui
tablya na l
ysedbyt hec ha rg
eoft hei nv es
tigat
ionofabr idg e
cross-drai
nagewor ks.Howe ver,incaseofne wr oadforma t
ioninr ail
wa yc r
oss
-
sit
e:(
1) a vai
labil
ity of e lect
r i
c powe r,
(2) a va i
labilit
y of ma teria
ls of
dra i
na gewor k
s.Howe ve
r,inc as
eofne wr oa df ormationi nunde vel
ope dor
constructi
on;(3)a vai
labil
ityofs kil
leda nduns ki
lle
dl abourf ordiffe
rentj obof
spa r
selyinhabite
da reas,thee ngineerdur ingi nvesti
gationha st ode cidethe
thec onstructi
on:(4)cha racteri
stic
sa ndhy draulicda taofs tream orr i
v er
;(5)
heightoft hehi ghestflooddi schargebyc ont acti
ngt hee l
de r
lyinha bit
a nt
sof
detail
sofpubl i
cut i
li
tyser vi
c e
ss ucha stele
phonec a
ble s,wa te
rlines,etc.tobe
thea reaandbyobs ervingther i
v e
rba nk s
,de pos it
sofde brisont re
et runksetc
accommoda t
edi nthebr idgec ross-secti
on:(
6)de tail
soft hee xi
sti
ngbr idgeson
thes amer iver;
(7)fac i
li
tiesr equire
df orhous ingl abourdur i
ngt hebr idg e
constructi
on.( 8)locati
onoft hene arestG.T. S.be nchma rkwi t
hi tsreduc ed  6.14 MOVABLE- SPAN SUPER- STRUCTURE I nc ase ofbr idgeswi th
l
e vel
.(
9)me ansoft ranspor ttoc a
rryt hema ter
ials(
10)na meoft her i
v era nd mov able-s
pa nsupe r-s
tructures,itiss oa rra
ngedt ha tthes upe r-structureoft he
l
oc ati
onoft hebr idgesit
e(12)na v i
gati
ona lrequireme nts bridgedoe snotr ema ininaf ixedpos i
tionpe rma nently.Buti tispos s
ibleto
mov et hesuper-str
uc t
ur esoa st oputt hebr i
dgeoutofus e,whe nne ce s
sary.
•It
some ti
me ssoha ppenst hatthes hi
psma yhavet opa s
sthr oug ht hehi ghl eve
l
 Se
lec
tionofbr
idg
esi
te(
2)Fr
eeboa
rd:I
fther
ive
risus
edf
orna
vig
ati
on
bridgesr equir
ingt hepr ov i
sion ofv eryhi ghc learanc e.
•Suc h br idgeswi l
l
pur pose ,thes ites houldbes uc ht ha tsuffici
entf r
e eboardi sa vail
ableunde r requirev ery hi gha pproache sorhi ghlyg rade da ppr oa che se veni ft he
bridgef ort hepa ss
ag eofboa ts ,shipsors teame rs(3)Fi r
me mba nkme ntsor ma ximum c learancei stobepr ovi
de di nthemi ddl epor tiononl y .Whe rethe
ri
v erba nks:Thee mba nk me ntsont heups treams i
dea nddowns treams ideof traff
icont hebr i
dg eissucht ha tsuspensionoftra f
ficf oras hor tdur ationont he
bridges ites houl dbef irm,hi g h,pe rma ne nt,soli
d,s tr
a i
ghta ndwe ll
-define d. roadorr a i
lwaywi l
lnotma t
e r
ial
lya f
fecttheov eralltraffic,t hehi ghl eve
l
Suc he mba nk me ntsa r
enotdi sturbe da tthet imeofhe a v
yf l
oods ,andt he ydo bridgesa r
ebui ltwithde ckswi thmi nimum c l
ear anc ea bov eH. F.L.f ornor mal
nota llowt hec our s
eofr i
ve rtoa l
ter.(
4)Founda ti
ons :Thena tureofs oilatt he passageofwa t
e ra ndt hemi ddleoneort wos pa nsort hee ntires pa nwi llbe
bedofr i
v era tbr idgesiteshoul dbes uc htha tgoodf ounda ti
onsa r eavail
abl ea t provide d withg i
rderswhi chc an be mov e
df orc le
a ring t he na vigat
ion
reasona bl ede pt hsfort hes ubstruc t
ur esofbr idge.Thes i
tesubje cttomi nimum vessels
.•Itshoul dber eme mbe redtha tthemov a blebr idge sr epre sentspe c
iall
y
scours houl dpr eferabl
ybec hos en.(5)La rg etri
buta ri
es:The res houldnotbe designeds tr
ucturesa ndi tisthe ref
or ene ce
ssar
yt opa yspe ciala ttentiont othe
conf l
ue nc eofl a r
g etributariesi nt hev icinityofbr idges i
te.(
6)Ma t
erial
sa nd ma chineryi nvolveda ndt hehous i
ng ,ope r
ation a ndma intena nc eofs uch
labour :Thes iteoft hepr opos edbr idges houl dbes ol ocatedtha tthema terials ma chinery.
andl abourr equi re
df ort hec ons t
ruc ti
onofbr i
dgea reea s
il
ya vail
able.The
tr
a nspor tc ha rgesf orma teri
a lsa nd l aboura tt hebr i
dg es iteshoul d be
mi nimum. (7)Mi nimum obs truc ti
ont owa terwa y:The res houldbemi nimum  6.15.8 Ca ble-Stated Br i
dg es•Thec a ble-s
taye d bridgesbe ca mepopul ari n
obs tr
uc tiont ona turalwa t
erwa ys oa stoha vemi nimum a ffl
ux .(
8)Ri ght-ang le Franc edur i
ngt hee arli
e rpa rtofe ight e
ent hc entury.Howe ver
,a ft
ert he
(
squa re )c r
os si
ng :
Atbr idges ite,thedi recti
onoff lowofwa ters houldbene a rly collapseoft heDr ybur gh- Abbe yBr idge,U. K. .in1818a ndt heSa aleRiver
perpe ndi culart ot hec entre-l
ineofbr idge.Suc hac rossi
ngi sknowna sther ight Bridg e,Ge rma nyi n1824,t heFr e nc hs cientis
tNa iverr ec omme ndedt hat
-ang l
ec rossi
ngors quar ecrossingornor ma lcross
ing . suspe nsionbr i
dgebebui lta sa lte
r nativ etoc a ble
-st
a yedbr idg es.
•AfterWor l
d
Wa rI I,theEur opea nc ommuni tyr e viewe dt hede ve l
opme ntofc able-s
tayed
bridge .Thef i
rstmode rnc able-stayedbr idgewa stheSt orms undBr i
dgebui l
tin
 LI NEAR WATERWAYOFA BRI DGE•Themos ti
mportantfactortobe 1955i nSwe den.•Thel ong ests uspens ionbr idg einthewor ldi sAk as
hiKa ikyo
de ci
de di nthede s
ignofbr i
dgesisthede ter
mi nationofthewa t
erwayr e
quired Bridg ei nJ apan,whi c hwa sc ons tructe di n1998.Thi sbri
dg ei sal
sok nowna s
fort hebr idgeorc ulve
rt.•Thea reaunde rabr i
dg ethr
oughwhi chthewa t
er thePe arlBr i
dg e.•Itc arriessixl ane sofr oadwa y.Itha sas pa nof1991m a nd
flowsi scalle
dt henaturalwater
wa yofabr idge.Fori mport
antandbi gbridges
, totalleng thof3911m.I tli
nk st hec i
tyofKobeont hema inlandofHons hut o
i
ts houl d be de si
gnedt oc ar
ry wa tera tt he t i
me ofma ximum f l
ood Iwa yaonAwa jiIsl
a ndbyc ros s
ingt hebus yAk a
shiSt ra i
t.•Thef i
rstthree
dischar ge.
•Thel e
ngthoft hebridgea vail
ablebe tweentheextremee dgeofa ma jorc a ble-st
a y
e dbr i
dge sc ons t
ruc tedi nt heUni tedSt ate swe rethePa so-
wa ters urfacea tthehi ghestfl
ood l evel
,me as
ur eda tri
ghta ngl
e stot he Ke nne wi ckBr idgebui l
tin1978a c rosst heCol umbiaRi verinWa s
hington,the
abut me ntfacesisknowna sli
nearwa t
erway.•Followingist
her el
ati
onbe t
we en LulingBr i
dgebui l
tin1983a c rosstheMi s
sis
sippiRi verinLoui s
iana;andt he
wa terwa y,ma ximum fl
ooddi s
charg eandpe rmissibl
ev e
loci
ty:
•A=Q/ Vwhe re Ea stHunt ingtonBr idgebui l
ti n1985a crosstheOhi oRi ve rinWe stVi r
ginia.
A=Wa t
e r
wa yinm s qQ=Ma ximum f looddi sc
ha rgeinm pe rsecond•V = Atpr esent,a bout15ma jorc abl e
-s t
a ye dbr i
dg esha vebe enc onstr
uctedint he
Pe rmissibleveloci
tyi nm pe rs econd.•Thel i
nea rwater
wa yisobt ai
neda s Uni tedSt ate
s.•Thel onge s
tc a ble-stay edbr i
dg ei stheSul ongBr idgeov erthe
foll
ows :L=A/d riverYa ngtzei nChi nal i
nk ingNa ntonga ndCha ngshu.Itwa ss t
rate
di n2003
IMPORTANC OFBEARI NG I ts houl dber e me mbe redt hatthes uc cessful
func ti
oni ngofabr idg epr ima ri
lyde pe ndsoni tsbe ari
ng s.I tisobs ervedt ha t
faul t
yde si
gnori mpr ope rwor k i
ngoft hebe a r
ingsi sthema inc auseoff ailureof
ma nybr i
dg e
st hatha vec ollapsed.•Thede s i
gnofbe ar
ingt obea doptedf ora
pa rti
c ularbridgewi llma inlyc ol
laps e
d.Thede s
ignofbe aringt obea dopt edfor
apa rticularbridgewi llma inlyde pendont het ypeofs uppor ts,lengthoft he
spa na nd the ty pe ofs upe r-
structur e.•The be a r
ingsf orm a ni mpor t
ant
compone ntofabr idg ea ndhe nc e,e x
t remec ar
ea nds ki
llshoul dbee xer
c isedin
itsde sign,e xecut
iona ndma intena nce .Forma jorbr idges,t hec ostofbe a ri
ng s
roug hl ywor ksoutt oa bout10t o15pe rcentoft het otalc ostoft hebr i
dg e.
He nce ,thereisa mpl es copeofa chie vinge conomybyde signi
ngt hebe a ri
ng s
pr ope rlyc ar
e f
ull
y .
? •6.22FREE AND FI XED BEARI NGSThet e r
msf re e
be aringa ndfixedbe aringa reus edt oi ndicatet hef unc t
ionwhi chi sex ecuted
from apa rt
icularbe a ri
ng .Af r eebe aringi sfreet os li
deormov eorr olla ndi t
thusa llowslong it
udi na lmov eme ntoft heg ir
de r.•Af ixedbe aringi sfixedi n
pos it
ion,Buti tr ota tesa ccordingt ot hede fl
ectionoft hes tr
uc turewhi chi s
be ings uppor t
ingbyi t.Thusaf ixedbe aringa l
lowsf r
eea ng ularmov eme nta nd
i
tdoe snotpe rmita nyl ong itudinalmov eme ntoft heg ir
de r.Thede s
ignoff ixe d
be aringde pendsont hel engthofs pa n,t ypeofs upportsa ndt ypeofs upe r-
str
ucture Ty
. pes.
(1)
ceme nt mor t
ar pa d(2) Ex pa ns
ion be ar
ing(
3)Knuckle
bearing(5)Roc ke
rbe ar
ing(
7)Ne oprenebe ari
ngpa ds(
9)Sol eplateonc urved
bed pl ate beari
ng(
11)Pi n beari
ng(13)La mina t
e de last
ome ri
cbe ari
ng (1)
ceme ntmor tarpad:Thi si
sthecheapestt
y peoffixedbe ari
ngwhi chisadopted
forroa dg i
rderbri
dgesofsma l
lspans.Itconsi
stsof30mm t hic
kc ementgrout
padofpr oporti
on1:1.•Thedowe lba rsi
ns uff
icientnumbe randofdi ameter
about25 mm a re provi
dedt oc onne ctthe s uper-s
tructuretot he be d
block.•Thel e
ngthoft hepa disma dee qualt ot hewi dthofg ir
dera ndits
breadtha longthespaniskeptinsuchawa ytha tt
hepr e
s s
ureont hepaddoe s
note xceed18N/ mm.Thedowe lbarsarede s
ignedt otakeupt helongit
udinal
forc
esi nshe a
r.