See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/384728645

Data-Driven User Experience (UX) Design: Creating Personalized Experiences

Article · October 2023

CITATIONS READS
0 217

1 author:

Moses Alabi
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
69 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Moses Alabi on 08 October 2024.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Data-Driven User Experience (UX) Design: Creating
Personalized Experiences
Date: October 20 2023
Author: Moses Alabi
Abstract
As digital interactions become more integral to everyday life, the demand for
personalized user experiences (UX) has grown significantly. Data-driven UX design has
emerged as a powerful approach to crafting tailored experiences that cater to individual
user preferences, behaviors, and needs. This paper explores the role of data in the UX
design process, focusing on how data analytics, user behavior tracking, and machine
learning algorithms are used to create customized and seamless user journeys. By
leveraging data from various sources—such as website interactions, mobile app usage,
and customer feedback—designers can gain valuable insights into user preferences and
pain points, allowing for the creation of more intuitive and engaging interfaces.
The study highlights key methodologies used in data-driven UX design, including A/B
testing, heatmaps, and predictive analytics, to optimize user interfaces in real-time.
Additionally, it examines how personalization techniques, such as recommendation
systems and adaptive content, enhance the overall user experience by delivering relevant
and context-aware interactions. However, the paper also addresses the challenges of data-
driven design, such as ensuring user privacy, managing data complexity, and balancing
personalization with user autonomy.
Through case studies and real-world examples, this research illustrates how companies
across various industries are successfully applying data-driven UX design to improve
customer satisfaction, increase user retention, and drive business growth. The findings
demonstrate that integrating data-driven approaches into the UX design process enables
designers to move beyond subjective assumptions and create more meaningful, user-
centered experiences. As personalization continues to play a pivotal role in the digital
landscape, data-driven UX design is poised to redefine how businesses interact with their
users, delivering experiences that are not only functional but also deeply personalized and
impactful.
Keywords: Data-driven UX design, Personalization, User behavior analysis, User
experience (UX), Quantitative and qualitative data, A/B testing, Heatmaps, Predictive
analytics, Data privacy, User satisfaction, Data interpretation, Digital experience, UX
optimization,User research, Continuous testing

Background
Data-Driven UX Design:
Data-driven UX design is an approach to user experience (UX) that emphasizes the
collection and analysis of user data to inform design decisions. This methodology
leverages quantitative and qualitative data to gain insights into user needs, behaviors, and
pain points, allowing designers to create more user-centric and evidence-based solutions.

Historical Context and the Importance of Data:

The field of UX design has evolved significantly over the past few decades. In the early
days of the internet and digital products, design was often driven by intuition, personal
experience, and best practices. However, as technology advanced and digital products
became more complex, there was an increasing demand for a more data-informed and
user-centered approach.

The rise of the internet, mobile devices, and the abundance of user data have all
contributed to the growing importance of data in UX design. User analytics, A/B testing,
usability studies, and other data-gathering techniques have become essential tools for
understanding user behavior and making informed design decisions. By relying on data
rather than solely on assumptions or gut feelings, UX designers can create products that
better meet the needs and expectations of their users.

Challenges and Opportunities in a Data-Driven World:

While the incorporation of data in UX design has brought many benefits, it also presents
a unique set of challenges for designers:

1. Balancing quantitative and qualitative data: While data provides valuable insights, it's
essential to complement it with qualitative research, such as user interviews and
observations, to gain a deeper understanding of user needs and emotions.

2. Dealing with data overload: The vast amount of data available can be overwhelming,
and UX designers must develop the skills to effectively collect, analyze, and interpret
data to extract meaningful insights.

3. Ethical considerations: The collection and use of user data raise important ethical
concerns, such as privacy, consent, and the potential for bias. UX designers must navigate
these issues carefully and ensure that their design decisions respect user rights and trust.
4. Translating data into action: Transforming data into practical design solutions can be a
complex challenge. UX designers must possess the ability to connect data insights to
specific design interventions and evaluate their impact.

5. Collaboration and interdisciplinary skills: Data-driven UX design often requires close

collaboration with cross-functional teams, including product managers, developers, and
data analysts. UX designers must develop strong communication and cross-disciplinary
skills to effectively integrate data into the design process.

Despite these challenges, the opportunities presented by data-driven UX design are

significant. By leveraging data, UX designers can create more user-centric and evidence-
based solutions, optimize user experiences, and make more informed design decisions.
Furthermore, the integration of data can lead to increased user satisfaction, improved
product performance, and higher business impact.

In summary, data-driven UX design is a crucial approach in today's digital landscape,

allowing designers to create products that better meet the needs and expectations of users.
While there are challenges to overcome, the opportunities presented by this data-
informed methodology are vast and can lead to more effective, user-centered, and
impactful design solutions.

Aim
This paper aims to explore the pivotal role of data in shaping user experiences, with a
particular focus on personalization. It seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of
data-driven UX design, detailing its key components, the benefits it offers, the challenges
faced, and best practices for effective implementation. Additionally, the paper will
present case studies of successful data-driven UX designs that have led to enhanced user
satisfaction, engagement, and overall business performance. Through this exploration, the
research aims to highlight how leveraging data can enable companies to create more
tailored, user-centered digital experiences.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Data-Driven UX Design

Data-Driven UX Design: Definition and Key Components

Data-driven UX design is an approach to user experience (UX) that emphasizes the
collection and analysis of user data to inform design decisions. This methodology
leverages quantitative and qualitative data to gain insights into user needs, behaviors, and
pain points, allowing designers to create more user-centric and evidence-based solutions.

The key components of data-driven UX design include:

1. Data Collection: Identifying relevant data sources, such as user analytics, A/B testing,
usability studies, customer feedback, and other user research methods.

2. Data Analysis: Applying statistical and machine learning techniques to extract

meaningful insights from the collected data, including user behavior patterns, pain points,
and preferences.

3. Iterative Design: Continuously testing and refining design solutions based on the data-
driven insights, using an iterative process of design, implementation, and evaluation.

4. Personalization: Leveraging user data to create personalized and adaptive user

experiences that cater to individual preferences and behaviors.

5. Collaboration and Cross-Functional Integration: Fostering interdisciplinary

collaboration between UX designers, product managers, developers, and data analysts to
ensure that data-driven insights are effectively incorporated into the design process.

Benefits of Using Data to Inform UX Decisions

Adopting a data-driven approach to UX design offers several benefits, including:

1. Improved User Understanding: Data-driven insights provide a deeper and more

accurate understanding of user needs, behaviors, and pain points.
2. Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Design decisions are informed by quantitative and
qualitative data, reducing the reliance on assumptions and intuition.

3. Optimized User Experiences: Data-driven iterative design leads to more user-centric

and effective solutions that better meet user expectations.

4. Increased User Satisfaction and Engagement: Personalized experiences tailored to

individual user preferences and behaviors can result in higher user satisfaction and
engagement.

5. Enhanced Business Impact: Data-driven UX design can contribute to increased user

acquisition, retention, and overall business performance.

Challenges of Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting User Data

While the benefits of data-driven UX design are significant, there are also several
challenges that designers and teams must navigate:

1. Data Overload: The vast amount of user data available can be overwhelming, and
designers must develop the skills to effectively collect, analyze, and interpret data to
extract meaningful insights.

2. Balancing Quantitative and Qualitative Data: While data provides valuable insights, it's
essential to complement it with qualitative research, such as user interviews and
observations, to gain a deeper understanding of user needs and emotions.

3. Ethical Considerations: The collection and use of user data raise important ethical
concerns, such as privacy, consent, and the potential for bias. Designers must navigate
these issues carefully and ensure that their design decisions respect user rights and trust.

4. Translating Data into Design Solutions: Transforming data into practical design
interventions can be a complex challenge. Designers must possess the ability to connect
data insights to specific design decisions and evaluate their impact.
5. Cross-Functional Collaboration: Data-driven UX design often requires close
collaboration with cross-functional teams, including product managers, developers, and
data analysts. Designers must develop strong communication and cross-disciplinary skills
to effectively integrate data into the design process.

By addressing these challenges and leveraging the benefits of data-driven UX design,

designers can create more user-centric and impactful digital experiences.

Chapter 2: Data Collection and Analysis

Types of User Data

Data-driven UX design relies on the collection and analysis of various types of user data,
including:

1. Behavioral Data:
- User interactions with the product (e.g., clicks, scrolls, page views, task completion
rates)
- User navigation patterns and flow through the product
- User actions and interactions over time

2. Demographic Data:
- User characteristics (e.g., age, gender, location, device type)
- User interests and preferences
- Psychographic data (e.g., personality traits, values, attitudes)

3. Feedback Data:
- User comments, reviews, and ratings
- User-reported pain points and suggestions for improvement
 - Qualitative insights from user interviews and focus groups

Techniques for Collecting and Analyzing User Data

1. Analytics Tools:
- Web analytics (e.g., Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics)
- In-app analytics (e.g., Mixpanel, Amplitude)
- Session recording and heatmap tools (e.g., Hotjar, Crazy Egg)

2. Surveys and Questionnaires:

- Online surveys (e.g., SurveyMonkey, Qualtrics)
- Intercept surveys within the product
- Post-task surveys and user feedback forms

3. User Interviews and Observations:

- One-on-one interviews with users
- Contextual inquiries and usability studies
- Remote user testing and think-aloud protocols

4. Data Analysis Techniques:

- Descriptive statistics (e.g., averages, percentages, trends)
- Correlational analysis (e.g., identifying relationships between variables)
- Segmentation and user clustering
- Predictive modeling and machine learning

Importance of Data Quality and Data Privacy

1. Data Quality:
- Ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of user data
- Identifying and addressing data biases and inconsistencies
- Continuously monitoring and improving data collection and analysis processes

2. Data Privacy:
- Adhering to data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA)
- Obtaining user consent for data collection and usage
- Implementing data anonymization and security measures
- Transparency about data usage and providing user control over their data

By collecting a diverse range of user data and analyzing it through a combination of

quantitative and qualitative techniques, UX designers can gain a deeper understanding of
user needs, behaviors, and pain points. This data-driven approach enables the creation of
more user-centric and effective design solutions, while also addressing the critical
considerations of data quality and privacy.

Chapter 3: User Segmentation and Persona Development

User Segmentation

User segmentation is the process of dividing a user base into distinct groups or segments
based on shared characteristics, behaviors, and preferences. By segmenting users, UX
designers can:

1. Identify patterns and trends within the user base.

2. Understand the unique needs and pain points of different user groups.
3. Tailor design solutions to better meet the specific requirements of each segment.
4. Allocate resources and prioritize design efforts more effectively.
Techniques for Identifying User Segments

1. Demographic Segmentation:
- Grouping users based on demographic factors such as age, gender, location, income,
and education level.

2. Behavioral Segmentation:
- Grouping users based on their interactions with the product, such as usage frequency,
task completion rates, and navigation patterns.

3. Psychographic Segmentation:
- Grouping users based on their attitudes, interests, values, and lifestyle characteristics.

4. Cluster Analysis:
- Applying statistical techniques, such as k-means clustering, to group users based on
multiple data points.

5. Segmentation Frameworks:
- Leveraging existing segmentation models, such as the VALS (Values, Attitudes, and
Lifestyles) framework, to categorize users.

The Role of User Personas in Informing UX Design

User personas are fictional representations of the different user segments, created based
on the data collected and analyzed. Personas typically include details about the user's
background, goals, pain points, and behaviors, as well as their preferences and
expectations.

By developing user personas, UX designers can:

1. Gain a deeper understanding of the target users and their specific needs.
2. Prioritize design decisions based on the unique requirements of each persona.
3. Create more user-centric and personalized design solutions.
4. Communicate user insights to cross-functional teams, ensuring a shared understanding
of the target audience.
5. Evaluate design ideas and prototype solutions from the perspective of the personas.

Persona development involves synthesizing data from multiple sources, such as user
interviews, surveys, and analytics. The goal is to create a set of personas that accurately
represent the diverse user base and provide a clear foundation for design decisions.

By leveraging user segmentation and persona development, UX designers can move

beyond a one-size-fits-all approach and create experiences that are tailored to the unique
needs and preferences of different user groups. This data-driven approach helps ensure
that design solutions meet the users' expectations and deliver a more engaging and
satisfactory experience.

Chapter 4: Personalization Strategies

Personalization Strategies in Data-Driven UX Design

Personalization is a key component of data-driven UX design, enabling the creation of

experiences that are tailored to the unique needs and preferences of individual users.
Some common personalization strategies include:

1. Content Personalization:
- Displaying content, offers, or recommendations based on user interests, browsing
history, and past interactions.
- Adjusting the layout, tone, and style of content to match user preferences.

2. Recommendation Systems:
 - Providing product or content recommendations based on user behavior, preferences,
and similarities to other users.
- Applying techniques such as collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and
hybrid approaches.

3. Adaptive Interfaces:
- Dynamically adjusting the user interface, navigation, and functionality based on user
data, context, and goals.
- Offering customization options that allow users to personalize the experience to their
liking.

Benefits of Personalization for User Experience

1. Improved Relevance and Engagement:

- Personalized content and recommendations increase the relevance and perceived
value for the user.
- Higher engagement and loyalty as users find the experience tailored to their individual
needs.

2. Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity:

- Adaptive interfaces and personalized functionalities help users accomplish their tasks
more quickly and effectively.
- Reduction in cognitive load and frustration as the experience aligns with user
preferences and habits.

3. Increased User Satisfaction and Loyalty:

- Personalized experiences foster a sense of familiarity and connection, leading to
higher user satisfaction and retention.
- Users are more likely to return to and recommend products or services that provide a
personalized experience.
4. Competitive Advantage:
- Personalization can differentiate a product or service from competitors, offering a
unique and compelling user experience.
- Personalization data can provide valuable insights for product development and
strategic decision-making.

Challenges of Implementing Personalization Effectively

1. Data Collection and Analysis:

- Gathering the necessary user data to power personalization, while respecting privacy
and consent.
- Interpreting user data and translating it into meaningful personalization strategies.

2. Personalization Algorithm Design:

- Developing accurate and unbiased recommendation and personalization algorithms.
- Striking the right balance between automation and user control over personalization.

3. Seamless Integration and Scalability:

- Integrating personalization capabilities seamlessly into the overall user experience.
- Ensuring that personalization scales effectively as the user base and data grow.

4. Ethical Considerations:
- Addressing concerns around data privacy, transparency, and the potential for exclusion
or discrimination.
- Ensuring that personalization strategies align with the organization's ethical principles
and user trust.

By addressing these challenges and leveraging the benefits of personalization, UX

designers can create user experiences that are more engaging, efficient, and tailored to
individual needs, ultimately leading to increased user satisfaction and loyalty.
 Chapter 5: A/B Testing and Experimentation

The Role of A/B Testing in Data-Driven UX Design

A/B testing is a fundamental component of data-driven UX design, enabling designers to

make informed decisions by comparing the performance of different design alternatives.
This experimental approach involves presenting two (or more) variations of a design
element or feature to a sample of users, and then analyzing the data to determine which
version performs better.

A/B testing allows UX designers to:

1. Validate design hypotheses and assumptions based on user data.

2. Identify the most effective design solutions for improving user engagement,
conversion, and satisfaction.
3. Optimize the user experience through an iterative process of testing and refinement.
4. Measure the impact of design changes and make data-driven decisions.

Best Practices for Conducting A/B Tests

1. Define Clear Objectives:

- Clearly articulate the specific goals and metrics you want to measure for each A/B test.
- Ensure that the test is aligned with the overall user experience and business objectives.

2. Ensure Statistical Significance:

- Determine the appropriate sample size and duration to achieve statistical significance
in the results.
- Use statistical tools and techniques to analyze the data and determine the validity of
the findings.
3. Control for Confounding Variables:
- Identify and mitigate any potential factors that could influence the test results, such as
seasonal trends or external events.
- Randomize the user assignment to the test and control groups to ensure an unbiased
comparison.

4. Implement Consistent Tracking and Measurement:

- Establish clear tracking and measurement protocols to capture the relevant user data
and performance metrics.
- Ensure that the data collection and analysis processes are consistent across test
variations.

5. Communicate and Iterate:

- Share the A/B test results and insights with the cross-functional team to inform future
design decisions.
- Use the learnings from each test to refine the design and conduct additional
experiments.

Using A/B Testing to Optimize Personalized Experiences

A/B testing can be particularly powerful when applied to the development and
optimization of personalized user experiences. By leveraging user data and segmentation,
designers can:

1. Test different personalization algorithms and strategies:

- Compare the performance of various recommendation systems or content
personalization approaches.
- Identify the most effective personalization techniques for different user segments.

2. Experiment with personalization triggers and thresholds:

 - Determine the optimal points in the user journey to introduce personalized elements.
- Adjust the personalization parameters, such as the number of recommendations or the
degree of customization, to find the sweet spot.

3. Evaluate the impact of user control and customization:

- Test the effectiveness of allowing users to personalize their own experience.
- Measure the impact of user-driven personalization on engagement, satisfaction, and
conversion.

4. Continuously refine and optimize personalization:

- Use the insights from A/B testing to iteratively improve the personalization algorithms
and user experiences.
- Adapt the personalization strategies to changing user behaviors and preferences over
time.

By embracing A/B testing as a core part of the data-driven UX design process, designers
can create more effective, user-centric, and personalized experiences that drive increased
user satisfaction, engagement, and business performance.

Chapter 6: Case Studies of Successful Data-Driven UX Designs

This chapter presents three case studies that showcase how leading companies have
leveraged data-driven UX design, with a focus on personalization, to create successful
and engaging user experiences.

Case Study 1: Netflix - Personalized Content Recommendations

Netflix, the popular streaming service, has been a pioneer in data-driven personalization.
By collecting and analyzing user data, such as viewing history, search patterns, and
ratings, Netflix has developed a sophisticated recommendation system that suggests
personalized content to each individual user.
Key factors contributing to Netflix's success:
- Comprehensive data collection: Netflix gathers detailed data on user preferences and
viewing behavior.
- Advanced recommendation algorithms: Netflix's machine learning models analyze user
data to provide highly relevant content suggestions.
- Continuous experimentation and optimization: Netflix constantly tests and refines its
personalization strategies through A/B testing.
- Seamless integration of personalization: Personalized recommendations are deeply
integrated into the Netflix user experience.

Lessons learned:
- Personalization should be a core part of the user experience, not an afterthought.
- Investing in data infrastructure and advanced analytics capabilities is crucial for
effective personalization.
- Continuous experimentation and optimization are essential to keep pace with evolving
user preferences.

Case Study 2: Spotify - Adaptive Music Experiences

Spotify, the leading music streaming platform, has leveraged data-driven personalization
to create a highly engaging and customized listening experience for its users.

Key factors contributing to Spotify's success:

- Comprehensive user data collection: Spotify gathers data on user listening habits, music
preferences, and social connections.
- Personalized playlists and recommendations: Spotify's algorithms analyze user data to
create personalized playlists and make relevant music recommendations.
- Adaptive user interface: Spotify's interface dynamically adjusts based on user
preferences and listening patterns.
- Seamless integration of social features: Spotify integrates social features, such as shared
playlists and friend activity, to enhance the personalized experience.
Lessons learned:
- Personalization should be tailored to the unique characteristics of the product and its
users.
- Combining user data with social features can significantly enhance the personalized
experience.
- Adaptability and responsiveness to user behavior are crucial for maintaining user
engagement over time.

Case Study 3: Amazon - Personalized Product Recommendations

Amazon, the e-commerce giant, has been at the forefront of data-driven personalization,
using its extensive customer data to provide highly relevant product recommendations.

Key factors contributing to Amazon's success:

- Comprehensive customer data collection: Amazon gathers data on customer browsing
history, purchase behavior, and product preferences.
- Advanced recommendation algorithms: Amazon's personalization engine uses
collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and machine learning to offer tailored
product recommendations.
- Cross-selling and upselling opportunities: Amazon's personalized recommendations
encourage additional purchases and increase customer lifetime value.
- Continuous testing and optimization: Amazon constantly experiments with different
personalization strategies and adjusts its algorithms based on customer feedback and
performance data.

Lessons learned:
- Personalization can significantly improve conversion rates and customer loyalty in e-
commerce.
- Leveraging customer data for cross-selling and upselling can drive increased revenue.
- Maintaining a balance between personalization and user control is essential to build
trust and engagement.
These case studies demonstrate the power of data-driven UX design and personalization
in creating engaging and successful user experiences. By focusing on comprehensive data
collection, advanced analytics, and continuous optimization, these companies have been
able to deliver personalized experiences that cater to the unique needs and preferences of
their users, leading to improved user satisfaction, engagement, and business performance.

Conclusion

In this paper, we have explored the principles and practices of data-driven UX design,
highlighting its importance in creating personalized and user-centric digital experiences.

Throughout the chapters, we have discussed the key components of data-driven UX

design, including data collection, analysis, user segmentation, and personalization
strategies. We have examined the benefits of using data to inform design decisions, such
as improved user understanding, evidence-based optimization, and enhanced business
impact. We have also addressed the challenges associated with data-driven UX design,
including data overload, balancing quantitative and qualitative insights, and ensuring data
privacy and ethical considerations.

The case studies presented in this paper have demonstrated how leading companies, such
as Netflix, Spotify, and Amazon, have successfully leveraged data-driven personalization
to create engaging and tailored user experiences. These examples have highlighted the
crucial role of comprehensive data collection, advanced analytics, continuous
experimentation, and seamless integration of personalization features.

As we look towards the future, we have discussed emerging trends and technologies that
are shaping the evolution of data-driven UX design. The rise of artificial intelligence,
machine learning, and ubiquitous computing are opening up new possibilities for hyper-
personalization, seamless multimodal interactions, and adaptive intelligent interfaces.
However, these advancements also present challenges for UX designers, who must
navigate the complexities of balancing personalization and privacy, mitigating
algorithmic bias, and continuously adapting to technological changes.
Ultimately, the importance of data-driven UX design cannot be overstated. By embracing
a data-centric approach, UX designers can create user experiences that are not only more
personalized and engaging but also more effective in driving business success. As the
digital landscape continues to evolve, the ability to leverage data to understand and cater
to user needs will become increasingly critical for organizations seeking to stay ahead of
the competition and deliver exceptional user experiences.

The question that remains is: how will UX designers and organizations harness the power
of data to shape the future of user experiences, while ensuring that these experiences are
ethical, inclusive, and truly responsive to the diverse needs and preferences of users?

References
1. Urbinati, Andrea, Marcel Bogers, Vittorio Chiesa, and Federico Frattini. “Creating
and Capturing Value from Big Data: A Multiple-Case Study Analysis of Provider
Companies.” Technovation 84–85 (June 1, 2019): 21–36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2018.07.004.
2. Zhang, Yingfeng, Shan Ren, Yang Liu, Tomohiko Sakao, and Donald Huisingh. “A
Framework for Big Data Driven Product Lifecycle Management.” Journal of Cleaner
Production 159 (May 11, 2017): 229–40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.172.
3. Govindarajan, Sangeetha, and Balaji Ananthanpillai. "INTEGRATING USER
EXPERIENCE DESIGN WITH CUSTOMER SUPPORT INSIGHTS FOR
ENHANCED PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT." Journal of Management
(JOM) 7, no. 4 (2020).
4. “Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks, Big Data-Driven Decision-Making Processes,
and Cyber-Physical System-Based Real-Time Monitoring in Sustainable Product
Lifecycle Management.” Economics Management and Financial Markets 16, no. 2
(January 1, 2021): 95. https://doi.org/10.22381/emfm16220216.
5. Shah, None Tanay. “Data-Driven Decision-Making: Leveraging Analytics for
Product Management.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Science
Communication and Technology, December 18, 2023, 533–41.
https://doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-14271.
6. Govindarajan, Sangeetha, and Balaji Ananthanpillai. "INTEGRATING CUSTOMER
SERVICE AND REVERSE LOGISTICS FOR ADVANCED ROBOTIC HOME
DEVICES: A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK." Technology (IJARET) 12, no. 1
(2021): 1246-1265.
 7. Hannila, Hannu, Seppo Kuula, Janne Harkonen, and Harri Haapasalo. “Digitalisation
of a Company Decision-Making System: A Concept for Data-Driven and Fact-Based
Product Portfolio Management.” Journal of Decision System 31, no. 3 (October 5,
2020): 258–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2020.1829386.
8. Zhang, Yingfeng, Shan Ren, Yang Liu, and Shubin Si. “A Big Data Analytics
Architecture for Cleaner Manufacturing and Maintenance Processes of Complex
Products.” Journal of Cleaner Production 142 (July 22, 2016): 626–41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.123.

View publication stats