Engineering Mechanics MEI 101

Kinetics of Particles

Dr. Abhijeet Sethi

Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Email: [email protected]
 Introduction

• First part of the lecture solves problems dealing with the motion of particles through the
fundamental equation of motion, 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
• Conservation of linear and angular momentum principles are evoked.
• Second part of the lecture introduces two additional methods of analysis.

• Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass, velocity and displacement.
• Method of impulse and momentum: directly relates force, mass, velocity, and time.
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero,
the particle will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of
resultant and in the direction of the resultant.

• Consider a particle subjected to constant forces,

F1 F2 F3
= = =  = constant = mass, m
a1 a2 a3


• When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force F , the acceleration of the
particle must satisfy
 
F = ma

• Acceleration must be evaluated with respect to a Newtonian frame of reference,

i.e., one that is not accelerating or rotating.
 Equations of Motion
• Newton’s second law provides ෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ

• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving vector equation

into scalar component equations, e.g., for rectangular components,

෍ 𝐹𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝐹𝑧 𝑘 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 ෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚𝑎𝑧

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥ሷ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑦ሷ ෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚𝑧ሷ

• For tangential and normal components,

 F t = mat  F n = man
dv v2
 F t = mat  F n = man Ft = m Fn = m
dt 
dv v2
Ft = m Fn = m
dt 
 Dynamic Equilibrium
• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,
෍ 𝐹Ԧ − 𝑚𝑎Ԧ = 0

−𝑚𝑎Ԧ ≡ 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system of forces acting on the
particle is equivalent to zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.

• Methods developed for particles in static equilibrium may be applied, e.g.,

coplanar forces may be represented with a closed vector polygon.

• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as they measure the resistance
that particles offer to changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or direction.
 Example 1
SOLUTION:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the block into two rectangular
component equations.
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎:
𝑃 cos 3 0° − 0.25𝑅 = 90.7 kg 3 mΤs 2
= 272 N
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0:
W = mg 𝐹 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑅
A 90.7 kg block rests on a
𝑅 − 𝑃 sin 3 0° − 890 = 0 = 890 N = 0.25 R
horizontal plane. Find the
magnitude of the force P • Unknowns consist of the applied force P and the normal reaction R
required to give the block an from the plane. The two equations may be solved for these unknowns.
acceleration of 3 m/s2 to the
right. The coefficient of kinetic 𝑅 = 𝑃 sin 3 0° + 890
friction between the block and
or, 𝑃 cos 3 0° − 0.25 𝑃 sin 3 0° + 890N = 272
plane is μk = 0.25.
𝑃 = 667.3 N
 Example 2
D x

The two blocks shown start

from rest. The horizontal
plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley is
assumed to be of negligible
mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝐴 : 𝑇1 = 100 𝑎𝐴 (i)
and the tension in the cord.
 Example 2
SOLUTION:

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝐵 : 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 − 𝑇2 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝐵

300kg 9.81 mΤs 2 − 𝑇2 = 300kg 𝑎𝐵

𝑇2 = 2940− 300 𝑎𝐵 (ii)

 Example 2
SOLUTION:

0
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑎𝐶 = 0:

𝑇2 − 2𝑇1 = 0 (iii)
 Example 2
• Combine kinematic relationships with equations of motion to solve for
accelerations and cord tension.
1 1
𝑦𝐵 = 𝑥𝐴 𝑎𝐵 = 𝑎𝐴 (iv)
2 2
𝑇1 = 100 × 𝑎𝐴 (i) 𝑇2 = 2940− 300 × 𝑎𝐵 (ii)
D x 1
𝑇2 − 2𝑇1 = 0 (iii) = 2940− 300 𝑎
2 𝐴

y 2940 − 150 𝑎𝐴 − 2 100 𝑎𝐴 = 0

𝑎𝐴 = 8.40 mΤs 2

1
𝑎𝐵 = 𝑎𝐴 = 4.20 mΤs 2
2
𝑇1 = 100 𝑎𝐴 = 840 N
𝑇2 = 2𝑇1 = 1680 N
 Example 3
SOLUTION:

 Ft = mat : 𝑚𝑔 sin 3 0° = 𝑚𝑎𝑡

𝑎𝑡 = 𝑔 sin 3 0°

 Fn = man :
2.5 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 3 0° = 𝑚𝑎𝑛
The bob of a 2-m pendulum
describes an arc of a circle 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑔 2.5 − cos 3 0°
in a vertical plane. If the
tension in the cord is 2.5
times the weight of the bob • Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.
for the position shown, find
𝑣2
the velocity and acceleration 𝑎𝑛 =
of the bob in that position. 𝜌

𝑣 = ± 𝜌𝑎𝑛
 Example 4
SOLUTION:
Write the radial and transverse equations of motion for the block.

A block B of mass m can slide freely on

a frictionless arm OA which rotates in a
horizontal plane at a constant rate 𝜃ሶ 0 .  Fr = m ar : 0 = 𝑚 𝑟ሷ − 𝑟𝜃ሶ 2
Knowing that B is released at a  F  = m a : 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑟𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ
distance r0 from O, express as a
function of r It is stated in the question that the mechanism is in the horizontal
a) the component vr of the velocity of plane (say the plane of your notebook page). Thus, all the forces
B along OA, and involved in this problem are horizontal.
By horizontal here we mean on the horizontal plane not along x-axis,
b) the magnitude of the horizontal
which you might be wrongly thinking as the horizontal component in
force exerted on B by the arm OA.
this case.
a) the component vr of the velocity 0 = 𝑚 𝑟ሷ − 𝑟𝜃ሶ 2 (i)
of B along OA, and
𝑑2 𝑟
= 𝑟𝜃ሶ 02 but requires 2 conditions
𝑑𝑡 2
if you want r(t).
𝑟ሷ = 𝑣ሶ𝑟

𝑑𝑣𝑟 𝑑𝑣𝑟
Now, 𝑣ሶ𝑟 = = 𝑣𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟
So, Eq.(i) can be written as 𝑣𝑟 𝑑𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟𝜃ሶ 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑟𝜃ሶ 02 𝑑𝑟
𝑣𝑟 𝑟

න 𝑣𝑟 𝑑𝑣𝑟 = 𝜃ሶ 02 න 𝑟𝑑𝑟
0 𝑟0

𝑣𝑟2 = 𝜃ሶ02 𝑟 2 − 𝑟02

b) the magnitude of the horizontal
force exerted on B by the arm OA.

0
𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑟𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ

Now we had, 𝑣𝑟 = 𝜃ሶ02 𝑟 2 − 𝑟02

1Τ2
𝐹 = 2𝑚𝜃02 𝑟 2 − 𝑟02
 Example 5
SOLUTION:
• The block is constrained to slide down the wedge.
Therefore, their motions are dependent.

𝑎Ԧ𝐴

𝑎Ԧ𝐴
The 5.4 kg block B starts from rest
and slides on the 13.6 kg wedge A,
which is supported by a horizontal 𝑎Ԧ𝐵/𝐴
surface. Neglecting friction,
determine: 𝑎Ԧ𝐴
𝑎Ԧ𝐵 = 𝑎Ԧ𝐴 + 𝑎Ԧ𝐵Τ𝐴
(a) the acceleration of the wedge,
and
(b) the acceleration of the block 𝑎Ԧ 𝐵/𝐴
relative to the wedge.
y

FBD Kinetic Diagram

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝐴 : 𝑁1 sin 3 0° = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝐴

0.5𝑁1 = 𝑊𝐴 Τ𝑔 𝑎𝐴 ……………….(i)

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑁2 − 𝑊𝐴 − 𝑁1 cos 3 0° = 0
 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝐴 cos 3 0° − 𝑎𝐵Τ𝐴

𝑜𝑟, −𝑊𝐵 sin 3 0° = 𝑊𝐵 Τ𝑔 𝑎𝐴 cos 3 0° − 𝑎𝐵Τ𝐴

𝑜𝑟, 𝑎𝐵Τ𝐴 = 𝑎𝐴 cos 3 0° + 𝑔 sin 3 0°……………….(ii)

 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝑦 :

𝑁1 − 𝑊𝐵 cos 3 0° = − 𝑊𝐵 Τ𝑔 𝑎𝐴 sin 3 0°

……………….(iii)
0.5𝑁1 = 𝑊𝐴 Τ𝑔 𝑎𝐴 ……………….(i)

So, Eq.(iii) becomes:

2 𝑊𝐴 Τ𝑔 𝑎𝐴 − 𝑊𝐵 cos 3 0° = − 𝑊𝐵 Τ𝑔 𝑎𝐴 sin 3 0° ……………….(iii a)

𝑔𝑊𝐵 cos 3 0°
𝑎𝐴 =
2𝑊𝐴 + 𝑊𝐵 sin 3 0°

9.81 × 53 cos 3 0°
𝑎𝐴 = = 1.54 mΤs 2
2 133.4 + 53 sin 3 0°

𝑎𝐵Τ𝐴 = 𝑎𝐴 cos 3 0° + 𝑔 sin 3 0° ……………….(ii)

𝑎𝐵Τ𝐴 = 1.54 mΤs 2 cos 3 0° + 9.81 mΤs 2 sin 3 0°

𝑎𝐵Τ𝐴 = 6.24 mΤs 2

 Linear Momentum of Particle
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ
෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑚 constant
𝑑(𝑚𝑣)Ԧ
෍ 𝐹Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡

𝐿 = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ
= Linear momentum

• Resultant of the forces acting on the particle is equal to the

rate of change of the linear momentum of the particle.

෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐿ሶ
 Angular Momentum of Particle
𝐻𝑂 = 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑚𝑉 = moment of momentum or the angular momentum
of the particle about O.

  
i j k

HO = x y z
mv x mv y mv z

  
• H O is perpendicular to plane containing r and mV

Motion of a particle under

𝐻𝑂 = 𝑟𝑚𝑉 sin 𝜙
a central force
 Angular Momentum of Particle

𝐻𝑂 = 𝑟𝑚 𝑉 sin 𝜙
= 𝑟𝑚𝑣𝜃
= 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜃ሶ

• Derivative of angular momentum with respect to time,

𝐻ሶ 𝑂 = 𝑟Ԧሶ × 𝑚𝑉 + 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑚𝑉ሶ
෍ 𝑀𝑂 = 𝐻ሶ 𝑂
= 𝑉 × 𝑚𝑉 + 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
• It follows from Newton’s second law
= 𝑟Ԧ × ෍ 𝐹Ԧ that the sum of the moments about O of
the forces acting on the particle is equal
to the rate of change of the angular
= ෍ 𝑀𝑂 momentum of the particle about O.
 Eqs. of Motion in Transverse Components
• Consider particle at r and , in polar coordinates,
෍ 𝐹𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑟𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ

• Derive above from conservation of angular momentum,

ሶ
෍ 𝑀𝑂 = 𝐻𝑂 ෍ 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑟 ෍ 𝐹𝜃 𝐻𝑂 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜃ሶ

𝑑
∴ 𝑟 ෍ 𝐹𝜃 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜃ሶ = 𝑚 𝑟 2 𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ
𝑑𝑡

෍ 𝐹𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑟𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ
Conservation of Angular Momentum
• When only force acting on particle is directed toward or away from a
fixed point O, the particle is said to be moving under a central force.

• Since the line of action of the central force passes through O,

෍ 𝑀𝑂 = 𝐻ሶ 𝑂 = 0 and 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑚𝑉 = 𝐻𝑂 = constant

• Position vector and motion of particle are in a plane perpendicular to 𝐻𝑂 .

• Magnitude of angular momentum,

𝐻𝑂 = 𝑟𝑚𝑉 sin 𝜙 = constant

= 𝑟0 𝑚𝑉0 sin 𝜙0
 Example 4
SOLUTION:

A satellite is launched in a
direction parallel to the Since the satellite is moving under a central force directed toward
surface of the earth with a the center O of the earth, its angular momentum 𝐻𝑂 is constant.
velocity of 18,820 mi/h from
an altitude of 240 mi. Earlier we derived: 𝐻𝑂 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 = constant
Determine the velocity of the
satellite as it reaches its Expressing conservation of angular
maximum altitude of 2340 mi. momentum between A and B, 𝑟𝐴 𝑚 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑟𝐵 𝑚 𝑉𝐵
It is recalled that the radius of
the earth is 3960 mi. 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝐴 /𝑟𝐵
 Work of a Force
• Differential vector 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ is the particle displacement.

• Work of the force is 𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹Ԧ • 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ

= 𝐹𝑑𝑠 cos 𝛼
= 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Work of a Force
• Work of a force during a finite displacement,
𝐴2 𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑈1→2 = න 𝐹Ԧ • 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = න 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝛼 = න 𝐹 cos 𝛼 𝑑𝑠

𝐴1 𝑠1 𝑠1

𝑠2

= න 𝐹𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑠1

• Work is represented by the area under the

curve of Ft plotted against s.
 Work of a Force
• Work of a constant force in rectilinear motion,
𝑈1→2 = 𝐹 cos 𝛼 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )

• Work of the force of gravity,

𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐹𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −𝑊 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2

𝑈1→2 = − න 𝑊 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1

= −𝑊 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = −𝑊 Δ𝑦

• Work of the weight is equal to product of weight W and vertical

displacement y.

• Work of the weight is positive when y < 0, i.e., when the weight moves
down.
 Work of a Force
• Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is proportional to deflection,

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑘 = spring constant N/m or lb/in.

• Work of the force exerted by spring,

𝑑𝑈 = −𝐹 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1 2 1 2
𝑈1→2 = − න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥1 − 𝑘𝑥2
2 2
𝑥1

• Work of the force exerted by spring is positive when x2 < x1, i.e., when
the spring is returning to its undeformed position.
 Particle Kinetic Energy: Principle of Work and Energy
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡 = 𝑚 =𝑚 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠

𝐹𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑑𝑣

• Integrating from A1 to A2 ,

𝑠2 𝑣2
1 1
න 𝐹𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚 න 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣12
2
2 2
𝑠2 𝑠1 𝑣1

𝑈1→2 = න 𝐹𝑡 𝑑𝑠 1
𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑇= 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑠1 2

• The work of the force F is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the particle.

• Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:

2
 m   m
T = 12 mv = kg   =  kg 2 m = N  m = J
2
s  s 
 Application of Principle of Work and Energy
• Wish to determine velocity of pendulum bob at A2.
𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2 We first determine the work done during the displacement from
A1 to A2 by the forces acting on the bob.
Datum, y = 0
• Force 𝑃 acts normal to path and does no work.

Only force which does work is thus the weight 𝑊.

1𝑊 2
𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2 0 + 𝑊𝑙 = 𝑣
2𝑔 2
FBD
𝑈1→2 𝑣2 = 2𝑔𝑙
= (−𝑊)(−𝑙)
• Velocity found without determining expression for acceleration
and integrating.
• Forces which do no work are eliminated from the problem.
Application of Principle of Work and Energy
• Calculating the tension in the cord requires supplementing
the method of work and energy with an application of
Newton’s second law.

• As the bob passes through A2 ,

෍ 𝐹𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛 ෍ 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡

𝑊 𝑣22
𝑃−𝑊 = 𝑣2 = 2𝑔𝑙
𝑔 𝑙

𝑊 2𝑔𝑙
𝑃=𝑊+ = 3𝑊
𝑔 𝑙
 Example 5
SOLUTION:

An automobile weighing 17793 N is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed
of 96 km/hr when the brakes are
applied causing a constant total 𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2
breaking force of 6672 N.
Determine the distance traveled by 1 2
1 17793 2
𝑇1 = 𝑚𝑣1 = 26.7 = 646506.2 N ⋅ m
the automobile as it comes to a stop. 2 2 9.81

𝑣2 = 0 𝑇2 = 0
 Example 5

𝑈1→2 = −6672 𝑥 + 17793 sin5° 𝑥

𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2

𝑥 = 126.2 m
 Tutorial Prob. - 2
SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of work and energy separately to blocks A
and B.

Two blocks are joined by an

inextensible cable as shown.
If the system is released from
rest, determine the velocity of
block A after it has moved 2
𝑊𝐴 = 200kg 9.81 mΤs 2 = 1962N
m. Assume that the coefficient
of friction between block A and 𝐹𝐴 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁𝐴 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑊𝐴 = 0.25 1962N = 490.5 N
the plane is μk = 0.25 and that
the pulley is weightless and
frictionless.
Tutorial Prob. - 2

𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2 :

1
0 + 𝐹𝐶 2 − 𝐹𝐴 2 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣 2
2

1
𝐹𝐶 2 − 490 2 = 200 𝑣 2
2
Tutorial Prob. - 2
𝑊𝐵 = 300 9.81 = 2940N

𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2 :

1
0 − 𝐹𝑐 2 + 𝑊𝐵 2 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑣 2
2

1
−𝐹𝑐 2 + 2940 2 = 300 𝑣 2
2
 Tutorial Prob. - 2
When the two relations are added, the work of the cable forces cancel.

Solve for the velocity.

1
𝐹𝐶 2 − 490 2 = 200 𝑣 2
2
1
−𝐹𝑐 2 + 2940 2 = 300 𝑣 2
2

1
2940 2 − 490 2 = 200 + 300 𝑣 2
2
1
4900 = 500 𝑣 2
2

𝑣 = 4.43 mΤs
 Principle of Impulse and Momentum
𝑡2
• From Newton’s second law, Ԧ = Imp1→2 = impulse of the force 𝐹Ԧ
න 𝐹𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑡1
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ 𝑚𝑣Ԧ = linear momentum 𝑚𝑣Ԧ1 + 𝐈𝐦𝐩1→2 = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ2
𝑑𝑡

Ԧ = 𝑑 𝑚𝑣Ԧ
𝐹𝑑𝑡
• The final momentum of the particle can be obtained
𝑡2 by adding vectorially its initial momentum and the
Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ2 − 𝑚𝑣Ԧ1
න 𝐹𝑑𝑡 impulse of the force during the time interval.
𝑡1

• Dimensions of the impulse of a

force are
force*time.
• Units for the impulse of a force are
N ⋅ s = kg ⋅ mΤs 2 ⋅ s = kg ⋅ mΤs
Impulsive Motion
• Force acting on a particle during a very short time interval
that is large enough to cause a significant change in
momentum is called an impulsive force.

• When impulsive forces act on a particle,

Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ2
𝑚𝑣Ԧ1 + ෍ 𝐹Δ𝑡

• When a baseball is struck by a bat, contact occurs over a

short time interval but force is large enough to change sense
of ball motion.


• Nonimpulsive forces are forces for which Ft is small and
therefore, may be neglected.
In the case of the impulsive motion of several particles

If all of the external forces acting on the various particles are

non-impulsive, the second term vanishes

For two particles, this reduces to

We should note, however, that although the total

momentum of the particles is conserved, their total energy
is generally not conserved.
 Example 6
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum.

𝑚𝑣Ԧ1 + ෍ 𝐈𝐦p1→2 = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ2

An automobile weighing 800

kg is driven down a 5o incline
at a speed of 100 km/h when
the brakes are applied,
causing a constant total Taking components parallel to the incline,
braking force of 6000 N.
𝑚𝑣1 + 𝑊 sin 5 ° 𝑡 − 𝐹𝑡 = 0
Determine the time required
for the automobile to come to
𝑡 = 4.18 s
a stop.
 Example 7
SOLUTION:

𝑚𝑣Ԧ1 + 𝐈𝐦𝐩1→2 = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ2

A 0.1 kg baseball is pitched

with a velocity of 25 m/s. After
the ball is hit by the bat, it has a x component equation:
velocity of 40 m/s in the
direction shown. If the bat and −𝑚𝑣1 + 𝐹𝑥 Δ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣2 cos 4 0°
ball are in contact for 0.015 s,
deter-mine the average
impulsive force exerted on the
ball during the impact.
 Example 7

y component equation:

0 + 𝐹𝑦 Δ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣2 sin 4 0°

𝐹𝑦 0.015 = 0.1 × 40 sin 4 0°

𝐹𝑦 = +171.41 N

𝐹Ԧ = 370.94Ԧ𝑖 + 171.41N 𝑗, 𝐹Ԧ = 408.63N

THANK YOU
 Example 6
Strategy:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the
dependent motions and accelerations of the
blocks.
• Draw the FBD and KD for each block
• Write the equations of motion for the
blocks and pulley.
• Combine the kinematic relationships with
the equations of motion to solve for the
accelerations and cord tension.

The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the

masses of the pulleys and the effect of friction in the pulleys
and between block A and the horizontal surface, determine (a)
the acceleration of each block, (b) the tension in the cable.
Modeling and Analysis:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the
dependent motions and accelerations of
the blocks.
This is the same problem worked last
chapter - write the constraint equation.

x A + 3 yB + constants = L
Differentiate this twice to get the
acceleration relationship.

v A + 3vB = 0
a A + 3aB = 0
a A = −3aB (1)
• Draw the FBD and KD for each block,

• Write the equation of motion for each block, +

⎯⎯ Fx = mA a A :
+ F = m a
−T = mA aB
y B B

WB − 3T = mB aB (2)
From Equation (1) T = 3mA aB (3)

• Solve the three equations, 3 unknowns,

(3) → (2) mB g − 3(3m A aB ) = mB aB T = 3  30 kg  0.83136 m/s 2

g 9.81 m/s 2 T = 74.8 N
aB = = = 0.83136 m/s 2 
m 30 kg a A = −2.49 = 2.49 m/s 2 →
1+ 9 A 1+ 9
mB 25 kg
Reflect and Think:
• The acceleration of Block A is to the right
as would be expected
• The tension force in the cable has to be
less than 1/3 of the weight of Block B.
(Otherwise the block would not move
downward)

25kg m
T = 74.8 N   9.81 2 = 81.8 N
3 s
Tutorial Prob. - 9
STRATEGY:

• Draw the FBD and KD for the collar.

• Write the equations of motion for the
collar.

• Determine kinematics of the collar.

The 3-kg collar B rests on the frictionless
arm AA′. The collar is held in place by the • Combine the equations of motion
rope attached to drum D and rotates about with kinematic relationships and
O in a horizontal plane. The linear velocity solve.
of the collar B is increasing according to
𝑣 = 0.2 t 2
where v is in m/s and t is in sec. Find the
tension in the rope and the force of the bar
on the collar after 5 seconds if r = 0.4 m.
Modeling and Analysis:
• Given: v = 0.2t 2 , r = 0.4 m
• Find: T and N at t = 5 sec
Draw the FBD and KD of the collar

Write the equations of motion

Fn = man Ft = mat

v2 T =m
dv
N =m
 dt
Kinematics : find vt, an, at

vt = 0.2t 2 = 0.2(52 ) =5 m/s

v2 52
an = = = 62.5 (m/s 2 )
 0.4
dv
at = = 0.4t = 0.4(5) = 2 m/s 2
dt

Substitute into equations of motion

Σ𝐹𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛 Σ𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡

𝑁 = 3.0(2)
𝑇 = 3.0(62.5)

𝑇 = 187.5 N 𝑁 = 6.0 N