UNIT-1

Introduction to Cloud Computing

➢ Definition of Cloud Computing
➢ Layers and Types Of Clouds
➢ Desired Features of a Cloud
➢ Infrastructure as a Service Providers
➢ Platform as a Service Providers
➢Challenges and Risks
 What is the cloud?
➢Using some one else server to host,process or
Store data.
➢The cloud is made up of servers in data centers
all over the world. Moving to the cloud can
save companies money and add convenience
for users.
 What is cloud computing?

➢Cloud computing is the delivery of on demand

computing services over the internet on a pay-as-
you-go basis.
➢including servers, storage, databases, networking,
software, analytics, and intelligence-over the
Internet ("the cloud")
➢Pay for use and as needed, elastic
– scale up and down in capacity and functionalities
➢The hardware and software services are available to
– general public, enterprises, corporations and businesses
markets
The National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) describes the basics of
cloud computing this way:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.
➢Any time
➢Any where
➢With any device
➢Accessing any service
➢The term cloud refers to a network or the
internet.
➢It is a technology that uses remote servers on
the internet to store, manage, and access data
online rather than local drives. The data can be
anything such as files, images, documents,
audio, video, and more.
➢There are the following operations that we
can do using cloud computing:
• Developing new applications and services
• Storage, back up, and recovery of data
• Hosting blogs and websites
• Delivery of software on demand
• Analysis of data
• Streaming videos and audios
 Many companies are delivering services from the
cloud. Some notable examples include the
following:
1)Google- Has a private cloud that it uses for
delivering Google Docs and many other services
to its users, including email access, document
applications, text translations, maps, web
analytics, and much more.
2)Microsoft- Has Microsoft Office 365 online
service that allows for content and business
intelligence tools to be moved into the cloud,
and Microsoft currently makes its office
applications available in a cloud.
3)Salesforce.com Runs its application set for its
customers in a cloud, and its - Force.com and
Vmforce.com products provide developers with
platforms to build customized cloud services.
➢The cloud enables users to access the same files
and applications from almost any device, because
the computing and storage takes place on servers in
a data center, instead of locally on the user device.
➢This is why a user can log in to their Instagram
account on a new phone after their old phone
breaks and still find their old account in place, with
all their photos, videos, and conversation history.
Why Cloud Computing?
➢ Small as well as large IT companies, follow the
traditional methods to provide the IT infrastructure.
That means for any IT company, we need a Server
Room that is the basic need of IT companies.
➢ In that server room, there should be a database server,
mail server, networking, firewalls, routers, modem,
switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much
queries or load will be handled by the server),
configurable system, high net speed, and the
maintenance engineers.
➢ To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend
lots of money. To overcome all these problems and to
reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing
comes into existence.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1) Agility
The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It
shares resources among users and works very fast.
2) High availability and reliability
The availability of servers is high and more reliable because
the chances of infrastructure failure are minimum.
3) High Scalability
Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large
scale, without having engineers for peak loads.
4) Multi-Sharing
With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and
applications can work more efficiently with cost reductions by
sharing common infrastructure.
5) Device and Location Independence
Cloud computing enables the users to access
systems using a web browser regardless of their
location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile
phone, etc.
As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a
third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users
can connect from anywhere.
6) Maintenance
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is
easier, since they do not need to be installed on
each user's computer and can be accessed from
different places. So, it reduces the cost also.
7) Low Cost
By using cloud computing, the cost will be
reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its
own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of
resources.
8) Services in the pay-per-use mode
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are
provided to the users so that they can access
services on the cloud by using these APIs and
pay the charges as per the usage of services.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
1) Back-up and restore data
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore
that data using the cloud.
2) Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to
quickly and easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.
3) Excellent accessibility
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere,
anytime in the whole world, using an internet connection.
An internet cloud infrastructure increases organization productivity and
efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.
4) Low maintenance cost
Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs
for organizations.
5) Mobility
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.
6) Services in the pay-per-use model
Cloud computing offers Application Programming
Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access services on the
cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.
7) Unlimited storage capacity
Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for
storing our important data such as documents, images,
audio, video, etc. in one place.
8) Data security
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud
computing.
Cloud offers many advanced features related to
security and ensures that data is securely stored and
handled.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
1) Internet Connectivity
• As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video,
etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data through the
cloud by using the internet connection.
• If you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access
these data. However, we have no any other way to access data from
the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in
• Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing.
Organizations may face problems when transferring their services
from one vendor to another.
• As different vendors provide different platforms, that can cause
difficulty moving from one cloud to another.
3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed,
and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud users have less
control over the function and execution of services within a cloud
infrastructure.
 4) Security
• Although cloud service providers implement
the best security standards to store important
information.
• But, before adopting cloud technology, you
should be aware that you will be sending all
your organization's sensitive information to a
third party, i.e., a cloud computing service
provider.
• While sending the data on the cloud, there
may be a chance that your organization's
information is hacked by Hackers.
 Layers and Types Of Clouds
• Layers of cloud computing
Application Layer
➢ The application layer, which is at the top of the stack, is where the
actual cloud apps are located. Cloud applications, as opposed to
traditional applications, can take advantage of the automatic-
scaling functionality to gain greater performance, availability, and
lower operational costs.
➢ This layer consists of different Cloud Services which are used by cloud
users. Users can access these applications according to their needs.
Applications are divided into Execution layers and Application layers.
➢ In order for an application to transfer data, the application layer
determines whether communication partners are available. Whether
enough cloud resources are accessible for the required
communication is decided at the application layer. Applications must
cooperate in order to communicate, and an application layer is in
charge of this.
➢ The application layer, in particular, is responsible for processing IP
traffic handling protocols like Telnet and FTP. Other examples of
application layer systems include web browsers, SNMP protocols,
HTTP protocols, or HTTPS, which is HTTP’s successor protocol.
Platform Layer
➢ The operating system and application software make up this layer.
➢ Users should be able to rely on the platform to provide them
with Scalability, Dependability, and Security Protection which gives
users a space to create their apps, test operational processes, and
keep track of execution outcomes and performance. SaaS
application implementation’s application layer foundation.
➢ The objective of this layer is to deploy applications directly on virtual
machines.
➢ Operating systems and application frameworks make up the
platform layer, which is built on top of the infrastructure layer. The
platform layer’s goal is to lessen the difficulty of deploying
programmers directly into VM containers.
➢ By way of illustration, Google App Engine functions at the platform
layer to provide API support for implementing storage, databases,
and business logic of ordinary web apps.
Infrastructure Layer
➢ It is a layer of virtualization where physical resources are divided into
a collection of virtual resources using virtualization technologies like
Xen, KVM, and VMware.
➢ This layer serves as the Central Hub of the Cloud Environment,
where resources are constantly added utilizing a variety of
virtualization techniques.
➢ A base upon which to create the platform layer. constructed using
the virtualized network, storage, and computing resources. Give
users the flexibility they want.
➢ Automated resource provisioning is made possible by
virtualization, which also improves infrastructure management.
➢ The infrastructure layer sometimes referred to as the virtualization
layer, partitions the physical resources using virtualization
technologies like Xen, KVM, Hyper-V, and VMware to create a pool
of compute and storage resources.
➢ The infrastructure layer is crucial to cloud computing since
virtualization technologies are the only ones that can provide many
vital capabilities, like dynamic resource assignment.
 Datacenter Layer
➢ In a cloud environment, this layer is responsible for Managing
Physical Resources such as servers, switches, routers, power
supplies, and cooling systems.
➢ Providing end users with services requires all resources to be
available and managed in data centers.
➢ Physical servers connect through high-speed devices such as routers
and switches to the data center.
 Types of Cloud
• There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can
deploy according to the organization's needs-
Public Cloud
Public Cloud
➢ Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to
the general public through an Internet connection.
➢ Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and
administrated by the third party, i.e., Cloud service provider.
➢ In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple
users at the same time.
➢ Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses,
universities, government organizations, or a combination of
them.
➢ Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2),
➢ Microsoft Azure,
➢ IBM's Blue Cloud,
➢ Sun Cloud,
➢ and Google Cloud are examples of the public cloud.
Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of public cloud -

1) Low Cost
Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it
shares the same resources with a large number of consumers.
2) Location Independent
Public cloud is location independent because its services are
offered through the internet.
3) Save Time
• In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for
the manage and maintain data centers in which data is stored
• so the cloud user can save their time to establish connectivity,
deploying new products, release product updates, configure,
and assemble servers.
4) Quickly and easily set up
Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the
internet and deployed and configured it remotely
through the cloud service provider within a few
hours.
5) Business Agility
Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size
computer resources based on the organization's
requirements.
6) Scalability and reliability
Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and
remove) and reliable (24*7 available) services to
the users at an affordable cost.
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
1) Low Security
Public Cloud is less secure because resources
are shared publicly.
2) Performance
In the public cloud, performance depends
upon the speed of internet connectivity.
3) Less customizable
Public cloud is less customizable than the
private cloud.
Private Cloud
 Private Cloud
• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate
cloud.
• Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal
network (within the organization) and selected users instead
of the general public.
• Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to
data through firewalls and internal hosting. It also ensures that
operational and sensitive data are not accessible to third-party
providers.
HP Data Centers
Microsoft
Elastra-private cloud
Ubuntu
are the example of a private cloud.
Advantages of Private cloud
There are the following advantages of Private Cloud
1) More Control
Private clouds have more control over their
resources and hardware than public clouds because
it is only accessed by selected users.
2) Security & privacy
Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of
cloud computing. Private cloud improved the
security level as compared to the public cloud.
3) Improved performance
Private cloud offers better performance with
improved speed and space capacity.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud
1) High cost
The cost is higher than a public cloud because set
up and maintain hardware resources are costly.
2) Restricted area of operations
As we know, private cloud is accessible within the
organization, so the area of operations is limited.
3) Limited scalability
Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of
internal hosted resources.
4) Skilled people
Skilled people are required to manage and operate
cloud services.
Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
• The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to
create a unified, automated, and well-managed computing
environment.
• In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by
the public cloud and critical activities are performed by
the private cloud.
• Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and
Universities.
• The best hybrid cloud provider companies are
Amazon
Microsoft
Google
Cisco
NetApp
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -
1) Flexible and secure
It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud
and secure resources because of the private cloud.
2) Cost effective
Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps
organizations to save costs for both infrastructure and
application support.
3) Security
Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are
performed by the private cloud.
4) Risk Management
Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to
manage the risk.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud
1) Networking issues
In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex
because of the private and the public cloud.
2) Infrastructure Compatibility
• Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a
hybrid cloud.
• With dual-levels of infrastructure, a private cloud
controls the company, and a public cloud does not
• so there is a possibility that they are running in
separate stacks.
3) Reliability
The reliability of the services depends on cloud service
providers.
 Community Cloud

Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and

services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share
the information.
It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in
the community, a third party, or a combination of them.
Example: Our government organization within India may share
computing infrastructure in the cloud to manage data.
Advantages of Community Cloud
There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -
1)Cost effective
Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is
shared between several organizations or a community.
2) Flexible and Scalable
The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is
compatible with every user. It allows the users to modify the
documents as per their needs and requirement.
3) Security
Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less
secure than the private cloud.
4) Sharing infrastructure
Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources,
infrastructure, and other capabilities among various
organizations.
Disadvantages of Community Cloud
There are the following disadvantages of
Community Cloud -
1) Community cloud is not a good choice for every
organization.
2) Slow adoption to data
3) The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is
shared among all community members.
4) Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
5) Sharing responsibilities among organizations is
difficult.
Desired Features of a Cloud
 Cloud Service Models

• There are three types of cloud service models

➢Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

➢Platform as a Service (PaaS)

➢Software as a Service (SaaS)

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

➢IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service

(HaaS)
➢IaaS gives users access to storage, networking,
servers, and other computing resources via the
cloud.
➢ While the user is still responsible for
managing their applications, data, middleware,
etc.,
➢IaaS provides automated and scalable
environments that provide a high degree of
control and flexibility for the user.
IaaS provider provides the following
services
➢Compute: Computing as a Service includes
virtual central processing units and virtual
main memory for the Vms that is provisioned
to the end- users.
➢Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end
storage for storing files.
➢Network: Network as a Service (NaaS)
provides networking components such as
routers, switches, and bridges for the Vms.
➢Load balancers: It provides load balancing
capability at the infrastructure layer.
Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer
There are the following advantages of IaaS computing layer
1. Shared infrastructure
IaaS allows multiple users to share the same physical infrastructure.
2. Web access to the resources
Iaas allows IT users to access resources over the internet.
3. Pay-as-per-use model
IaaS providers provide services based on the pay-as-per-use basis.
The users are required to pay for what they have used.
4. Focus on the core business
IaaS providers focus on the organization's core business rather than
on IT infrastructure.
5. On-demand scalability
On-demand scalability is one of the biggest advantages of IaaS.
Using IaaS, users do not worry about to upgrade software and
troubleshoot the issues related to hardware components.
Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer
1. Security
Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of
the IaaS providers are not able to provide 100%
security.
2. Maintenance & Upgrade
Although IaaS service providers maintain the
software, but they do not upgrade the software for
some organizations.
3. Interoperability issues
It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider
to the other, so the customers might face problem
related to vendor lock-in.
Iaas Suitable for
• Lift and shift migration
• Test and development
• Storage, backup, and recovery
• High-performance computing
• Web apps
Benefits
• Reduces capital expenditures and optimizes
costs
• Increases scale and performance of IT
workloads
• Increases stability, reliability, and
supportability
• Improves business continuity and disaster
recovery
• Enhances security
• Helps you innovate and get new apps to users
faster
Example:
• DigitalOcean
• Linode
• Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Microsoft Azure
• Google Compute Engine (GCE)
• Rackspace
• Cisco Metacloud
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

➢PaaS cloud computing platform is created for

the programmer to develop, test, run, and
manage the applications.
➢This service layer is primarily geared towards
developers and operations professionals.
Service providers rent out cloud-based
platforms for users to develop and deliver
applications.
➢In other words, PaaS provides a framework
that makes it easier and more efficient to
build, customize, and deploy applications.
PaaS providers provide the Programming languages,
Application frameworks, Databases, and Other tools:
➢ Programming languages
PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the
developers to develop the applications. Some popular programming
languages provided by PaaS providers are Java, PHP, Ruby, Perl, and
Go.

➢ Application frameworks
PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand
the application development. Some popular application frameworks
provided by PaaS providers are Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress,
Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.

➢ Databases
PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB,
PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Redis to communicate with the
applications.

➢ Other tools
PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to
develop, test, and deploy the applications.
Advantages of PaaS

There are the following advantages of PaaS -

1) Simplified Development
PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without
worrying about infrastructure management.
2) Lower risk
No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers
only need a PC and an internet connection to start building applications.
3) Prebuilt business functionality
Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality so
that users can avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can
directly start the projects only.
4) Instant community
PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the developer
can get the ideas to share experiences and seek advice from others.
5) Scalability
Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without
any changes to the applications
Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer
1) Vendor lock-in
One has to write the applications according to the platform
provided by the PaaS vendor, so the migration of an
application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.
2) Data Privacy
Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private,
so if it is not located within the walls of the company, there
can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.
3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications
It may happen that some applications are local, and some are
in the cloud. So there will be chances of increased complexity
when we want to use data which in the cloud with the local
data.
Suitable for
• Solutions where you want to host your
application on a certain platform.
• Web Apps and Mobile Apps
Benefits
• Gain access to sophisticated applications.
• Pay only for what you use.
• Use free client software.
• Mobilize your workforce easily
• Access app data from anywhere.
Example:
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk
• Windows Azure
• Heroku
• Force.com
• Google App Engine
• Apache Stratos
• Magento Commerce Cloud
• and OpenShift.
 Software as a Service (SaaS)

➢SaaS is also known as "on-demand software".

➢It is a software in which the applications are hosted
by a cloud service provider.
➢ Users can access these applications with the help
of internet connection and web browser.
➢Cloud application services are the most well-known
of the cloud service models.
➢ The software is hosted, packaged, and delivered by
a third party through the Internet (typically on a
browser-based interface).
➢ By delivering the software application over the
Internet, enterprises can offload the costs of
management and maintenance to the vendor(s).
There are the following services provided by
SaaS providers
➢ Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various
business services to start-up the business. The SaaS
business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship
Management), billing, and sales.
➢ Document Management - SaaS document management
is a software application offered by a third party (SaaS
providers) to create, manage, and track electronic
documents.
➢ Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites
are used by the general public, so social networking
service providers use SaaS for their convenience and
handle the general public's information.
➢ Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of
users and load on e-mail services, many e-mail providers
offering their services using SaaS.
Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1.SaaS is easy to buy
• SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it
allows organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is
less than licensed applications.
• Unlike traditional software, which is sold as a licensed based with an up-
front cost (and often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers are
generally pricing the applications using a subscription fee, most commonly
a monthly or annually fee.
2.One to Many
SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single instance
of the application is shared by multiple users.
3. Less hardware required for SaaS
The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest in
additional hardware.
4. Low maintenance required for SaaS
• Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-up, and daily
maintenance for the organizations.
• The initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less than the enterprise software.
SaaS vendors are pricing their applications based on some usage
parameters, such as a number of users using the application. So SaaS does
easy to monitor and automatic updates.
5. No special software or hardware versions required
• All users will have the same version of the software and typically access it
through the web browser.
• SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and software
maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.
6. Multidevice support
SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops,
laptops, tablets, phones, and thin clients.
7. API Integration
SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through
standard APIs.
8. No client-side installation
SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using the
internet connection, so do not need to require any software installation
 Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) Security
Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for
some users. However, cloud computing is not more secure than in-
house deployment.
2) Latency issue
Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a variable
distance from the end-user, there is a possibility that there may be
greater latency when interacting with the application compared to local
deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for applications
whose demand response time is in milliseconds.
3) Total Dependency on Internet
Without an internet connection, most SaaS applications are not usable.
4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult
Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of
transferring the very large data files over the internet and then
converting and importing them into another SaaS also.
Saas Suitable for
• Application development and Al.
• Data and analytics.
• Cloud migration and modernization
• Hybrid cloud and infrastructure
• Internet of Things
• Security and governance
Benefits
• Gain access to sophisticated applications
• Pay only for what you use
• Use free client software
• Mobilize your workforce easily
• Access app data from anywhere
Example:
• BigCommerce
• Google Apps
• Salesforce
• Dropbox
• ZenDesk
• Cisco WebEx
• ZenDesk
• Slack
• GoToMeeting
CHALLENGES AND RISKS