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shell_scripting_L3

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jefoy11983
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Overview of Computer

Workshop
Unit-3, Lecture – 3
File Access rights
■ Linux is a multi-user operating system which can be accessed by
many users simultaneously.
■ Linux can also be used in mainframes and servers without any
modifications.
■ But this raises security concerns as an unsolicited or malign user
can corrupt, change or remove crucial data.
■ For effective security, Linux divides authorization into 2 levels.
■ Ownership
■ Permission
Ownership of files
■ Every file and directory on your Linux system is assigned 3 types
of owner, given below
■ User: A user is the owner of the file. By default, the person who created a
file becomes its owner. Hence, a user is also sometimes called an owner.
■ Group: A user- group can contain multiple users. All users belonging to a
group will have the same access permissions to the file.
Suppose you have a project where a number of people require access to a
file, instead of manually assigning permissions to each user, you could add all
users to a group, and assign group permission to file such that only this group
members and no one else can read or modify the files.
■ Other: Any other users who has access to a file. This person has neither
created the file nor he belongs to the user group.
Permission or access rights
■ Every file and directory in your Linux system has following 3 permission
defined for all the 3 owners discussed above.
■ Read: This permission gives you the authority to open and read a file. Read
permission on a directory gives you the ability to lists it‟s content.
■ Write: The write permission gives you the authority to modify the contents of a
file. The write permission on a directory gives you the authority to add, remove and
rename files stored in the directory.
Consider a scenario where you have to write permission on file but do not have
write permission on the directory where the file is stored. You will be able to modify
the file contents. But you will not be able to rename, move or remove the file from
the directory.
■ Execute: In Windows, an executable program usually has an extension ".exe" and
which you can easily run. In Unix/Linux, you cannot run a program unless the
execute permission is set. If the execute permission is not set, you might still be
able to see/modify the program code (provided read & write permissions are set),
but not run it.
File Permissions in Linux
■ Let’s see file permissions in Linux with examples:
ls – l on terminal gives

■ Here, the first ‘–‘ implies that we have selected a file

■ Else, if it were a directory, d would have been shown.


■ The first part of the code is ‘rw-‘. This suggests that the owner ‘Home’
can:
• Read the file
• Write or edit the file
• He cannot execute the file since the execute bit is set to ‘-‘.
■The second part is ‘rw-‘. It for the user group ‘Home’ and
group-members can:
• Read the file
• Write or edit the file
■The third part is for the world which means any user. It says ‘r--‘. This
means the user can only:
• Read the file
Command “chmod”
■ It is used to change the access mode of a file. chmod stands for
'change mode'.
■Using the command, we can set permissions (read, write, execute)
on a file/directory for the owner, group and the other users.
Syntax: chmod permissions filename
■ There are 2 ways to use the command –
■ Absolute mode
■ Symbolic mode
Absolute Mode
■In this mode, file permissions are not represented as characters
but as a three-digit octal number. The numeric code for different
type of permissions is represented as in the table:
■ Example:

■‘764' absolute code says the following:


• Owner can read, write and execute
• Usergroup can read and write
• World can only read This is shown as '-rwxrw-r-„
■This is shown as '-rwxrw-r-
Symbolic Mode
■In the symbolic mode, one can modify permissions of a specific
owner. It makes use of mathematical symbols to modify the file
permissions.
Example:
Assignment -1 (Additional Questions)
16. Write a command to give write permission to all the users
of file reginfo.
17. Write a command to discard write permission from group
users group users of file reginfo.
18. Write the command to set rwx permissions for all the
users of file reginfo.

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