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shell_scripting_L4

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jefoy11983
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Shell Programming

Lec-04
Shell
● A shell or command interpreter in a Linux operating
system takes input from you in the form of commands,
processes it, and then gives an output.
● It is the interface through which a user works on the
programs, commands, and scripts.
● A shell is accessed by a terminal which runs it.
● When you run the terminal, the Shell issues a
command prompt (usually $), where you can type
your input, which is then executed when you hit the
Enter key. The output or the result is thereafter
displayed on the terminal.
Types of Shell
● There are two main shells in Linux:
● 1. The Bourne Shell: The prompt for this shell is $ and
its derivatives are listed below:
– Bourne shell also is known as sh
– Korn Shell also known as ksh
– Bourne Again SHell also known as bash (most popular)
● The C shell: The prompt for this shell is %, and its
subcategories are:
– C shell also is known as csh
– Tops C shell also is known as tcsh
● You can check your current shell using command
– echo $SHELL
Shell Scripts (1)
● Basically, a shell script is a text file with Unix
commands in it.
● Shell scripts usually begin with a #! and a shell
name
– For example: #!/bin/sh
– If they do not, the user's current shell will be used
● Any Linux command can go in a shell script
– Commands are executed in order or in the flow
determined by control statements.
● Different shells have different control structures
– The #! line is very important
– We will write shell scripts with the Bourne shell (sh)
Shell Scripts (2)
● Why write shell scripts?
– To avoid repetition:
● If you do a sequence of steps with standard
Unix commands over and over, why not do
it all with just one command?

– To automate difficult tasks:


● Many commands have subtle and difficult
options that you don’t want to figure out or
remember every time.
Assigning Command Output to a Variable
● Using backquotes, we can assign the
output of a command to a variable:
#!/bin/sh
files=`ls`
echo $files
● Very useful in numerical computation:
#!/bin/sh
value=`expr 12345 + 54321`
echo $value
Please keep space in mind ☺
Using expr for Calculations
● Variables as arguments:
count=5
count=`expr $count + 1`
echo $count
6
– Variables are replaced with their values by the shell!
● expr supports the following operators:
– arithmetic operators: +,-,*,/,%
– comparison operators: <, <=, ==, !=, >=, >
– precedence is the same as C, Java
Control Statements
● Without control statements, execution
within a shell script flows from one
statement to the next in succession.
● Control statements control the flow of
execution in a programming language
● The three most common types of control
statements:
– conditionals: if/then/else, case, ...
– loop statements: while, for, until, do, ...
Conditionals
● Conditionals are used to “test” something.
– In Java or C, they test whether a Boolean variable is
true or false.
– In a Bourne shell script, the only thing you can test
is whether or not a command is “successful”
● Every well behaved command returns back a
return code.
– 0 if it was successful
– Non-zero if it was unsuccessful (actually 1..255)
The if Statement
● Simple form:
if decision_command_1
then
command_set_1 grep returns 0 if it finds something
fi returns non-zero otherwise

● Example:
if grep unix myfile >/dev/null
then
echo "It's there"
fi redirect to /dev/null so that
"intermediate" results do not get
printed
if and else

if grep "UNIX" myfile >/dev/null


then
echo UNIX occurs in myfile
else
echo No!
echo UNIX does not occur in myfile
fi
if and elif
if grep "UNIX" myfile >/dev/null
then
echo "UNIX occurs in file"
elif grep "DOS" myfile >/dev/null
then
echo "Unix does not occur, but DOS does"
else
echo "Nobody is there"
fi
for Loops
● for loops allow the repetition of a command
for a specific set of values
● Syntax:
for var in value1 value2 ...
do
command_set
done
– command_set is executed with each value of
var (value1, value2, ...) in sequence
for Loop Example (1)
#!/bin/sh
# timestable – print out a multiplication table
for i in 1 2 3
do
for j in 1 2 3
do
value=`expr $i \* $j`
//In shell, * represents all files in the current directory so use ‘\*’
echo -n "$value "
done
echo
done
for Loop Example (2)
#!/bin/sh
files=`ls`
for i in $files
do
echo -n "$i "
done

– Find filenames in files in current directory


for Loop Example (3)
#!/bin/sh
# file-poke – tell us stuff about files
for i in *; do
echo -n "$i "
done

– Same as previous slide, only a little


more condensed.

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