1

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for

ADSL & Equalization Techniques
Sobia Baig
1
, Fasih-ud-Din Farrukh
2
and M. Junaid Mughal
2

1
Electrical Engineering Department,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore
2
Faculty of Electronic Engineering,
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
1,2
Pakistan
1. Introduction
The reliable delivery of information over severe fading wireless or wired channels is a major
challenge in communication systems. At the heart of every communication system is the
physical layer, consisting of a transmitter, a channel and a receiver. A transmitter maps the
input digital information into a waveform suitable for transmission over the channel. The
communication channel distorts the transmitted waveform. One of the many sources of
signal distortion is the presence of multipath in the communication channel. Due to the
effect of the multipath signal propagation, inter-symbol interference (ISI) occurs in the
received waveform. Moreover, the transmitted signal gets distorted due to the effect of
various kinds of interference and noise, as it propagates through the channel. ISI and the
channel noise distort the amplitude and phase of the transmitted signal, which lead to
erroneous bit detection at the receiver. It is desirable for a good communication system that
its receiver is able to retrieve the digital information from the received waveform, even in
the presence of channel impairments such as, multipath eect and noise.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a Multi-Carrier Modulation
(MCM) technique that enables high data rate transmission and is robust against ISI
(Saltzberg, 1967), (Weinstein and Ebert, 1971), (Hirosaki, 1981). It is a form of frequency
division multiplexing (FDM), where data is transmitted in several narrowband streams at
various carrier frequencies. The sub-carriers in an OFDM system are orthogonal under ideal
propagation conditions. By dividing the input bit-stream into multiple and parallel bit-
streams, the objective is to lower the data rate in each sub-channel as compared to the total
data rate and also to make sub-channel bandwidth lower than the coherence bandwidth of
the communication channel. Therefore, each sub-channel will experience at-fading and will
have small ISI. Hence an OFDM system requires simplied equalization techniques, to
mitigate the inter-symbol interference. The ISI can be completely eliminated in OFDM
transceivers by utilizing the principle of cyclic prexing (CP). Therefore, high data rate
communication systems prefer to apply multicarrier modulation techniques. OFDM has
been standardized for many digital communication systems, including ADSL, the 802.11a
and 802.11g Wireless LAN standards, Digital audio broadcasting including EUREKA 147

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 4
and Digital Radio Mondiale, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), some Ultra Wide Band
(UWB) systems, WiMax, and Power Line Communication (PLC) (Sari, et al., 1995)
(Frederiksen and Prasad, 2002), (Baig and Gohar, 2003).
Over the years, OFDM has evolved into variants, such as Discrete Multitone (DMT), and
hybrid modulation techniques, such as multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-
CDMA), Wavelet OFDM and Discrete Wavelet Multitone (DWMT). Several factors are
responsible for the development of these variants, especially Wavelet based OFDM
techniques, which target several disadvantages associated with Multicarrier modulation
(MCM) techniques. Some of these drawbacks are:
- the spectral inefficiency associated with the guard interval insertion, which includes the
cyclic prefix
- the high degree of spectral leakage due to high magnitude side lobes of pulse shape of
sinusoidal carriers
- OFDM based communication systems sensitivity to inter-carrier interference (ICI) and
narrowband interference (NBI)
Therefore, a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based MCM system was developed as an
alternative to DFT based MCM scheme (Lindsey, 1995). DWT based MCM techniques came
to be known as Wavelet-OFDM in wireless communications and as Discrete Wavelet
Multitone (DWMT) for harsh and noisy wireline communication channels such as Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) or Power Line Communications (PLC) (Baig and Mughal, 2009).
This chapter describes the application of DWT in Discrete Multitone (DMT) transceivers and
its performance analysis in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) channel, in the presence of
background noise, crosstalk etc. Time domain equalization techniques proposed for DWT
based multitone that is DWMT are discussed, along with the simulation results. The pros
and cons of adopting DWT instead of DFT in DMT transceivers will also be discussed,
highlighting the open areas of research.
2. Basics of wavelet filter banks & multirate signal processing systems
Wavelets and filter banks play an important role in signal decomposition into various
subbands, signal analysis, modeling and reconstruction. Some areas of DSP, such as audio
and video compression, signal denoising, digital audio processing and adaptive filtering are
based on wavelets and multirate DSP systems. Digital communication is a relatively new
area for multirate DSP applications. The wavelets are implemented by utilizing multirate
filter banks (Fliege, 1994). The discovery of Quadrature Mirror Filter banks (QMF) led to the
idea of Perfect Reconstruction (PR), and thus to subband decomposition. Mallat came up
with the idea of implementing wavelets by filter banks for subband coding and
multiresolution decomposition (Mallat, 1999). DWT gives time-scale representation of a
digital signal using digital filtering techniques. The DWT analyzes the signal at different
frequency bands with different resolutions by decomposing the signal into approximation
and detail coefficients. The decomposition of the signal into different frequency bands is
obtained simply by successive high pass and low pass filtering of the time domain signal.
2.1 Analysis and synthesis filter banks
Analysis filter banks decomposes input signal into frequency subbands. A two channel
analysis filter bank, as shown in Fig. 1, splits the input signal X(z) into a high frequency

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 5
component u
0
(z) and a low frequency component u
1
(z). The input signal X(z) is passed
through a low pass filter E
0
(z) and a high pass filter E
1
(z), yielding the u
0
(z) and u
1
(z)
respectively.



Fig. 1. Two-channel Analysis filter bank.
Consequently, with the sampling frequency, F
s
= 2n, the available bandwidth from u to n, is
divided into two halves, u
F
s
4
, for the lower frequency signal u
0
(z)and
F
s
4
,
F
s
2
, for the high frequency signal u
1
(z). Therefore, the filtered signals u
0
(z)and u
1
(z)have
half the bandwidth of the input signal after being convolved with the low pass filter and
high pass filter respectively.The filtered and downsampled signal spectra are shown in Fig.
2. In matrix form the sub-band signals are represented as (Fliege, 1994),
_
X
0
(z)
X
1
(z),
_ =
1
2
_
E
0
(z
1
2
,
) E
0
(z
1
2
,
)
E
0
(z
1
2
,
) E
0
(z
1
2
,
)
_ _
X(z
1
2
,
)
X(z
1
2
,
)
_ (1)
The two signal spectra overlap. The downsampling will produce aliased components of the
signals, that are functions of X(z
12
) in Eq. 1, since the filtered signals are not bandlimited
to n. Two-channel synthesis filter bank is the dual of analysis filter bank, as shown in Fig. 3.
0
0
(z) and 0
1
(z) denote the lowpass and highpass filters, which recombine the upsampled
signals u
0
(z) and u
1
(z) into X(z), the reconstructed version of the input signal. The aliased
images are removed by the filter 0
0
(z) in the frequency range
F
S
4
,
F
S
2
, , while the
filter 0
1
(z) eliminates the images in the upsampled signal u
1
(z) in the frequency range
u
F
S
4
, . Therefore, the signal X(z), output from the synthesis filter bank is (Fliege,
1994),
X(z) = |0
0
(z) 0
1
(z)] _
X
0
(z
2
)
X
1
(z
2
)
_ (2)



Fig. 2. (Continued)
/ 2 t t

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 6


Fig. 2. Signal spectra in two-channel analysis filter bank. (a) Low pass & high pass filter
transfer functions. (b) low pass filtered signal spectrum u
0
(z). (c) high pass filtered signal
spectrum u
1
(z). (d) downsampled signal X
0
(z)spectrum. (e) downsampled signal X(z)
spectrum (f) output signal spectra.


Fig. 3. Two-channel Synthesis filter bank.
2.2 Quadrature mirror filter bank
The analysis and the synthesis filter banks combine to form a structure commonly known as
the two-channel quadrature mirror filter (QMF) bank. QMF bank serves as the basic
/ 2 t t
/ 2 t
/ 2 t
t
/ 2 t t
t 2t
2 t
t
t
t

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 7
building block in many multirate systems. A two-channel QMF bank is shown in Fig. 4. The
constituent analysis and synthesis filter banks have power complementary frequency
responses. The low pass and high pass filters in the analysis filter bank decompose the input
signal into sub-bands, and the decimation introduces a certain amount of aliasing, due to the
non-ideal frequency response of the analysis filters. However, the synthesis filters
characteristics are chosen with such frequency response, that the aliasing introduced by the
analysis filter bank is canceled out in the reconstruction process. The output signal X

(z) is
the recovered version of the input signal X(z). Therefore, the output signal X

(z) is
expressed as,
X
`
(z) = |0
0
(z) 0
1
(z)]
1
2
_
E
0
(z) E
0
(z)
E
1
(z) E
1
(z)
_ _
X(z)
X(z)
_ (3)
X
`
(z) = F
0
(z)X(z) +F
1
(z)X(z) (4)
The reconstructed signal X

(z) consists of two terms, the first term that is the product of the
transfer function F
0
(z) and X(z) is the desired QMF output, while the second term is the
product of the transfer function F
1
(z) and X(z) is the aliasing term F
1
(z) denotes the
aliasing components produced by the overlapping frequency responses of the analysis and
synthesis filter banks. For an alias-free filter bank, F
1
(z) must be equal to zero. This
condition is mathematically expressed as (Vaidyanthan, 1993),
F
1
(z) =
1
2
|0
0
(z)E
0
(z) + 0
1
(z)E
1
(z)] = u (5)
This condition may be satisfied by choosing 0
0
(z) = E
1
(z) and 0
1
(z) = E
0
(z), then the
desired QMF output is represented as (Fliege, 1994),
F
1
(z) =
1
2
|E
0
(z)E
1
(z) E
1
(z)E
0
(z)] (6)


Fig. 4. Two-channel QMF bank.
The filter banks, which are able to perfectly reconstruct the input signal are the perfect
reconstruction filter banks, that satisfy the perfect reconstruction condition. The desired
QMF output includes the function F
0
(z) which gives perfect reconstruction of the input
signal if it is a mere delay, that is F
0
(z) = z
-K
(Fliege, 1994). Two-channel filter bank, shown
in Fig. 4, can be utilized to construct an octave-spaced wavelet filter bank with the help of a
tree type structure. Octave filter bank is constructed by the successive decomposition of the
low pass signal into constituent sub-bands, every time using the two-channel filter bank
(Qian, 2002). A three-level octave-spaced analysis filter bank is shown in Fig. 5 (a) and a
three-level octave-spaced synthesis filter bank is shown in Fig. 5 (b).

( ) X z

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 8


Fig. 5. (a) Three-level analysis filter bank (b) Three-level synthesis filter bank.
2.3 Transmultiplexer
Transmultiplexers form an integral part of modems and transceivers based on filter banks
that work on the principle of perfect reconstruction. A simple two-channel filter bank can be
utilized to illustrate the perfect reconstruction condition. A transmultiplexer is the dual of
Sub-band coder (SBC) in structure. Fig. 6 shows a two-channel transmultiplexer filter bank,
which converts a time-interleaved signal at its input to a FDM signal, having separate bands
of spectrum multiplexed together and then converts it back into TDM signal at its output.
Transmultiplexers find application in modems and transceivers for digital communication
(Vaidyanthan, 1993).

0
( ) X z
1
( ) X z
0

( ) X z
1

( ) X z

Fig. 6. Two-channel Transmultiplexer.
x(n)

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 9
3. Discrete multitone modulation technique
Discrete Multitone (DMT) modulation is a variant of OFDM associated with various loading
algorithms, so as to optimize a transceivers performance in wireline channels like
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and power line (Chow, et al., 1991). In
literature, several loading algorithms have been developed; allocating resources such as data
bits, or power in order to optimize high data rate, low average transmitting power, or low
bit error rate. Typically two of these parameters are kept constant and third is the goal of
optimization.
A conventional DFT based DMT transceiver block diagram is shown in Fig. 7. The channel
bandwidth is divided into N sub-channels. The input serial bit-stream is also split into
N parallel sub-streams. The data bits assigned to sub-channels are according to a loading
algorithm. For water-filling bit-loading algorithm, greater number of bits is assigned to
higher SNR sub-channels. If the value of SNR of a sub-channel is below a pre-assigned
threshold, then no bits are allocated to that sub-channel. The assigned bits are mapped onto
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation forming a complex symbol. The
QAM symbols are then modulated onto orthogonal sub-carriers using Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IFFT). The N QAM symbols are duplicated with their conjugate symmetric
counterparts and subjected to 2N point IFFT, in order to generate real samples for
transmission through the channel. A DMT symbol is thus formulated.
A guard band consisting of a few samples of the DMT symbol is pre-appended to the
symbol. This is the cyclic prefix, which consists of the last v samples of the DMT symbol,
circularly wrapped to the 2N DMT symbol. The length of cyclic prefix : is chosen such that
it will be longer than the length of the channel response. The cyclic prefix added to a DMT
symbol lengthens the symbol period, making it longer than the worst possible delay spread,
which is caused by time delayed reflections of the original symbol arriving at the receiver.
Consequently, the cyclic prefix serves the purpose of absorbing any multipath interference.
Due to this cyclic extended symbol, the samples required for performing the FFT can be
taken anywhere over the length of the symbol, without degradation by the neighboring
symbols. However, the information sent in the cyclic prefix is redundant and reduces the
transceiver throughput by (2N + :)2N. Between the transmitter and receiver lies the
communication channel, which introduces both noise and distortion (mainly due to
multipath propagation) to the composite transmit signal. The channel can be modeled as a
finite impulse response (FIR) filter that possesses a frequency-selective fading characteristic.
The cyclic prefixed signal is transmitted through the channel, the output of which gives the
product of the channel impulse response and the transmitted symbols in frequency domain.
DMT receiver is basically the dual of the DMT transmitter, with the exception of the
equalization part. The equalization block consists of two parts, the time-domain equalizer
(TEQ) and the frequency-domain equalizer (FEQ). The purpose of TEQ is channel-
shortening and it immediately follows the channel, as shown in the Fig. 7. It serves to
shorten the channel impulse response, so that the equalized channel impulse response is less
than the length of the cyclic prefix :. At the receiver the cyclic prefix samples are discarded
and remaining samples are subject to Fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain
equalizer divides the received sub-symbols by the FFT coefficients of the shortened channel
impulse response. The resulting signal is demodulated to recover the original data bits and
converted into a serial bit stream.

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 10

Fig. 7. Functional block diagram of a DMT transceiver.
3.1 Evolution of discrete wavelet multitone modulation
A major drawback of DFT-DMT is that the rectangular low-pass prototype filter results in
sinc shaped sub-band spectral response, the first side lobes of which are only 13dB down, as
pointed out by Sandzberg (Sandzberg, 1995). A dispersive channel will thus introduce Inter-
Carrier Interference (ICI) at significant levels. To mitigate this we can increase filter bank
genus, and design sub-channels with greater spectral isolation. We call this a lapped
transform, and much work has been done on the particular case of the Lapped Orthogonal
Transform (LOT) (Malvar, 1992). General Extended Lapped Transform (ELT) design is
computationally prohibitive, however Cosine Modulated Filter Banks (CMFB) can be
efficiently implemented utilizing Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). In this way the design
procedure is simplified if we allow the transmultiplexer filters to be modulated versions of a
low pass, linear-phase prototype. Therefore, instead of designing N filters, we now only
design one prototype filter. Modulated filter banks implementing lapped transforms with
applications to communications are generally referred to as Discrete Wavelet Multitone
(DWMT), to distinguish from DMT which uses a rectangular prototype.
Many contributions in literature have emphasized the need for DWMT in specific channel
conditions. Tzannes and Proakis have proposed DWMT in (Tzannes, et al., 1994), and
shown it to be superior to DFT-DMT. Authors suggest implementing DWMT in DSL
channel for improved performance (Doux et al., 2003). Studies have compared DMT and
DWMT performance in DSL channel (Akansu and Xueming 1998).
DWT exhibits better spectral shaping compared to the rectangular shaped subcarriers of
OFDM. Therefore, it offers much lower side lobes in transmitted signal, which reduces its
sensitivity to narrowband interference (NBI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). However, it

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 11
cannot utilize CP to mitigate ISI created by the frequency-selective channel, as various DWT
symbols overlap in time domain (Vaidyanathan, 1993). Nevertheless, such MCM systems
based on DWT require an efficient equalization technique to counter the ISI created by the
channel.
4. Discrete Wavelet Multitone (DWMT) in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
A system based on Discrete Wavelet Multitone (DWMT) for modulating and
demodulating the required signal using Discrete Wavelet Transform as a basis function
has been suggested in wireless applications (Jamin andMhnen, 2005). The importance of
DWMT in wireless communication is a recognized area of research and on similar lines a
DWMT system can be implemented in wireline communication. It can be used as a
maximally decimated filter bank with its overlapping symbols in time-domain. Therefore,
this structure does not require the addition of CP which is an overhead in DMT and
DWMT based wireline systems (Vaidyanathan, 1993). On the other hand, the wavelet
filters also possess the advantages of having greater side-lobe attenuation and requires no
CP (Bingham, 1990). Therefore, the DWMT systems are bandwidth efficient by not using
the CP which creates the problem of bandwidth containment in DMT based systems.
However, application of the DWMT systems in a dispersive channel like ADSL
necessitates a robust channel equalization technique (Sandberg and Tzannes, 1995). In
literature some equalization techniques for DMT based multicarrier systems have been
suggested by many authors (Pollet and Peeters, 2000); (Acker et al., 2001); (Acker et al.,
2004); (Karp et al.,2003) and DWMT based multicarrier systems (Viholainen et al., 1999).
Equalization is a key factor in the design of modems based on DWMT modulation
technique and till date, it remains an open research area. When using the Discrete Wavelet
Packet Transform (DWPT) as a basis function in DWMT systems, it is difficult to equalize
the overlapped symbols in time domain. We emphasize on the design of equalizer for
DWPT based DWMT multicarrier systems. The proposed system is based on DWPT for
DWMT wireline systems and time-domain equalization is suggested for the equalization
process of overlapped symbols.
In this chapter, the time-domain equalization through a linear transversal filter is applied.
The equalization algorithms are based on Zero-Forcing (Z-F) and minimum mean squared
error (MMSE) criterion to a discrete wavelet-packet transform based DWMT transceiver for
a wireline ADSL channel. It is then compared with the systems performance of a DMT
based ADSL system. For a fair comparison between the two systems, the DMT system also
utilizes the same time-domain equalization. The performance of the proposed wavelet-
packet based transceiver is also evaluated in the presence of near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and
far-end crosstalk (FEXT) for downstream ADSL. It is shown that the DWMT system
conserves precious bandwidth by not utilizing any CP, and gives improvement in bit error
rate (BER) performance over the DMT system with time-domain equalization (TEQ).
4.1 System model of DWMT
The DWMT system models block diagram is shown in Fig. 8. It divides the input data bit-
stream into multiple and parallel bit-streams. The proposed DWMT transceiver is based on
discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT). The DWPT is implemented through a reverse
order perfect reconstruction filter bank transmultiplexer. Wavelet packets can be

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 12
implemented as a set of FIR filters, which leads to the filter bank realization of wavelet
transform, according to Mallats algorithm (Mallat, 1998). The blocked version of the input
signal x
k
(n) is mapped to a variable QAM constellation according to the number of bits
loaded. This is interpolated and filtered by the k
th
branch synthesis filter F
k
(z). The
combined signal is sent through the channel, and the received signal is filtered by an
equalizer filter. The equalized signal is passed through the corresponding analysis filter
E
k
(z) and decimated to retrieve the QAM encoded version of the transmitted signal. The
transmitted signal is recovered after QAM decoding.


Fig. 8. Functional Block diagram of DWMT system.
4.1.1 Water filling bit loading
Bit loading is usually applied to DMT modulated systems applied to wireline channels, by
first estimating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each sub-channel through channel
estimation techniques, which is followed by the distribution of bits to these sub-channels
according to their respective SNR. Water-Filling bit loading algorithm applied in the
proposed system is rate adaptive and it is suitable for achieving maximum bit rate and also
useful when considering the large number of sub-channels and variable QAM constellation
(Leke and Cioffi, 1997);(Yu and Cioffi, 2001). A discrete version of this algorithm is applied,
in which the bit-loading procedure initiates by determining the sub-channels that should be
turned off, due to very low SNR. The bits are assigned to channels according to their
capacity, expressed mathematically as (Thomas et al., 2002),

2
1
log 1
2 .
m
SNR
b

(
= +
(
I

(7)
where SNR =
n
.g
n
is the SNR of each sub-channel,
n
is the sub-channel energy and g
n
is the
sub-channel SNR and it can be calculated as,

2
2
n
n
H
g
o
= (8)
where H
n
is the ADSL channel impulse response and
2
is the noise power, is the SNR gap
and
m
is the performance margin, which is the amount by which SNR can be reduced (Yu
and Cioffi,2001). The water filling bit-loading for the proposed system is shown in Fig. 9.
While considering the DWMT based communication system for the ADSL channel, it is
necessary to consider its frequency response and the effect of crosstalk, near-end crosstalk
(NEXT), and far-end crosstalk (FEXT) in system simulation. The ADSL channel impairments
and crosstalk is briefly discussed in the following section.

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 13

Fig. 9. ADSL channel frequency response & number of bits loaded according to discrete
water-filling algorithm.
4.2 ADSL channel
Digital Subscriber Line, commonly known as DSL is the most popular and ubiquitously
available wireline medium which provides high-speed Internet access over the twisted pair
telephone network. Fig. 10 shows a typical DSL network, which consists of copper lines
extending all the way from the central office (CO) to the customers premises. Current and
future applications such as Interactive Personalized TV, high definition TV (HDTV) and
video-on-demand through high-speed Internet access, will require more bandwidth.
Researchers are exploring cost-effective ways to exploit the existing copper infrastructure to
deliver greater bandwidth.


Fig. 10. A typical DSL network connecting subscribers to internet services through DSL to
the Central Office.
Although the DSL channel offers the advantage of utilizing the already in place telephone
lines to carry digital data, however there are different channel impairments that pose

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 14
difficulties in achieving the objective of high-speed and reliable communication (Cook, et
al.,1999). These channel impairments include different types of noise and interference. The
noise sources include crosstalk, impulse noise and narrow band noise (Thomas Starr, et al.,
2002). Also, interference in the communication signal may occur due to the electromagnetic
conduction (EMC) in the unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and DSL operating in the vicinity of
transmitters may pick up radio frequency interference (RFI) (Cook, et al.,1999). Moreover,
signal reflection may be induced due to bridge tabs, unterminated lines and load
mismatching in the telephone network. This leads to multipath signal propagation, due to
ISI occurs (Bingham, 2000). BER deterioration, due to ISI is a significant problem in the
communication systems utilizing the DSL channel. A typical telephone line frequency
response and its impulse response are shown in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 respectively. Multicarrier
modulation is a possible solution to the ISI problem in DSL, which is already standardized
in Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), in the form of DMT modulation, as G.DMT
and G.lite ADSL.


Fig. 11. Frequency response of telephone line FIR channel.


Fig. 12. DSL channel impulse response.

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 15
4.2.1 Crosstalk
In a telephone network, each subscriber is connected to the CO through a twisted pair,
however, hundreds of such pairs are bound together in a cable. The twisting in the wires
keeps the electromagnetic coupling between them to a minimum, however, when the pairs
are numerous, all crosstalk between the pairs cannot be completely removed. Therefore, this
crosstalk constitutes a dominant impairment, where DSL channel is concerned. The DSL
crosstalk types, namely near end crosstalk (NEXT) and far-end crosstalk (FEXT) are
illustrated in Fig. 13 (Thomas Starr, et al., 2002). NEXT is the crosstalk due to the
neighboring transmitter on a different twisted pair line and its power increases with
increase in frequency. FEXT is the noise detected by the receiver located at the far end of the
cable from the transmitter. FEXT is typically less severe than NEXT, because FEXT is
attenuated as the cable length increases.
In this chapter, the performance of DWMT transceiver is evaluated for the downstream
ADSL channel. For this purpose, the NEXT and FEXT are modeled using the ADSL standard
G.992.1/G.992.2(ITU-T, 2003).


Fig. 13. NEXT and FEXT, the DSL crosstalks illustrated (Thomas Starr, et al., 2002).
The PSD of the ADSL transceiver disturbers for downstream is given by (ITU-T, 2003),
2
, ,
2 12 16
3
3
sin
2 1 1
,
1 1
o
ADSL ds Disturber ADSL ds
o
HP dB
o HP dB
f
f
PSD K
f
f f f
f f f
t
t

( | |
( |
( \ .
=
| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

(0 ) f s < (9)
where f is in Hz and the remaining parameters are defined in Table 1. The PSD of the ADSL
transceiver downstream NEXT is given by (ITU-T, 2003),

1.5 1.5
10
, ,
10 ,(0 )
n
NPSL
ADSL ds NEXT ADSL ds Disturber NXT
PSD PSD f f f

(
( = s <
(

(10)

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 16
where f is in Hz and the remaining parameters are also given in Table 1. The PSD of the
ADSL transceiver downstream FEXT is given by (ITU-T, 2003),
2
1 2 2
10
, ,
( ) 10 ,
n
FPSL
ADSL ds FEXT ADSL ds Disturber channel FXT FXT
PSD PSD H f d d d f

(
( =
(


(0 ) f s < (11)
where f is in Hz, and H
channel
(f) is the channel transfer function and the remaining
parameters are given in Table 1.
PSD of disturbers and NEXT is shown in Fig. 14(a) and Fig. 14 (b) displays the FEXT PSD for
downstream ADSL (ITU-T, 2003). The NEXT and FEXT for upstream can be computed in a
similar manner (ITU-T, 2003).

Parameter WPT-DWMT DFT-DMT
Number of disturbers 24 24
f
LP3dB
fs/2 fs/2
f
HP3dB
138 kHz 138 kHz
K
ADSL
0.1104 watts 0.1104 watts
f
NXT
160 kHz 160 kHz
NPSL 47.0 dB 47.0 dB
f
FXT
160 kHz 160 kHz
d
FXT
1.0 km 1.0 km
FPSL 45.0 dB 45.0 dB
Table 1. NEXT & FEXT Simulation Parameters.


Fig. 14. (a) PSD-disturber & PSD-NEXT for downstream ADSL in G.992.1/G.992.2 standard.

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 17

Fig. 14. (b) PSD-FEXT for downstream ADSL in G.992.1/G.992.2 standard.
The wavelet packet transform (WPT) transmultiplexer in the proposed DWMT transceiver
gives perfect reconstruction of the transmitted signal, if ideal channel conditions are
assumed. However, an actual channel like ADSL is far from ideal, and therefore requires
some form of equalization to reliably retrieve the transmitted signal. Time domain
equalization is proposed here for DWMT based transceiver for ADSL. There are some
equalization techniques for ADSL proposed in literature (Acker et al., 2004);(SMKAL et al.,
2003);(Trautmann and Fliege, 2002); (Yap and McCanny, 2002).
4.3 Time domain equalization
In order to equalize the signal after it has been dispersed by the ADSL channel, time domain
equalization is proposed, and it is implemented through a linear transversal filter. The
equalizer filter is a linear function of the channel length L, and the filter coefficients are
optimized using the zero-forcing (ZF) and mean squared error (MSE) criterion (Farrukh et
al., 2007); (Farrukh et al., 2009).
4.3.1 ZF finite length equalizer
In ZF algorithm it cancels out the channel effect completely by multiplying the received
signal with the inverse of the channel impulse response, as shown in Fig. 15. With an infinite
length equalizer filter, it is possible to force the system impulse response to zero at all
sampling points (Proakis, 1995). However, since an infinite length filter is unrealizable.
Therefore, a finite length filter is considered that approximates the infinite length filter
(Proakis, 1995). The received signal y is the distorted version of the transmitted signal x after
convolution with the channel c
h
plus the channel noise r. The received signal can be
expressed in vector notation as,
y = x
h
+r (12)

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 18
The equalizer output vector z can be found by convolving a set of a training sequence input
samples h and equalizer tap weights c (Sklar, 2001),
z = h (13)
However, we continue with the assumption that channel state information is entirely known
at the receiver. Therefore, a square matrix h, consisting of channel coefficients is formulated
with the help of ZF criterion. The ZF algorithm defines that in order to minimize the peak
ISI distortion by selecting the equalizer filter weights c such that the equalizer output is
enforced to zero at sample points other than at the desired pulse. The weights are chosen
such that (Sklar, 2001)

1 0
( )
0 1, 2, ,
for k
z k
for k N
=
=

=

(14)
The equalizing filter has L=2N+1 taps. Equalizer filter coefficients are computed by (Sklar,
2001)
c = h
-1
z (15)
The job of equalizing filter is to recover the transmitted signal

x from the received channel-

distorted signal y, as follows,

+
h
x = yc
= xc c rc
(16)
where

x is the distorted received signal which was transmitted through ADSL channel and
recovered after ZF equalization.


Fig. 15. A Linear transversal equalizer with coefficients optimized by Zero-Forcing criterion.
4.3.2 MMSE criterion
The MMSE criterion represents a more robust solution compared to the ZF since it considers
the effect of additive channel noise (Proakis, 1995);(Sklar, 2001). The MMSE criterion of
transversal equalizer filter coefficients optimizes the mean squared error of all the ISI terms
plus the noise at the equalizer output. A set of over determined equations is formed, in
order to derive a minimum MSE solution of the equalizer filter (Sklar, 2001). Therefore, for a
2N+1 tap filter, the matrix h will have dimensions of 4N+1 by 2N+1. Multiplying Eq. (13) by
h
T
(Sklar, 2001),
h
T
z = h
T
h (17)

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 19
R
hz
= R
hh
(18)
where R
hz
is the cross correlation matrix and R
hh
= h
T
h is the autocorrelation matrix of the
input noisy signal, which are used to determine the equalizer coefficients c,
= R
hh
-1
R
hz
(19)
For the MMSE solution of the equalizing filter, an over sampled non-square matrix h is
formed which is transformed to a square autocorrelation matrix R
hh,
yielding the optimized
filter coefficients.
4.4 Simulation results
An ADSL system is investigated which is based on DWPT transmultiplexer. The system
utilizes M = 256 sub-channels and rate adaptive bit-loading algorithm is applied for bit
allocation to each sub-channel in channel environment which is based on ADSL along with
the crosstalk noise standards G.992.1/G.992.2 (ITU-T, 2003). For fair comparison, two
systems are simulated, which are based on DWMT and DMT transceiver using time-domain
equalization (TEQ) techniques for ADSL channel in the presence of AWGN and crosstalk
noise. The channel is considered to be stationary during symbol duration. MatLab is used
for all this simulation purpose and the parameters for simulation are specified in Table 2.

Parameter WPT-DWMT DFT-DMT
Data rate 1 Mbps 1 Mbps
Sampling Frequency 2.208 MHz

2.208 MHz

Modulation M-QAM (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64) M-QAM (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)
Cyclic Prefix

None 20%
FFT size (N) - 512
Wavelet-level 2 -
Number of bits/sub-channel 1 to 6 1 to 6
Table 2. DWMT & DMT System Simulation Parameters.
This corresponds to a system bandwidth of 2 MHz with data rate of 1 Mbps with discrete
wavelet packet filter which is used for transmitter and receiver end. The channel
equalization is performed by applying a linear equalizing filter in time-domain. The filter
coefficients for equalization are optimized by ZF algorithm and MMSE criterion. The ADSL
channel is simulated by an FIR filter of 100 taps.
The prototype filter for the synthesis and analysis part of the transmultiplexer is a discrete
wavelet filter using 2-level wavelet packet. The input symbols x
k
(n) are M-QAM modulated.
The equalizer frequency response of ZF equalizer FIR filter is shown in Fig. 16. Initially
DWMT transceiver and DMT systems are compared regarding the bit error rate (BER)
performance in AWGN channel, having identical time-domain zero-forcing channel
equalization. Although, the conventional DMT system equalization is a combination of time-
domain equalization (TEQ) and frequency-domain equalization (FEQ) techniques, in this
case DMT is equalized with a time-domain Zero-Forcing for fair comparison between the
two systems. The DWPT transform is applied utilizing Haar wavelet. Fig. 17 shows the
comparative performance of two systems in the presence of AWGN without crosstalk. The

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 20
BER curve, shown in Fig. 17, presents the fact that the two systems give almost identical
performance for lower SNR, and at higher SNR, the DWMT system exhibits an
improvement of 1 dB in E
b
N
o
over the DMT system for an AWGN channel, at a BER of 1E-
6. It shows that both techniques using DMT and DWPT based ADSL without crosstalk
perform identically except at higher SNR. In the next step, the simulation is performed
according to the ADSL standard with crosstalk from G.992.1/G.992.2 (ITU-T, 2003).


Fig. 16. Equalizing Zero-Forcing filter frequency response.


Fig. 17. BER Comparison of DWMT & DMT systems in AWGN with ZF Equalization
techniques.
Fig. 18 shows the performance of DWMT and DMT systems in ADSL channel with AWGN,
NEXT and FEXT (crosstalk), utilizing time-domain equalization (TEQ) techniques. The
NEXT & FEXT represent the downstream crosstalk in ADSL channel according to the
G.992.1/G.992.2 standard (ITU-T, 2003), with the simulation parameters as described in
Table 1. DMT system is still equalized by ZF-TEQ, while the DWMT transceiver is equalized
by ZF-TEQ, time-domain MMSE (MMSE-TEQ). The BER curves shown in Fig. 18 validate
the fact that the wavelet packet transmultiplexer improves the performance of DWMT
transceiver, having ZF-TEQ by E
b
/N
o
margin of 1.0 db for BER of 1E-4, over a DMT
transceiver, having an identical equalizer. Moreover the MMSE-TEQ technique for DWMT
system shows an improvement of 2 dBs in E
b
/N
o
over ZF-TEQ technique for DWMT and a 3
dB gain over the ZF-TEQ equalized DMT system, at a BER of 1E-4.

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation for ADSL & Equalization Techniques 21

Fig. 18. BER Comparison of DWMT & DMT systems for ADSL channel with AWGN, NEXT
& FEXT.
5. Pros & cons of applying DWT in multicarrier modulation techniques
DWMT modulation based transceiver, appears to be an interesting choice, when utilizing
multi-carrier modulation techniques in wireline systems. It not only recommends the unique
time-frequency localization advantage over the conventional frequency localized DMT
systems, but also preserves precious bandwidth, which is wasted in DMT based systems in
the form of cyclic prefix. However, when utilized in time dispersive channel like ADSL,
DWMT transceiver cannot do without an equalization technique because of the time
overlapped symbols. In this chapter DWMT based transceiver is discussed and its
performance analyzed for the ADSL channel, in comparison with a conventional DMT
modulation with ZF and MMSE algorithms using the time-domain equalization. DWMT
system based on WPT performs well in the presence of AWGN and crosstalk in comparison
with the DMT system for ADSL. ZF equalization algorithm does not consider noise, while
the MMSE criterion of optimizing the equalizer coefficients takes into account the effect of
channel noise. Therefore MMSE algorithm based DWMT transceiver gives better BER
performance in comparison with ZF criterion, since ZF is known to enhance channel noise.
The time-domain equalization is computationally complex in comparison to frequency
domain equalization, however it offers improved bit error rate.
6. Conclusion
The multirate digital signal processing techniques, including wavelets and filter banks are part
of new emerging technologies, which are finding applications in the field of digital
communications. DWT based Multicarrier modulation techniques have opened new avenues
for researchers, to avoid the spectral leakage and spectral inefficiency associated with Fourier
Transform based MCM techniques. Time domain equalizers based on ZF and MMSE
algorithms are utilized for DSL channel equalization in DWMT transceivers. MMSE based
equalizers outperform the ZF equalizers in terms of BER. The equalization techniques adopted

Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Algorithms and Applications 22
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literature have shown that DWT based MCM systems exhibit higher immunity to narrowband
interference (NBI). Therefore, WOFDM/DWMT can be considered as a viable alternative to
spectrally inefficient OFDM/DMT, however at the cost of higher computational complexity of
equalization.
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