1.

Input Output (I/O) Basics

Input:

- A data/information provided by users through an input device to Java programs.

Example: users provide password input to login to their system.

Input Devices:

- Devices that are used to provide input to Java programs.

Example: Keyboard, Mouse

Output:

- A data/information provided by Java programs to output devices.

Example: Write user information into a file.

Output Devices:

- Devices that are used to provide output for Java programs.

Example: Disk Files, Console.

2. Stream:

- Is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information

- Is a logical connection of sequence of data that either
a. Reads input from sources.
 Example Sources: Keyboard, Mouse.
b. Write output to destination.
 Example destination: Disk files, Java arrays, Network Socket.
- A stream is linked to a physical device by the Java I/O system.
- Java programs perform I/O through streams.

3. Types of Streams:

1. Byte Streams
a. Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes.
b. Used when reading or writing binary data.
c. Suitable for: Save videos, audios, characters
d. Available in java.io package.
2. Character Streams
a. Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of characters.
b. Read and write 16-bit Unicode data.
c. Suitable for: read text file.
d. Available in java.io package.
4. Differences: Char vs Byte Streams

5. Class Hiererachy:

a. Possible Read and Write Streams

1. File
2. Array
3. Object
4. Pipe (network)
5. Data (Buffer & Filter)
b. Byte Streams

Byte Stream Classes Description

- Obtain input bytes from a file in a file system.
FileInputStream
- Meant for reading streams of raw bytes such as image data.
- Reads from a byte array.
- Retain bytes read from the input stream using its internal buffer.
ByteArrayInputStream
- An internal counter keeps track of the next byte to be supplied by
the read method.
- Represent a logical concatenation of multiple input streams.
- Read streams data sequentially, one after the other.
SequenceInputStream
- Reads are taken from the first stream until it ends, then the next
stream is used until the last stream returns end of file.
- It has some additional input stream used as basic data source.
- These input streams can provide transformation of data and
additional functionality.
FilterInputStream - Implements all methods of InputStream with versions that pass all
requests to the contained input stream.
- Subclasses of this class may further override some of these
methods and may also provide additional methods and fields.
DataInputStream - Used for reading Java standard/primitive data types.
- Provide additional ability to buffer the input and to support the
mark and reset methods. Default buffer size is 8192 bytes.
- As bytes from the stream are read or skipped, the internal buffer
BufferedInputStream
is refilled as necessary from the contained input stream, many
bytes at a time.
- Improve performance due to internal buffer processing.
 - Read byte data from output pipes/network.
PipedInputStream
- Before reading, pipes must be connected.
- Deserialize primitive data and objects previously written using an
ObjectInputStream
ObjectOutputStream.

c. Character Streams

Character Stream Description

StringReader - Reads text from a string.
- A bridge from byte streams to character streams.
InputStreamReader - Translate bytes to characters.
- Read bytes and decodes them into characters.
- A bridge from character to byte streams.
OutputStreamWriter - Translate characters to bytes.
- Read characters and decodes them into bytes.
6. Basic File Stream Operations

1. Import the file stream class from java.io.*;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. Make a stream connection.
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(“test.txt”);
3. Read/write data using read/readLine or write methods.
in.read() OR in.readLine()
4. Close the stream.
in.close()
5. Handle exceptions FileNotFoundException & IOException.
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("Error occured. File not found");
}

7. File Methods

Stream Methods Description

- Mark the present position in the stream.
- Subsequent calls to reset() will attempt to reposition the
stream to this point.
void mark(int
- Limit on the number of characters that may be read while
limit)
still preserving the mark.
- After reading this many characters, attempting to reset the
stream may fail.
- Reset the stream.
- If the stream has been marked, then attempt to reposition
it at the mark.
void reset()
- If the stream has not been marked, then attempt to reset
it in some way appropriate to the particular stream, for
example by repositioning it to its starting point.
- immediately flush the contents of the buffer to the output
void flush() stream